hmed Elsayed Sharaf
hmed Hassan khalefa
hmed Moustafa Marai
bdel-rahman Mortada
School: STEM School for Boys
Abstract
It is well known that, Egypt has numerous problems. One of them is
water crisis which stands on two main reasons: The water pollution and
the over consumption due to the over population. That is why; we must
find ersatz way to provide the needed amount of water that meets people’s
needs respectfully to the design requirements, which are sustainability,
safety and efficiency to produce more water. According to the water
distribution; the saltwater is the most type of water that exists in the earth.
But would you wonder that Egypt has long shore of sea water that can be
desalinated into pure one? Actually, yes, our project “Modern Desalination
For Modern Destination” will desalinate sea water through evaporation.
Hydrogen fuel heat of combustion will be used boiling the un-potable
water making its PH around 7.3 which is drinkable enough.
Introduction
Currently, Egypt suffers from a shortage
of the water due to lack of water sources.
Our solution will participate in solving this tribe
by using hydrogen to evaporate seawater.
The project prototype works with secure
techniques which make it safe,
Environmental and potable for people. As
a beginning, we thought of new alternative
ways to get the desired water. Firstly, we
conceived that the groundwater is the best
prospective resource of water. The
research showed that the usage of the
fertilizers will expand. Thus, this will affect
on the ground water negatively, so we canceled this idea. Out of the high
water consumption in the agriculture, we decided to use the GMO to
embed a certain gene to reduce the amount of needed water in irrigation;
however, the GMO will change the normal features of the crops adversely.
Hence, we annulled this solution as well. At last, we found that the
seawater desalination is the most secured source of water. To treat the
seawater, we will use an evaporation system that depends on this
reaction: (2Al(s) + 2NaOH (aq) + 6H2O → 2Na+(aq) + 2[Al(OH)4] + 3H2(g)
), then use the hydrogen energy to evaporate the water. This project will
meet the entire design requirements such as sustainability, cost, safety,
efficiency and flexibility. Applying these requirements has leaded us to
use appropriate materials.
Materials
The prototype contains two kinds of components; physical
components and chemical ones: Aluminum - Metal container -
Sodium hydroxide - turbine - wooden box - chemical reaction -
Metal plat - Refrigerant (R-410A) - Silicon rubber - Bio-ceramic
filter - Conductivity sensor - arduino.
Methods
whole system has been constructed in the following steps:-
--The chemical reaction will be happened in the chemical flask.
--The hydrogen with very high pressure will drive a turbine.
--The hydrogen will pass through a chemical flask with water to
purify it and separate the impurities from the gas.
--An organizer will be embedded to
arrange the quantity of the produced hydrogen.
--We will use the high flammability of the
hydrogen to evaporate the seawater.
--The water vapor will be condensed on
a metal plate with Puron as a cooler.
--The arduino will be responsible for
controlling the conductivity measurement
sensor which will be inserted into the system.
Test Plan
In order to meet the safety requirement, the project will be designed
to produce an exact amount of hydrogen as needed. After that, our test
plan will be calculating the amount of produced Hydrogen out of the
reaction, then computing the required amount of hydrogen to evaporate
1 liter of water. In addition, we will do the experiment to ensure that our
results are accurate.
Results
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. It has many
desired features such as, it's three times more in producing heat than
gasoline.
The aluminum which is used in the chemical reaction can be found
from wasted soda cans. Theoretically
2 moles of aluminum will produce
3 moles of hydrogen. Our experiments
showed that, 2 moles of aluminum would
produce 1.8 of hydrogen, which means
that the efficiency of the reaction is about
60%. Conversely, the reaction would release much
heat which may destroy the system.
Experimentally, 10 moles of hydrogen will be responsible for
evaporating one liter of sea water. Experiments proved that an average of
11.1 moles of aluminum is needed to produce this amount of hydrogen.
Silicone rubber storage will be
used as an extra safety method to increase the safety cautions due to its
features: (elongation, creep, cyclic flexing, and high temperature
resistance)
For the condensation process, (Puron R-410A) will be more efficient
than (Freon R-22A), because of its higher pressure in the same
temperature.
To control the percentage of minerals in the water, we will use
bio-ceramic filter. R410A (Puron) has the ability to absorb and release more heat than
the Freon. Using it will increase the efficiency of the condensing process
TDS min TDS max PH min PH max with the decrease of the cost, Not only the efficiency and the cost but also
it would be better for the environment.
