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Polyhedral & Tessellation PISMP Semester 2 - LN
Polyhedral & Tessellation PISMP Semester 2 - LN
Polyhedral & Tessellation PISMP Semester 2 - LN
1.0 ABSTRACT
Tessellation and polyhedral are two types of art. Tessellations have been
around for centuries and are still quite prevalent today. However the study of
tessellations when he wrote about the regular and semi regular tessellation, which
Through history, polyhedral have been closely associated with the world of
art. The peak of this relationship was certainly in the Renaissance. For some
their mastery of perspective. For others, polyhedral also were symbolic of deep
inspiration and a storehouse of forms with various symmetries from which to draw
on. This is especially so in twentieth century sculpture, free of the material and
In this assignment, we are going to provide two models of polyhedral and two
designs of tessellation for each member. Besides that, we are ordered to provide the
notes of both. In this report, we also will show the procedures or steps to create the
models. The explanations comprised here are so helpful. Hopefully the whole
contents of this particular assignment could help those deeply want to know about
2.0 POLYHEDRAL
which consists of a collection of polygons, usually joined at their edges. The word
derives from the Greek poly (many) plus the Indo-European hedron (seat). A
polyhedron is the three-dimensional version of the more general polytope (in the
2.1.1 DEFINITION
Any polyhedron can be built up from different kinds of element or entity, each
3 dimensions: The body is bounded by the faces, and is usually the volume
enclosed by them.
including the flat (plane) region inside the boundary. These polygonal faces
1 dimension: An edge joins one vertex to another and one face to another,
and is usually a line segment. The edges together make up the polyhedral
skeleton.
A defining characteristic of almost all kinds of polyhedra is that just two faces join
along any common edge. This ensures that the polyhedral surface is continuously
connected and does not end abruptly or split off in different directions.
number of dimensions.
There are three types of common polyhedral which are platonic solid or
There are only five regular polyhedral known to mathematics as the Platonic
Solids which are; tetrahedron (four equilateral triangles); hexahedron (aka cube, six
Tetrahedron
• Four faces
• Four vertices
• Six edges
Cube
• Six faces
• Eight vertices
• Twelve edges
Octahedron
• Eight faces
• Six vertices
• Twelve edges
Dodecahedron
• Twelve faces
• Twenty vertices
• Thirty edges
Icosahedrons
• Twenty faces
• Twelve vertices
transitive, edge-transitive and face-transitive (this implies that every face is the same
2.1.1.2 Prism
A prism is also a polyhedron, which means the cross section will be polygon
( a straight-edged figure). A prism has the same cross section all along its length.
That is mean, all sides will be flat. It has no curve sides. For example, a cylinder is
not a prism.
There are two kinds of prism which are regular prism and irregular prism. A
regular prism is when the cross section is regular or in the other words, it is a shape
with equal edge lengths. And the irregular prism is when the edge lengths of a shape
not equal. A prism is named according to the shape of its base. Below are the
1) Regular Prism
Triangular Prism
Square Prism
Cube Prism
Pentagonal Prism
2) Irregular Prism
These models are called irregular prism because the pentagon is not regular
in shape. But, the models are still known as prism and polyhedral.
2.1.1.3 Pyramid
regular polygons for faces, there are three possible pyramids which are triangular
pyramid, square pyramid and pentagonal pyramid. All the pyramids are named after
Triangular Pyramid
Square Pyramid
Pentagonal Pyramid
In this assignment, we had created two types of polyhedral. For this part, we
will show the procedures or steps to make the models and also a brief explanation
about the both models. Besides, the procedure also have diagram and picture in
One of many wonderful designs by the late Lewis Simon, this model combines
two standards bases, the Waterbomb base and the Preliminary base, to form a rigid
modular construction. Use 12 sheets of fairly sturdy paper. The outer colour of the
entire model will be the same as the outer colour of the Preliminary bases.
