SUMMARY

AGE OF UNIVERSE

 Edwin Hubble was the first astronomer who gave the evidence that universe has finite
age.
 Hubble’s Law: Galaxy’s velocity is proportional to its distance.
 The age of empty universe by Hubble’s Law is:
t empty = 1/H0
 The Age of Universe containing mass by Hubble’s Law is:
t critical = 2/3 1/H0

MILKY WAY

Milky way is a series of dense regions in the early universe.it appears as a milky band of
light in the sky when we see it in a dark area. The type of milky way is barred spiral because if it
was elliptical we would see the stars of our galaxy spread out around the sky not in a single band.
No one can tell surely about the shape and size of the milky way because we can only take pictures
of the milky way inside the galaxy which means that we don’t have an image of the milky way as
a whole.

BLACK HOLE

Black hole is the space of too much gravity. It was first discovered by Albert Einstein. These
are formed due to the fusion reaction that generates a large amount of radiation upsetting the
balance between radiation and gravity. According to conventional Black Hole Theory, escape
velocity of black hole becomes equal to the speed of light. Black holes are of different sizes and
this is not possible to see black hole. Black hole follows Einstein’s theory of general relativity and
contradicts quantum magnetic theory. Thee is no Black hole near Earth.
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
The solar system consists of the Sun; a large gaseous sphere, nine planets; relatively cold
and are visible due to reflected sunlight; thirty-two satellites; bodies revolve around planets,
thousands of asteroids; small, irregular barren rocks revolve around the sound, comets; bodies
consists of a nucleus, coma and a tail, and interplanetary materials.

STARS
Formed by the condensation in nebulas, formed of gaseous elements, get energy from the
sun, luminosity depends upon temperature and size, temperature depends upon intensity of
electromagnetic radiations and have variable and invariable types.

By: Warda Mubeen, Misba Nazir, Ayesha Komal, Khushboo e Zahra, Nimra.