osinei2018 Plain bearing - Wikipedia WIKIPEDIA Plain bearing A plain bearing, or more commonly sliding bearing and slide bearing (in railroading sometimes called a solid bearing or friction bearing), is the simplest type of bearing, comprising just a bearing surface and no rolling elements. Therefore, the journal (ie, the part of the shaft in contact with the bearing) slides over the bearing surface. The simplest example of a plain bearing is a shaft rotating in a hole. A simple linear bearing can be a pair of flat surfaces designed to allow motion; eg. a drawer and the slides it rests on'"! or the ways on the bed of a lathe. Plain bearings, in general, are the least expensive type of bearing. ‘They are also compact and lightweight, and they have a high load-carrying Plain bearing on a 1906 S-Motor capacity. locomotive showing the axle, bearing, oil supply and oiling pad Contents Design Integral Bushing Two-piece Gallery Materials Babbitt Bi-material Bronze Cast iron Graphite Jewels Plastic Others Lubrication Fluid lubrication Related components See also References Bibliography External links Design ‘The design of a plain bearing depends on the type of motion the bearing must provide. The three types of motions possible are: htpsilon.wikpedta.orghwikvPain_ bearing ueoansr20r8 Plain eating - Wikipedia = Journal (friction, radial or rotary) bearing: This is the most common type of plain bearing; it is simply a shaft rotating in a bearing ll In locomotive and railroad car applications a journal bearing specifically referred to the plain bearing conee used at the ends of the axles of railroad wheel sets, enclosed by journal boxes (axleboxes) 4] Axlebox bearings today are no longer plain bearings but rather are rolling-element bearings.®) * Linear bearing: This bearing provides linear motion; it may take the form of a circular bearing and shaft or any other two mating surfaces (e.g,,a slide plate). + Thrust bearing: A thrust bearing provides a bearing surface for forces acting axial to the shatt!"! One example is a propeller shaft Integral Integral plain bearings are built into the object of use as hole prepared in the bearing surface. Industral integral bearings are usually made from cast iron or babbitt and a hardened steel shaft is used in the bearing ®171 Integral bearings are not as common because bushings are easier to accommodate and can be replaced if necessary") Depending on the material, an integral bearing may be less expensive but it cannot be replaced. If an integral bearing ‘wears out, the item may be replaced or reworked to accept a bushing. Integral bearings were very common in 19th-century machinery, but became progressively less common as interchangeable manufacture became popular. For example, a common integral plain bearing is the hinge, which is both a thrust bearing and a journal bearing, Bushing A bushing, also known as @ bush, is an independent plain bearing that is inserted into a housing to provide a bearing surface for rotary applications; this is the most common form of a plain bearing ®! Common designs include solid (sleeve and flanged), split, and clenched bushings. A sleeve, split, or clenched bushing is only a "sleeve" of material with an inner diameter (ID), outer diameter (OD), and length. The difference between the three types is that a solid sleeved bushing is solid all the way around, a split bushing has a cut along its length, and a clenched bearing is similar to a split bushing but with a clench (or clinch) across the cut connecting the parts. A flanged bushing is a sleeve bushing with a flange at one end extending radially outward from the OD. The flange is used to positively locate the bushing when it is installed or to provide a thrust bearing surface.) Sleeve bearings of inch dimensions are almost exclusively dimensioned using the SAE numbering system. The numbering system uses the format -XXYY-22, where XX is the ID in sixteenths of an inch, YY is the OD in sixteenths of an inch, and ‘ZLis the length in eighths of an inch !"