2.2.1.1 PROCEDURE
Step 1:
bases.
Step 2:
Step 3:
remaining bases.
Step 4:
Step 5:
Step 6:
Add the final units in the same way the last unit is
For the first model, we had constructed the octahedron. To construct this
model, we used 21cm x 21cm colour papers in order to construct the model.
Besides, to construct this octahedron we need to cut 12 pieces of square paper and
in order to construct this model, we made 6 units of module and join it together.
spin. It also was functioning as a toy for kids. They love to spin and play with
because it is easy to hold and not too hard. So, teachers can do origami for this
placed anywhere except in the toilet. The most appropriate place to be shown is on
the table especially on the study table. It is because the pattern and shape are
suitable to be laid on. And of course the colour itself can make the watcher feels
happy due to the colouring style. So, hopefully this model is helpful to use in any
Octahedron
• Faces: 8 triangles
• Edges: 12
The Symmetry
Surface Area
Volume
The volume of one pyramid = (base area × height) /3. In the case of the regular
V = (√2 / 3)a³
figure.
The properties and Cartesian coordinates of a regular octahedron are given below in
detail.
(Source: Wikipedia)
faces.
(±1, 0, 0);
(0, 0, ±).
The area and volume of regular octahedron is explained below with examples
This design, by Minako Ishibasi, makes attractive earrings, when folded from
extremely small squares, say 4 x 4cm/ 11/2 x 11/2in. for a practice version, begin
with six squares of fairly sturdy paper. This modular design is very original, featuring
curved surfaces, which seem to create the illusion of rings encircling the central cube
shape. Only one shows on the finished unit, so begin with this colour face down. Two
2.2.2.1 PROCEDURE
Step 1:
Begin by folding the square in half in one direction, to establish the centre line. Fold
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:
Hold the upper and lower edges into lie along the
Step 6:
made in step 2.
Step 7:
Peel back the inner vertical edge of the flap folded in step 6, on an existing parallel
crease, while at the same time folding up the lower edge, also on the existing
Step 8:
Step 7 completed.
Step 9:
Step 10:
Pull out the lower border, and allow the flap folded in
more.
Step 11:
Step 10 completed.
Step 12:
parallelogram, as shown.
Step 13:
Step 14:
Step 15:
Step 16:
Under construction.
Step 17:
Assembly finished.
Step 18:
The second model is the cube or hexahedron. To make this cube, almost any
type of paper can be used. As long as the paper is square, it can be folded. But, in
Actually, the name was given for the model is Japanese Brocade. We wonder
how they got the name, but the most important thing is the shape of the models.
Whether it is interesting to watch or vice versa. It shapes like cube and clearly can
be seen as cube after done. And our cube also can transform to another shape. It
looks like a flower when it is opened. That’s meant, the model have an ecstatic value
on it. That is why we decided to choose it and felt happy after finished it.
natural and peace. Moreover, if we are great in colouring, it will become more
priceless. All people love flower. Even animals also make the flower as a part of their
life. So, we thought that we have to expose a natural phenomenon for this
assignment. Finally, we felt closer to nature. Perhaps, we can teach students the
hexahedron origami so that they know how to make friend with nature in order to
Hexahedron
Cube
A cube is a region of space formed by six identical square faces joined along
their edges. Three edges join at each corner to form a vertex. The cube can also be
called a regular hexahedron. It is one of the five regular polyhedrons, which are also
Parts of a cube
Face Also called facets or sides. A cube has six faces which are all squares,
so each face has four equal sides and all four interior angles are right
angles. In the figure above, drag the 'explode' slider to see the faces
Edge A line segment formed where two edges meet. A cube has 12 edges.
Because all faces are squares and congruent to each other, all 12 edges
Face Face diagonals are line segments linking the opposite corners of a face.
Diagonals cube, cutting through its interior. A cube has 4 space diagonals.
