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Trigonometric inequalities ∗
Evaluating trigonometric ratios is a direct process in which we make use of known values, trigonometric
identities and transformations or even pre-dened trigonometric tables. The evaluation of trigonometric
inequalities is somewhat inverse of this process. Consider an inequality :
√
tanx ≥ − 3
Clearly, we need to know x for which this inequality holds. As pointed out earlier, trigonometric
functions are many-one relation. The value of x satisfying given inequality is not an unique interval, but
a series of intervals. Incidentally, however, trigonometric function values repeat after certain period. So
this enables us to dene periodic intervals in generic manner for which trigonometric inequality holds.
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Trigonometric inequality
√
We observe that line y = − 3 intersects tangent graph at multiple points. The sections of plots satisfying
the inequality are easily identied on the graph and are shown as dark red line.
√
tanx ≥ − 3
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This example has been selected here as it involves consideration of each step as enumerated above for
nding solution of inequality. Corresponding trigonometric equation, in this case, is :
√
tanx = − 3
The acute angle is π /3. Further, tangent function is negative in second and fourth quarter (see sign
diagram). Using value diagram in conjunction with sign diagram, solution of given equation in [0, 2π ] are :
π 2π
⇒x=π−θ =π− =
3 3
π 5π
⇒ x = 2π − θ = 2π − =
3 3
Here, second angle is greater than π. Hence, equivalent negative angle is :
5π π
⇒y= − 2π = −
3 3
Tangent function, however, is not a continuous function between -π /3 and 2π /3. Tangent values are
√
greater than - 3 for angle greater than -π /3, but value asymptotes to innity at π /2. This can be veried
from the intersection graph.
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Trigonometric inequality
π π
− ≤x<
3 2
It is also clear that the solution in this interval is repeated with a period of π, which is period of tangent
function. Hence, solution of given inequality is :
π π
nπ − ≤ x < nπ + ; n∈Z
3 2
2 Examples
Example 1
Problem : Solve trigonometric inequality given by :
1
sinx ≥
2
Solution : The solution of the corresponding equal equation is obtained as :
1 π
sinx = = sin
2 6
π
⇒x=
6
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The sine function is positive in rst and second quarter. Hence, second angle between 0 and
2π is :
π 5π
⇒x=π−θ =π− =
6 6
Both angles are less than π . Thus, we do not need to convert angle into equivalent negative
angle. Further, sine curve is dened for all values of x. The base interval, therefore, is :
The valid intervals on sine plot are shown in the gure.
Trigonometric inequality
π 5π
≤x≤
6 6
The periodicity of sine function is 2π . Hence, we add 2nπ on either side of the base interval
:
π 5π
2nπ + ≤ x ≤ 2nπ + , n∈Z
6 6
Example 2
Problem : Solve trigonometric inequality given by :
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π π
⇒ sinxcos − cosxsin > 0
4 4
π
⇒ sin x − >0
4
Let y = x − π/4. Then,
siny > 0
Thus, we see that problem nally reduces to solving trigonometric sine inequality. The solution
of the corresponding equality is obtained as :
⇒ siny = 0 = sin0
⇒y=0
The second angle between 0 and 2π is π . The base interval, therefore, is :
0<y<π
The periodicity of sine function is 2π . Hence, we add 2nπ on either side of the base interval
:
π
2nπ < x − < 2nπ + π, n∈Z
4
π 5π
⇒ 2nπ + < x < 2nπ + , n∈Z
4 4
Example 3
Problem : If domain of a function, f(x), is [0,1], then nd the domain of the function given by
:
f (2sinx − 1)
Solution : The domain of the function is given here. We need to nd the domain when
argument (input) to the function is a trigonometric expression. The given domain is :
0≤x≤1
Changing argument of the function, the domain becomes :
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However, the range of sinx is [-1,1]. It means that the above interval is equivalent to a trigono-
metric inequality given by :
1
⇒ sinx ≥
2
The sine function is positive in rst and second quadrant. Two values of x between 0 and
2π are :
π π
,π −
6 6
π 5π
⇒ ,
6 6
The value of x satisfying above equation :
π 5π
2nπ + , 2nπ + , n∈Z
6 6
Example 4
Problem : Find the domain of the function given by :
1
f (x) = loge p
[cosx] − [sinx]
Solution : The function is a logarithmic function, which is valid for all positive values of its
argument. Also, the argument of logarithmic function is in rational form, having denominator as
a square root. We have to nd values of x for which the expression within the square root is a
positive number. It means that :
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Figure 5: The values of modulus of sine and cosine functions in four quadrants are shown.
