Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is a branch of physics which deals with electricity and

magnetism and the interaction between them. In 1819, Hans Christian Oersted, a
Danish scientist, demonstrated that electricity and magnetism were related when
he showed that a compass needle was deflected by a current-carrying conductor.
The following year, Andre Ampère showed that current-carrying conductors
attract or repel each other just like magnets. However, it was Michael Faraday
who developed our present concept of the magnetic field as a collection of flux
lines in space that conceptually represent both the intensity and the direction of
the field. The electromagnetic force is also one of the four fundamental forces.
(Gravity, strong force and weak force are the other three.)

Screw Rule Vs Grip Rule

The SCREW RULE states that if a normal right-hand thread screw is placed along
the axis of the solenoid and is screwed in the direction of the cur-rent it moves in
the direction of the magnetic field inside the solenoid. The direction of the
magnetic field inside the solenoid is from south to north. Meanwhile, the GRIP
RULE states that if the coil is gripped with the right hand, with the fingers
pointing in the direction of the current, then the thumb, out-stretched parallel to
the axis of the solenoid, points in the direction of the magnetic field inside the
solenoid.

Applications of Electromagnet

The solenoids are simple electrical components and it has a vast impacts on daily
life. The term itself is derived from the Greek name “solen”, which illustrates a
channel or a pipe. The second part of the name is taken from the Greek name
“eidos”, which refers to an outline. Basically, it is a component in the form of a
pipe. The solenoid is used in a variety of applications, and there are numerous
types of solenoid designs available. An electromagnet, based on the solenoid,
provides the basis of many items of electrical equipment, examples of which
include electric bells, relays, lifting magnets and telephone receivers.

(i) Electric bell

There are various types of electric bell, including the single-stroke bell, the
trembler bell, the buzzer and a continuously ringing bell, but all depend on the
attraction exerted by an electromagnet on a soft iron armature.

(ii) Relay

A relay is similar to an electric bell except that contacts are opened or closed by
operation instead of a gong being struck.

(iii) Lifting magnet

Lifting magnets, incorporating large electromagnets, are used in iron and steel
works for lifting scrap metal.

(iv) Telephone receiver

Whereas a transmitter or microphone changes sound waves into corresponding

electrical signals, a telephone receiver converts the electrical waves back into
sound waves.

F = BIL(maliit na L) and F = BILsin theta

If a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field produced by

permanent magnets, then the fields due to the current-carrying conductor and
the permanent magnets interact and cause a force to be exerted on the
conductor.

When the magnetic field, the current and the conductor are mutually at right-
angles, then:

Force F = BIL (N)Newtons

When the conductor and the field are at an angle θ ◦ to each other then:

Force F = BIL sin θ N(Newtons)

Since when the magnetic field, current and conductor are mutually at right
angles, F = BIl, the magnetic flux density B may be defined by B = F/IL(maliit).

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

The direction of the force exerted on a conductor can be pre-determined by

using Fleming’s∗ left-hand rule (often called the motor rule), which states:

Let the thumb, first finger and second finger of the left hand be extended such
that they are all at right-angles to each other. If the first finger points in the
direction of the magnetic field, the second finger points in the direction of the
current, then the thumb will point in the direction of the motion of the conductor.

Summarizing:

First finger – Field

SeCond finger – Current

ThuMb–Motion

Faraday’s Law of Induced Voltage

Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction state:

(i) An induced e.m.f. is set up whenever the magnetic field linking that
circuit changes.
 (ii) The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in any circuit is proportional to the
rate of change of the magnetic flux linking the circuit.

Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will cause a voltage
(emf) to be "induced" in the coil. No matter how the change is produced, the
voltage will be generated. The change could be produced by changing the
magnetic field strength, moving a magnet toward or away from the coil, moving
the coil into or out of the magnetic field, rotating the coil relative to the magnet,
etc.

Lenz’s Law

Lenz’s law states:

The direction of an induced e.m.f. is always such that it tends to set up a current
opposing the motion or the change of flux responsible for inducing that e.m.f.
Thrusting a pole of a permanent bar magnet through a coil of wire, for example,
induces an electric current in the coil; the current in turn sets up a magnetic
field around the coil, making it a magnet. Lenz’s law indicates the direction of the
induced current. Because like magnetic poles repel each other, Lenz’s law states
that when the north pole of the bar magnet is approaching the coil, the induced
current flows in such a way as to make the side of the coil nearest the pole of the
bar magnet itself a north pole to oppose the approaching bar magnet. Upon
withdrawing the bar magnet from the coil, the induced current reverses itself, and
the near side of the coil becomes a south pole to produce an attracting force on
the receding bar magnet.