Properties of a cube
The cube might also be called a regular hexahedron. It has 6 square faces, 8
Of the Platonic solids, the cube does not have the least number of faces or
vertices, but it is surely the simplest by any other measure. For that reason, this
page will not waste too much effort on tedious derivations of obvious measures. In
length s.
of that.
V = s3
Other Properties
The cube is the dual of the octahedron. Connect the centres of the adjacent faces of
One other Platonic solid can be found inside the cube. Pick four of the vertices and
fit a tetrahedron.
hexagon.
3.0 TESSELLATION
In Latin, tessella is a small cubical piece of clay, stone or glass used to make
mosaics. The word "tessella" means "small square" (from "tessera", square, which in
its turn is from the Greek word for "four"). It corresponds with the everyday term tiling
Tessellations are tiling of the same shape. The tiles join together without gaps
or overlaps and with a pattern that allows the tessellation to continue in both
polygons will tessellate and other special polygons will also tessellate. Triangles and
Often the special shapes that tessellate are actually based on transferring a
section of a tessellating shape from one side to another so that the area is
conserved. These are often called nibble tessellations and they were used as
starting points in Escher’s art. When two regular shapes are used together to cover
space, they are called semi-regular tessellations. Tessellations are important as they
form the basis of area measurements, they are needed to make walls and floors of
buildings, they are found in nature, and they can be used effectively in artistic
creations. Many cultures have developed interesting tessellating and other patterns.
3.1.1 DEFINITION
A tessellation is called when a shape created is repeated over and over again
cover a plane without any interstices (gaps) or overlapping. The patterns are usually
repeating.
patterns and continuous curve designs. For example, see the diagram below.
meeting vertex to vertex. There are only three regular tessellations which use a
network of equilateral triangles, squares and hexagons. Since the regular polygons
in a tessellation must fill the plane at each vertex, the interior angle must be an exact
divisor of 360 degrees. This works for the triangle, square, and hexagon and this is
tessellations, it can be folded up into three of the five platonic solids which are
up into one of the five platonic solids which is cube. For hexagons, it cannot fold up
on itself into a 3D object without the introduction of key shapes such as the triangle
or the pentagon.
By the same token, if one were try to create a regular tessellation on a plane
with other shapes such as octagons (eight sided figures) , dodecagons (twelve sided
pentagons (five sided figures), there will always be gaps no matter how there are
arranged.
What is a vertex?
“corners” meet
(90 + 90 + 90 = 360)
pattern at each vertex must be the same. There are only eight semi-regular
they actually are. These types of tessellations are those in which there are no
restrictions on the order of the polygons around vertices. Some people allow shapes
3.1.3.1 Rotation
Rotate the polyiamond in the plane. The rotation operation can be applied to
all polyiamonds which do not possess circular symmetry, for example the hexagonal
thereof.
From the picture, we see that tessellation are same shape but have been
turned or rotation. One side of a square can be changed and this change can be
rotated 90° to an adjacent side. This same change can be rotated 180° and 270° so
that it appears on all sides. Start with a square and change one of the sides, trace
the change and rotate the change to the remaining sides as shown below. Each
rotation requires that the center of rotation be the vertex between the source side
3.1.3.2 Reflection
its mirror image. Sometimes, a shape does not change when it is reflected. This
3.1.3.3 Translation
The transformation that changes one of these shapes into any other one in
the set is called a translation. This is sliding without turning, from one position to
Slide the polyiamond along the plane. The translation operation can be
single member will create two types of tessellation which is simple and complex.
The procedure and short explanation also had been note here.
basic shape of square. For my presentation I had done by using a computer. Let
Step 1:
Step 2:
STEP 3
image
STEP 4:
object
line of reflection
new shape
image
STEP 5
STEP 6
STEP 7
object
line of
reflection
Image
STEP 8
STEP 9
The basic shape of my tessillation is square. From square, I cut the shade
region. Then, I get a new shape, from that the shape was reflect to the side. The
step was repeted for few time. Then I get a new shape. Again, from here the shape
was reflect to the below. Then I get a real shape of my tessillation. To get the full
tessillation, the new shape was reflacted to the below for a several time. Then I
colour it.
