Midterm Exam 1(b)

 Each question must be answered in order for exam to be valid.

1. Question # 1(20 points): A gasoline engine of volumetric compression ratio 11 : 1 takes in a mixture
of air and he1 in the ratio 14.5:l by mass; the calorific value of the fuel is 44 MJ/kg. At the start of
compression, the temperature of the charge is 50C (122F). Assume that compression and expansion
are reversible with P V n =constant, and n = 1.325 and 1.240, respectively, and that combustion occurs
instantaneously at minimum volume. Combustion can be regarded as adding heat equal to the calorific
value to the charge. However, there is a finite combustion efficiency, and heat transfer from the
combustion chamber. Thus, combustion is equivalent to a net heat input that corresponds to 75% of
the calorific value of the fuel being burned.
(a) Calculate the temperatures after compression and at the start and end of expansion. Calculate
the net work produced by the cycle, and evaluate the indicated efficiency of the engine.
(b) Why is it inappropriate to calculate the indicated efficiency in terms of the heat flows?
Use the following thermodynamic data:
• Air-Fuel Mixture Molar mass is 30 kg and specific heat of 0.95 KJ/kg-K
• Combustion Products Molar mass is 28 kg and specific heat of 0.95 KJ/kg-K

2. Question # 2 (20 points): Attempt any two of the following:

(I) Because the primary winding of an ignition coil has a finite resistance, energy is dissipated while
the magnetic field is being established after switching on the coil. If the primary winding has an
inductance of 5.5 mH and a resistance of 1.9 ohms, and the supply voltage is 11.6 V, show that:
(a) The energy stored after 2 ms would be 26 mJ, increasing to 79 mJ after 6 ms
(b) The theoretical efficiency of energy storage is approximately 65% for a 2-ms coil on- time,
falling to 32% for a 6-ms coil-on-time
What are the other sources of loss in an ignition coil? Define MBT ignition timing, and describe
how it varies with engine speed and load. Under what circumstances are ignition timings other
than MBT used?
(II) Two spark ignition gasoline engines having the same swept volume and compression ratio are
running at the same speed with wide open throttles. One engine operates on the two-stroke cycle,
and the other operates on the four-stroke cycle. State with reasons for the following:
(a) Which engine has the greater power output?
(b) Which engine has the higher efficiency?
(III) Why does the optimum ignition timing change with engine-operating conditions? What are the
advantages of electronic ignition with an electronic control system?
(IV) Using the data in Table 2.3 and Eq. 2.92, reconstruct the data plotted in Fig. 2.46. Then conduct
a sensitivity analysis by assuming that the parasitic losses are variously 5%, l0%, and 15% of the
maximum power output. Plot an efficiency/output graph similar to Fig. 2.48.

3. Question # 3 (20 points): Download the attachment and write one page summary of the paper titled:
“Optimization of a crankshaft rolling process for durability”.