LIST OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS

AND SIGNS
 LIST OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS AND SINGS

1 front, close, unrounded vowel

i: front unrounded vowel; between close and half close
e 1 front, half-close, unrounded vowel; sometimes centralized
as front, unrounded vowel; between half open and open
a: front open, unrounded vowel, sometimes centralized
back, open, rounded vowel
back, half-open rounded vowel
o back, half-close, rounded vowel, sometimes centralized
CO centralized back rounded vowel, between half-close and close
u back, close rounded vowel
3 unrounded central vowel, short (English initial vowel in 'above"

3: unrounded central vowel, as in British RP 'word'

9: unrounded central vowel, long, approximately as in British English

'word'

p voiceless bilabial plosive

b voiced bilabial plosive

t voiceless dental plosive

d voiced dental plosive

t voiceless alveolar plosive
d voiced alveolar plosive
t voiceless post-alveolar plosive
d voiced post-alveolar plosive
c voiceless palatal plosive
k voiceless velar plosive
g voiced velar plosive
tr voiceless post-alveolar affricate
dr voiced post-alveolar affricate
t voiceless palato-alveolar affricate
d3 voiced palato-aveolar affricate
m voiced bilabial nasal
n voiced alveolar nasal
n voiced dental nasal
n voiced post-alveolar nasal
r| voiced velar nasal
1 voiced alveolar lateral
1 voiced alveolar lateral with valorization
r voiced retroflex flap
r voiced post-alveolar affricate or frictionless continuant
f voiceless labio-dental fricative
V voiced labio-dental fricative
V voiced labio-dental frictionless continuant
0 voiceless dental fricative
da voiced dental fricative
s voiceless alveolar fricative
z voiced alveolar fricative
j voiceless palato-alveolar fricative
3 voiced palato-alveolar fricative
X voiceless velar fricative
y voiced velar fricative
h voiceless glottal fricative
w voiced labio-velar semi-vowel
j voiced unrounded palatal semi-vowel
9 voiceless palatal fricative
R voiced uvular roll
[''] slight aspiration [p'^]
[h] strong aspiration e.g. [th]
[:] full length of preceding segment e.g. [i:]
[.] half length of preceding segment e.g. [i.}
[~j nasalization [a]
[o] devoiced lenis coil sonant
[_] post-alveolar articulation e.g. [d]
[ ] dental articulation, e.g. [ t]
[^] nasally exploded consonant e.g. [p"^]
[^] laterally released consonant, e.g. [t^]
f] unexploded consonant, e.g. [p°]
[ ] primary accentual stress or pitch prominence
[ 1 ] secondary accentual stress on following syllable
[ ] high falling tone e.g. \es
[ \ ] low falling tone e.g. \yes
['] high rising tone e.g. Ves
[/] low rising tone e.g. /yes
[ ^] rising falling tone yes
[ ] falling rising tone yes
[ ] phonetic transcription
/ / phonemic transcription
/ pause or end of tone group
// // sentence group boundary