My shape of the tessellation just look like a star. It also look moden
desing.The desing also look like a islamic desing. My desing also are used at the
mouque as the decoration of the wall.
This dising, also beautiful and simple. For your information, if you are
interested in a dising of shape you can made my tessillation as a wallpaper to the
laptop or computer. This tessillation also can become more beautiful if you made a
combination of colour. For example combination colour, green, blue, yellow, and
purple.
Last but not list, many people use my tessillation desing as a wraping paper.
This is all about my tessillation.
For my presentation tessellation, I had done the tessellation by using the basic
shape of square. For my presentation I had done by using a computer. Let figure out
Step 1:
Step 2:
Then I continue it by made a 90º unticlock wise rotation to the basic shape.
Object
Point of rotation
Image
STEP 3
For next step, I had made the same a 90º unticlock wise rotation to the color of
shape .
Image
object
STEP 4:
For next step, I had made the same a 90º unticlock wise rotation to the color shape
image
Object
STEP 5
STEP 6
STEP 7
object
line of reflection
image
STEP 8
STEP 9
My shape of the tessillation just look like a star. It also look moden desing. It
was create by a rotation 90º anticlock wise of the triangle. The step was repeted for
three time. Then I get a new shape. To get the full tessillation, the new shape was
reflacted to the right side, then to the below. Then I colour it.
The desing also look like a islamic desing. My desing also are used at the
This dising, also beautiful and simple. For your information, if you are
laptop or computer. This tessillation also can become more beautiful if you made a
combination of colour. For example combination colour, green, blue, yellow, and
purple.
Last but not list, many people use my tessillation desing as a wraping paper. This is
This first tessellation usually can be finding in ‘batik’ design or wood craft and
others. There are some steps to form this tessellation look like diamond and stripe.
But, to get this shape, this tessellation must be arranged properly to make sure the
Step 1:
This is the basic shape of this tessellation. From this shape, I had made some
From the basic shape, I had made a reflection to get the second shape. This step I
Step 3:
[ line of
reflection ]
In this step, I had made reflection from the upper shape to get the bottom shape.
Step 4:
[ diamond
shape ]
[ stripe ]
This is my tessellation after had arrange from the reflection process. There
are diamond and stripes as shown. Some colours are used to make a different
This tessellation is form from the basic shape that shown in procedure. Then
this basic shape is reflecting to its side and its bottom to build some design like
diamond and stripes. The diamond shape clearly can be seeing between the basic
Usually, we can see this design at batik craft and wood craft. ‘Rumah
Kampung’ usually arranges their wall that had built from wood. From this
To make like stripe, more color need to use to show the different between
another. But this color most suitable if use to design batik craft and not too suitable
for house. It is because the stripe produces really very beautiful if the colors are truly
matching.
Now a day, if we see at the new building, there are some traditional craft on
their built. Some of them are using wood. Sometimes they used this arrangement to
This second tessellation most referred to simple tessellation. Comes from the square
as the basic shape, I also use the reflection technique to get another shape. The
Step 1:
The basic shape is square. In the square there are six triangles that form one one
square at the center. But I had use circle in both triangles’ angle.
Second step, I had used the reflection technique to get another shape. I used the
color to show the shapes that are form from this reflection process.
Step 3:
[Line of reflection]
Step 4:
So, come from both reflection from step 2 and 3, the arrangement of this tessellation
as shown.
This tessellation showed more similar like chemical bonding. Besides, it looks
simpler than the first tessellation. To form this design, the same techniques are used
that is reflection. There is some basic shape that had been combining together and
Although this tessellation looks simpler than the first one, this tessellation
need more process including in reflection process for side reflection and bottom
I don’t think that this shape suitable for batik handicraft like first tessellation.