°l Metrie sizes also exist. A linear bushing is not usually pressed into a housing, but rather secured with # radial feature. Two such examples include two retaining rings, or a ring that is molded onto the OD of the bushing that matches with a groove in the housing, This is usually a more durable way to retain the bushing, because the forces acting on the bushing could press it out. ‘The thrust form of a bushing is conventionally called a thrust washer. Two-piece Two-piece plain bearings, known as full bearings in industrial machinery,"'l are commonly used for larger diameters, such as crankshaft bearings. The two halves are called shells "21 There are various systems used to keep the shells located. ‘The most common method is @ tab on the parting line edge that correlates with a notch in the housing to prevent axial ‘movement after installation. For large, thick shells a button stop or dowel pin is used. The button stop is screwed to the housing, while the dowel pin keys the two shells together. Another less common method uses a dowel pin that keys the shell to the housing through a hole or slot in the shell "81 htps:lon whkpesia.orahwikiPain_bearing aintosiner20%8 Plain beating - Wikipedia ‘The distance from one parting edge to the other is slightly larger than the corresponding distance in the housing so that a light amount of pressure is required to install the bearing. This keeps the bearing in place as the two halves of the housing are installed. Finally, the shell's circumference is also slightly larger than the housing circumference so that when the two halves are bolted together the bearing crushes slightly. This creates a large amount of radial force around the entire bearing, which keeps it from spinning. Tt also forms a good interface for heat to travel out of the bearings into the housing.!"21 Gallery AA linear table with four A wheelset from a GWR Archbar type truck with Diagram of a railroad linear bearings (1) wagon showing a plain, joumal bearings in Journal box!*! ‘or journal, bearing endl) journal boxes as used on some steam locomotive tenders. A version of the archbar truck was at one time also used on US freight cars Asolid sleeve bushing A flanged bushing A clenched (or alinched) bushing Materials Plain bearings must be made from a material that is durable, low friction, low wear to the bearing and shaft, resistant to levated temperatures, and corrosion resistant, Often the bearing is made up of at least two constituents, where one is soft and the other is hard. In general, the harder the surfaces in contact the lower the coefficient of friction and the greater the pressure required for the two to gall or to seize when lubrication fails ®H4I751 ‘nps:ifen.wikipecia.org\wikiPlain_boaring aitosioer20%8 Babbitt Pain bearing - Wikipedia Babbitt is usually used in integral bearings. It is coated over the bore, usually to a thickness of 1 to 100 thou (0.025 to 12.540 mm), depending on the diameter. Babbitt bearings are designed to not damage the journal during direct contact and to collect any contaminants in the lubrication." Bi-material Bi-material bearings consist of two materials, a metal shell and a plastic bearing surface, Common combinations include a steel-backed PTFE-coated bronze and aluminums-backed Frelon. {181 Steel-backed PTFE-coated bronze bearings are rated for more load than most other bi-metal bearings and are used for rotary and oscillating motions. Aluminum-backed frelon are commonly used in corrosive environments because the Frelon is chemically inert "7 Bearing properties of various bi-material bearings Pv (max.) Temperature | P(max) | Y(™@) | ‘ipsi range | tpsi(mPay | (S| sfm (MPa mis) 51,000 Steck-backed —_~328-536 °F E PTFE-coated or ~200- 36,200 ost | oo (78 Halon Store or 248 MPa | (2.0 mis) | MPa ms) ~ 4 20,000 Aluminum-backed | 599;0°°"F | 3,000 si | 300 (0.70 frelon oe or21 MPa | (1.52mis) | MPa mis) Bronze exterior with an inner plastic coating A.common plain bearing design utilizes a hardened and polished steel shaft and a softer bronze bushing, The bushing is, replaced whenever it has worn too much. ‘Common bronze alloys