Sea Water 30000 40000 7.5 8.4
Distilled Water 0 0 7 7 After the condensation process we
After passing through 250 450 7 7.5 will have distilled water. Using the
Bio-ceramic bio-ceramic filter will help us to add
the suitable minerals for better and
WHO Standard 300 500 7.2 7.5
healthier water. As it contains as it
contains (FIR Mineral balls) which add magnesium, potassium, calcium,
Conductivity measurement system controlled the amount of hydrogen and sodium.
that will be combusted according to the salt amount in the water. Also I t The electronic system will be responsible
controlled a system to reuse the sodium hydroxide that would be for reusing the Sodium hydroxide wastes
generated as a result of the chemical reaction. to react it again. Electronic system also will
measure how salty is the seawater , and
accordingly it will control the hydrogen
combustion to just fit the needed energy to
evaporate that water. The Conductivity
sensor will depend on the TDS of the sea water by the equation of :
TDS (ppm = conductivity in microsiemens x 0.64.)
Discussion And the boiling point elevation of the seawater will be calculated by :
(“ ΔTb = kb*i*m “) .
Hydrogen is the most suitable Then by knowing the energy needed to make one liter of pure water to boil
renewable energy source, will lead us to know the energy needed for boiling one liter of seawater.
because of its features. In other
Words, It has the greatest heat of STEM curriculum supported us establishing our project. Separately, in
combustion (the heat energy Chemistry: The learning outcome of colligative properties of solutions
produced if the element helped us measuring the new boiling point of an aqueous solutions when
combusted). Not only the heat of new dissolved ions added. On the other hand, In physics we studied the
combustion but also it is a zero conductivity and the electricity as general, which helped us using the
emission fuel unlike other energy solution conductivity to compute the TDS of the solution. In Electronics we
sources such as petroleum. studied how to establish circuits using arduino, which leaded us to make a
Hydrogen will be produced by the reaction of aluminum and sodium circuit using arduino and conductivity sensor applying the chemistry and
hydroxide solution according to this reaction. physics principles, which are measuring the conductivity and TDS.
''2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H2O → 2 NaAlO2 + 3 H2+Heat''. Heat is
rapidly produced from this reaction, which may damage the whole We recommended for the future to increase the efficiency and the
system. In order to solve this problem, the reaction container will be safety of the project by making a new material to use it as a container to
isolated from the other system components. store hydrogen. This will give the system the required safety and increase
its efficiency as well. We hope also to make use of the heat energy which
is produced by the reaction in order to avoid its negative effects and also
use it in the correct way.
Literature cited
- INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT II. (n.d.). 84. Retrieved
September 26, 2014, from http://www.mwri.gov.eg/project/report/IWRMII/report8.pdf
- Nutrients in Drinking Water. (n.d.). 196. Retrieved November 5, 2014, from
Sodium Aluminates (NaAlO2) has a valuable industrial value and it is
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/nutrientsindw.pdf?ua=1
- Anthoni, D. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from
used in many industries such as (In water treatment it is used as an http://www.seafriends.org.nz/oceano/seawater.htm
- (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2014, from
adjunct to water softening systems) or (In construction technology,
http://www.ilpi.com/inorganic/glassware/regulators.html
sodium aluminate is employed to accelerate the solidification of - Bioceramic Water Amplification (BCWA) Filter. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014,
concrete, mainly when working in cold environments). from http://www.opus.net/technologies/bioceramic/
After adding a substance such hydrogen into the system, we have to
give a concern to the cost; we will prolong the system with aluminum
that came out from recycling the garbage which will dramatically debase Acknowledgments
the final cost.
We would like to thank all STEM Egypt 6.Oct Teaching stuff
Although the system is made to give only the needed amount of
Specially Mr. Seif Soliman
hydrogen, we have to increase the safety by adding an extra safety
container to store the hydrogen in any unexpected conditions. Silicon
rubber would be the most suitable material for this container because of For further information
its special features such as (the high resistance to the extreme Please contact us at:
temperatures besides, elongation, creep, cyclic flexing, and tear ahmed21010@stemegypt.edu.eg abdel-rahman7010@stemegypt.edu.eg
strength). ahmed37010@stemegypt.edu.eg ahmed24010@stemegypt.edu.eg