But, I think, if this tessellation is using for pictures frame in the house, it also quite
beautiful. The arrangement makes this tessellation like wave if using suitable color.
But may be for a person that obsesses with design like that, they used this
tessellation design to paint their house or class and others. It had different thinking
between another.
covering a plane without any gaps or overlaps. For this part, I would like to show my
work on tessellation. Actually, it had been decorated by using the basic shape of
triangle and trapezium. Then, it was shaped become other object. So, let’s we study
Step 1:
Step 2:
+ =
Step 3:
+ =
Step 4:
multiple.
object image
Line of reflection
Step 5:
To construct another side of reflection, the image also can be formed to lower side.
object
Line of
reflection
image
Step 6:
Actually, the image will become wider when it is translated. Let say, it is translated
one step to the right, and one step down (1, 1). The image will be seen like:
first translation
object
2
Step 7:
Besides, to form another rules of tessellation, the object also can be rotated. It will be
described as rotation clockwise or anti clockwise for 90˚ and so on. The most
important thing is the point of the rotation. Let say, we rotate the object likes:
point of
rotation
Step 8:
The rotation, reflection and translation as shown in step 5, 6 and 7 could be drawn
anywhere as long as there has a suitable point, line and coordinate placed. Finally,
the image of the repeated process of the tessellation might cover or occupied the
Step 9:
Since a tessellation should be clear and attractive, try to play with colour to give the
As shown in the procedure before this, it was clearly seen that the pattern is
simple and typical. It also always been seen at our surroundings like tiles, wallpaper,
Actually, the design was started from a triangle and a trapezium to form a
lamp or ‘pelita’. Since the Eid Days just around the corner, I felt the lamp is suitable
to be drawn over the plane. But, after alter it to produce something interesting by
doing some rules of tessellation like rotation, reflection and translation; I noticed that
the original shape could become other attractive object. So, the design undergoes
transformation from a typical shape into marvellous shape. Finally, after it joined
the wall of brown or pink. It is because, the drawing could be seen alive when
combines with the colours. The shape will look highlighted with the fantastic
colouring on the wall. But, perhaps it is not suitable to be drawn at the tile especially
in toilet because it would be weird and strange. I hope I can produce more beautiful
design one day in order to improve my skills and virtual spatial tense.
For the second design of tessellation, I had created a bit complex to try a new
skills plus to test my ability. It was about a bird flying in the air. But, I emphasized at
the head of bird part in the tessellation design. So, let’s we try the new one.
Step 1:
Step 2:
Add up two more triangles at the bottom and above. Make sure it is joined closely.
Step 3:
Now, draw two trapezium fit to the below of the triangles formed on step 2 like:
+ =
Step 4:
Then, double the object oppositely or reflect it to form a side of the bird eye.
object
reflection
image
reflection
Line of reflection
Step 5:
Then, double the eye by doing reflection rules also. Make sure the eyes will be
formed.
object
reflection
image
Line of reflection
Step 6:
Next, after get the shape of the eyes, add two diamond shape and place them at the
bottom and above of the eyes. Put them in the middle to show the shape of bird’s
+ =
bill
Step 7:
In the making of tessellation, the head of bird object do a reflection of the object. So,
obejct
image
Line of reflection
Step 8:
Actually, the image will become wider when it is translated. Let say, it is translated
one step to the right, and one step down (1, 1). The image will be seen like:
first translation
1
object 2
Step 9:
Besides, to form another rules of tessellation, the object also can be rotated. It will be
described as rotation clockwise or anti clockwise for 90˚ and so on. The most
important thing is the point of the rotation. Let say, we rotate the object likes:
object
point of
rotation
image
Step 10:
The rotation, reflection and translation as shown in step 7, 8 and 9 could be drawn
anywhere as long as there has a suitable point, line and coordinate placed. Finally,
the image of the repeated process of the tessellation might cover or occupied the
Step 11:
Since a tessellation should be clear and attractive, try to play with colour to give the
As shown in figure of the design, the tessellation had formed bird’s head and
it seems like flying on the air. The blue colour background of the plane showed the
element of cloud. It is clearly to see the arrangement of the birds on the blue air.