It is clear that [cosx] > [sinx] is true in the fourth quadrant. Hence, domain of the function is :
π π
Domain =− ≤x≤0= − 0
2 2,
3 Exercise
Exercise 1 (Solution on p. 10.)
Solve the inequality :
tanx < 1
y = loge cosx
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p
f (x) = (sinx − 1)
1
f (x) = p +3√ (sinx)
(sinx)
Exercise 5 (Solution on p. 11.)
A function f(x) is dened in [0,1]. Determine range of function denition f(sinx).
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π
tanx = 1 = tan
4
The other solution in [0,2π ] is :
π 5π
x=π+ =
4 4
Corresponding negative angle :
5π 3π
y= − 2π = −
4 4
However, tangent function asymptotes at - π /2. Hence, basic interval is :
π π
− ,
2 4
Further, tangent function has period of π. The general solution is :
π π
nπ − < x < nπ + ; n ∈ Z
2 4
Solution to Exercise (p. 8)
Argument of logarithmic function is positive. Hence,
cosx > 0
The angles of corresponding trigonometric equation sinx = 0 in the interval [0,2π ] are 3π /2 and π /2. In
terms of negative angles are -π /2 and π /2. Cosine function is positive in rst and fourth quadrant,
π π
− <x<
2 2
Since cosine values are repeated after 2π , we can write general inequality as :
π π
2nπ − < x < 2nπ + ; n∈Z
2 2
π π
(4n − 1) < x < (4n + 1) ; n∈Z
2 2
The domain of given function, therefore, is :
π π
(4n − 1) < x < (4n + 1) ; n∈Z
2 2
Solution to Exercise (p. 8)
Expression under square root is non-negative. Hence,
⇒ sinx − 1 ≥ 0
⇒ sinx ≥ 1
But value of sine function can not be greater than 1. Thus, we need to only evaluate equation sinx=1 to
nd the domain. Here,
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π
⇒ sinx = 1 = sin
2
The domain of given function, therefore, is :
n
x = {x : nπ + (−1) π/2; n ∈ Z}
Solution to Exercise (p. 9)
We treat this function as addition of two individual functions. Expression under square root in the rst
function is non-negative. However, radical appears in denominator. As such,
⇒ sinx > 0
The angles of corresponding trigonometric equation sinx = 0 in the interval [0,2π ] are 0 and π. Since
sine function is positive in rst and second quadrant,
0<x<π
Since sine values are repeated after 2π , we can write general inequality as :
0 ≤ sinx ≤ 1
π
⇒ sin0 ≤ sinx ≤ sin
2
⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2
This is now a problem of solving two inequalities. The rst inequality is : sinx≥0
As solved earlier, the solution is :
sinx ≤ 1
Since value of sinx can not exceed value of 1, we conclude that values of x which satises inequality
sinx≥0 also satises the inequality sinx ≤1. Hence, domain of given function is :
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0 ≤ tanx ≤ 1
π
⇒ tan0 ≤ tanx ≤ tan
4
π
⇒0≤x≤
4
π
0 + nπ ≤ x ≤ nπ +
4
Since tangent values are repeated after π , we can write general inequality as :
π
nπ ≤ x ≤ nπ + n∈Z
4
The domain of given function, therefore, is :
π
nπ ≤ x ≤ nπ + n∈Z
4
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