used for bearings include: SAE 841, SAE 660 (CDA 932), SAE 863, and CDA 954"8) Bearing properties of various bronze alloys!) P (max.) V (max.) PV (max.) ‘Temperature range Ipsi (MPa)] Isfm (mis)]_ | [psi sfm (MPa m/s)] SAE 841 | 10-220 °F (-12-104°C) | 2,000 psi (14 MPa) | 1,200 (6.1 m/s) | 50,000 (1.75 MPa m/s) SAE 660 | 10-450°F (-12-222°C) 4,000 psi (28 MPa) | 750(3.8 mis) | 75,000 (2.63 MPa mis) SAE 863 | 10-220 °F (-12-104 °C) 4,000 psi (28 MPa) 225 (1.14 mis) 35,000 (1.23 MPa mis) CDA 954 | Less than 500 °F (260 °C) 4,500 psi (31 MPa) 225 (1.14 mis) 125,000 (4.38 MPa mis) Cast iron ‘nps:ifen.wikipecia.org\wikiPlain_boaring antoaioe0%e Pian bering - Wibod cast iron bearing can be used with a hardened steel shaft because the coefficient of friction is relatively low. The cast iron lazes over therefore wear becomes negligible. ®! Graphite In harsh environments, such as ovens and dryers, a copper and graphite alloy, commonly known by the trademarked name graphalloy, is used. The graphite is a dry lubricant, therefore it is low friction and low maintenance. The copper adds strength, durability, and provides heat dissipation characteristics. Bearing properties of graphitic materials P (max.) Vmax.) PV (max.) ‘Temperature range (psi (MPa)]_ | [sfm (mis)] [psi sfm (MPa m/s] Graphalloy!'7) | ~450-750 °F or 268-399 °C | 750 psi or 5MPa 75 (0.38 mis) | 12,000 (0.42 MPa mis) Graphite ? 2 2 2 ‘Unalloyed graphite bearings are used in special applications, such as locations that are submerged in water.) Jewels Known as jewel bearings, these bearings use jewels, such as sapphire, ruby, and garnet. Plastic Solid plastic plain bearings are now increasingly popular due to dry-running lubrication-free behavior. Solid polymer plain bearings are low weight, corrosion resistant, and maintenance free. After studies spanning decades, an accurate calculation of the service life of polymer plain bearings is possible today. Designing with solid polymer plain bearings is complicated by the wide range, and non-linearity, of coefficient of thermal expansion. These materials can heat rapidly when used in applications outside the recommended pV limits. Solid polymer type bearings are limited by the injection molding process. Not all shapes are possible with this process, and shapes that are possible are limited to what is considered good design practice for injection molding. Plastic bearings are subject to the same design cautions as all other plastic parts: creep, high thermal expansion, softening (increased wear/reduced life) at clevated temperature, brittle fractures at cold temperatures, and swelling due to moisture absorption. While most bearing-grade plasties/polymers are designed to reduce these design cautions, they still exist and should be carefully considered before specifying a solid polymer (plastie) type. Plastic bearings are now quite common, including usage in photocopy machines, tills, farm equipment, textile machinery, medical devices, food and packaging machines, car seating, and marine equipment. Common plasties include nylon, polyacetal, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (oHMw1 y eorentza} |, rulon, PEEK, urethane, and vespel (a high-performance polyimide) htpsilon.wikpedta.orghwikvPain_ bearing smosinei2018 Plain bearing - Wikipedia Bearing properties of various plastics!#N21123) , Pmax) {psi | V{max) [stm | PV (max) ps stn Temperature range (MPa)] (mis) (MPa mis)] 40 6 500° (24012 | 1800 ps Frejon'241 260 *C}51 (io MPa) 140 (0.71 m/s) 10,000 (0.35 MPa mis) non [2919250 "F Cate | gaogsi(aMea) | 260(1.89m8) | 3000(0.11 MPa MOS-led ron A010 176-F Cat | 2,000ps wwe amg Mos we 200058 | a99(2.0m8) | 4000.12 MPa) MDS-filled nylon 40 to 230 °F (-40 to wes toe 300 psi(2MPa) | 60(0.30 mis) | 3,000 (0.11 MPa mis) m 148 to 480 °F (-100 to 8,500 psi mi mi PEEK blend 1 249°C) (69 MPa) 400 (2.0 mis) 3,500 (0.12 MPa m/s) “1480 480°F 10010 | 2,750 PEEK vend2 5488 21780 8 | aos 1.50 vs) | 97,700 7.22 MPa) 20 to 180 °F (-29 to 1,000 psi mi mi Polyacetal 82°C) (7 MPa) 1,000 (5.1 m/s) | 2,700 (0.09 MPa m/s) PTFE 20-0) 