Actually, I inspired to design this after seeing a bird flying at the hostel.
Coincidently, I was struggling to get any idea to create the complex tessellation. So,
why not I trying to create a new vision of art like that. Then, I felt so eager to
This design is able to be placed at high. For example, it can be hang up at the
door to show the movement of the bird perhaps. I think people will attract to watch it
many times to get the real meaning of the design. It was so artistic and natural. I
hope, I can do more interesting design that can give affective impact or emotions to
4.0 REFLECTION
from our Numerical Literacy lecturer, Pn. Nazimah Binti Abdullah. This assignment is
including in the Spatial Sense topic and consisted of two different tasks. In the first
task, we have to create a 2-D tessellation design using any suitable tools and give a
description of our design and explain how we created the design. We have to do this
model of two different types of polyhedral. In order to complete this task, we have to
search the internet for information on various types of polyhedral. We also need to
give a description of your models and explain how we constructed the models.
Basically, when I got this assignment, I was wondering and quiet not
understand about what I suppose to create. It is because the words tessellation and
polyhedral are new for me. Before this, I am never hear the words of tessellation and
polyhedral. I am also did not know the actual feature of tessellation and polyhedral.
In order to overcome this problem, I had taken some actions that can help me
First, I was listening to the explanation that had been given by Pn. Nazimah
about the definition and the features of tessellation and polyhedral. From this
explanation, I am already know about tessellation and polyhedral. Besides that, Pn.
Nazimah also show us the real model of tessellation and polyhedral and from that I
can see the actual features of tessellation and polyhedral that I suppose to construct.
and polyhedral, I had surfed the internet. From the research, I had found many new
information about tessellation and polyhedral, their features and the examples of
tessellation and polyhedral models from all over the world that were very interesting
for me.
From the information that I got from the lecturer and the internet, I began to
create my own tessellation design and polyhedral model. Both of these tasks teach
me about the actual meaning of patient and diligence. I have to sacrifice a lot of my
time in order to create the tessellation design and construct the polyhedral model.
Sometimes, I feel give up to continue this works because they are so complicated.
However, when I see the tessellation design and the polyhedral model that I created,
I think my efforts had paid off. It is quiet difficult for me to believe that I had created
my own design. At the same time, I feel proud of myself because I had successfully
overcome my giving up feeling. From this I had learned that, if we want to create
something that is good in the future, we must dare to face any obstacles that come.
Besides that, this task also had give me many information about tessellation
and polyhedral. If in the pass I did not know what are tessellation and polyhedral, but
from now on, I had know that both of tessellation and polyhedral are the formations
that are unique in their features. I also already know the definition of both of the
Lastly, I hope that all the experiences that I gain from doing this project will be
useful for me when I become the teacher next time. I am also hope to do the
interesting project like this project again and hope that this project will become a
guide for everybody to gain more information and knowledge about tessellation and
polyhedral.
Firstly, a lot of thank to Allah because giving his chance to finished this
assignment in time given successfully. This short term assignment needs to do with
group of three. So, I, Amir and Khalil had work on collaboration during the time given
in way to finish this assignment. A lot of memory had I written during working
towards this assignment. Memory that I hope can be used in school soon.
from our Numerical Literacy lecturer, Pn. Nazimah Binti Abdullah. This assignment is
short term course that including in the Spatial Sense topic and consisted of two
different tasks. In the first task, by individual we need to create a 2-D tessellation
design using any suitable tools and need to give a description and explanation on
how the tessellation are formed. For the second task, by groups of 3, we need to
Basically, when I got this assignment, I was quiet not understand about what I
suppose to do. It is because the words tessellation and polyhedral are very new for
me although I had studied about translation in secondary school. So, to make sure
For both work, to get the description, I had make some research including all
source such as internet, book and sometimes by asking our senior. From this, I had
decided the best tessellation that I can draw for individual task. Although there are
references, to get my best tessellation, I need to draw about ten shapes. These
individual tasks really teach me who the patient teachers in teaching are.
From the explanation that had been given by Pn. Nazimah also, I had use it to
apply in our assignment such as about the definition and the features of tessellation
and polyhedral. From this explanation, I got some idea about tessellation and
polyhedral. Besides that, Pn. Nazimah also show us the real model of tessellation
and polyhedral that had been done by senior and from that I can imagine the actual
design. This is because, before this we don’t know anything about this polyhedral,
but with good collaborative, finally in two days, we can finished that. Other team
were jealous with our group because in short time, we can finish the polyhedral
model than their team. This situation, I think, when there are good collaborative, may
be in one day two or three model can be finished. So to get this target, we need to
Finally, I hope, from effort that I give as individual such as forget sleeping
time, short rest and others can be my best experiences to me. It is because I very-
very confident, the target of this assignment to add more input to student had
reached.
The task consists of two parts of questions. The first question required us to
create a 2-D tessellation design using any suitable tools. We have to create them
individually and also give a very brief description for the designs besides explain the
procedures or steps of all the designs. The second questions need us to constructs
about art. I know I am very poor on that, so I feel nervous before going start do all
the projects. But, after learned from my group members which are Amir and
Ridhuan, I feel like it was not too difficult and enjoy doing it as long as we always
practice frequently. To complete this task, we need to search the internet to find the
versa, it is still have to do properly and patient. I found so many beautiful and
colourful designs on the internet, but I did not feel satisfied if do the same pattern like
them. It was proven when I felt eager to complete the designs from the beginning
until the last dot. So, I decided to create my own designs even though it was look
The most important thing I had learned from the tessellation task is the usage
of them. Although tessellation is part from mathematical field, it also could be used
for decoration. It is because tessellation is art. That is why we can found them on
clothes, tiles, drawing and so on. Actually, almost all the designs created in this
Frankly, I never heard about polyhedral before this. But, after the great explanation
and lesson from our lecturer, slowly it comes to my mind and heart. But it is still
difficult if we did not try to do it and practice. Luckily, I had matched with two persons
that so creative and good in virtual spatial quotient. They always help me and teach
After doing research on the internet, we found two models of polyhedral that
and Japanese Brocade. Both are represented types of polyhedral of octahedron and
we can do it better. Actually, there are so many sources and references in the
internet and also for books. So, we will study the procedure and steps well without
feeling confused.
Polyhedral is defined as a geometric solid with flat faces and straight edges.
Polyhedral can be built up from different kinds of element or entity; each associated
with a different number of dimensions for example 3-D dimension, 2-D dimension
and 1-D dimension. But, it will be seen attractive when shown by 3-D dimension.
That is what we do in the project. Paper folding skills are essential in order to make it
Lastly, again I would like to thank to all individual person that involved in this
learning that enable students do it by hands-on. So, for sure all members of both
would help others to know about the art in mathematical lesson. Thank you.
5.0 COLLABORATION
RECORD OF COLABORATION
GROUP MEMBERS:
6.0 REFERENCES
6.1 BOOKS
Albert B. Bennett, Jr. and L. Ted Nelson. (2004). Mathematics for Elementary
Companies, Inc.
6.2 INTERNET
___________. (2010, June 2). Prism (geometry). Retrieved August 18, 2010, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_(geometry)
___________. (n.d.). Polyhedron. Retrieved August 12, 2010, from Math Is Fun?:
http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/polyhedron.html
http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/tessellation.html
polyhedra/pyramids-info.html
eHOW: http://www.ehow.com/how_5158327_draw-tessellation.html
7.0 APPENDIX