500 °F ("212 to 500 psi(3MPa) — 100 (0.51 ms) 1,000 (0.04 MPa m/s) — 235010 500°F (2121 | 1000p ws am Gieefoa PTRE | 3850%6 100 400(20m5) | 11000 0.88 MPa ms) 40010 850 "F (24010 | 1,000psi 10,000 (0.35 Pa Rulon 641 ito #000 ps 400 (2.015) 08 Rulon J 4019 550°F 240% | r50si(64Pa) 400(20mi8) _ 7,500(0.25 MPa ms) 40016 550° (24012 | 1000 ps Rulon LR 288°C) (7MPa) 400 (2.0 mis) 10,000 (0.35 MPa mis) 200 to 180 °F (-129 to 1,000 psi usw a 1000 100 (051 mis) | 2000 0.07 MPa ms) MOS-ied 010 180°F (40% urethane 82°C) 700 psi(SMPa) 200 (1.02 m/s) 11,000 (0.39 MPa m/s) lespel 400 to 550 °F (-240t0 | 4,900 psi ws) amis esp! #088 420008 .00 152ml) | 200000 105 MPa mi) Others = igus, iglidur Specially developed polymer bearing materials with life prediction = Ceramic bearings are very hard, so sand and other grt that enters the bearing are simply ground to a fine powder that does not inhibit the operation of the bearing, © Lubrite??7) = Lignum vitae is a self lubricating wood and in clocks it gives extremely long life. ‘= Ina piano, various (usually) wooden parts of the keyboard and action are linked together by center pins typically made of German silver. These linkages usually have fet, or more rarely, leather bushings. Lubrication The types of lubrication system ean be categorized into three groups:!"91 htpsilon.wikpedta.orghwikvPain_ bearing oeosioer20%8 Pain bearing - Wikipedia = Class 1 — bearings that require the application of a lubricant from an. external source (e.g., oll, grease, etc.). = Class Il — Bearings that contain a lubricant within the walls of the bearing {e.g., bronze, graphite, etc.,). Typically these bearings require an outside lubricant to achieve maximum performance, = Class ill — bearings made of materials that are the lubricant, These bearings are typically considered "selfubricating" and can run without an ‘extemal lubricant. Examples of the second type of bearing are Oilites and plastic bearings made from polyacetal; examples of the third type are metalized graphite bearings and PTFE bearings.l191 Most plain bearings have a plain inner surface; however, some are grooved. graphiteiled groove bushing ‘The grooves help lubrication enter the bearing and cover the whole journal.8) Self-Jubricating plain bearings have a lubricant contained within the bearing walls. There are many forms of self- lubricating bearings. The first, and most common, are sintered metal bearings, which have porous walls. The porous walls draw oil in via capillary action!) and release the oil when pressure or heat is applied."! An example of a sintered metal bearing in action can be seen in sel-lubricating chains, which require no additional lubrication during operation. Another form is a solid one-piece metal bushing with a figure eight groove channel on the inner diameter that is filled with graphite. A similar bearing replaces the figure eight groove with holes plugged with graphite. This lubricates the bearing inside and out") The last form is a plastic bearing, which has the lubricant molded into the bearing. The lubricant is released as the bearing is run in, I ‘There are three main types of lubrication: fullflm condition, boundary condition, and dry condition. Full-film conditions are when the bearing's load is carried solely by a film of fluid lubricant and there is no contact between the two bearing surfaces. In mix or boundary conditions, load is carried partly by direct surface contact and partly by a film forming between the two. In a dry condition, the full load is carried by surface-to-surface contact. Bearings that are made from bearing grade materials always run in the dry condition, The other two classes of plain bearings can run in all three conditions; the condition in which a bearing runs is dependent on the operating conditions, load, relative surface speed, clearance within the bearing, quality and quantity of lubricant, and temperature (affecting lubricant viscosity). Ifthe plain bearing is not designed to run in the dry or boundary condition, it has a high coefficient of friction and wears out. Dry and boundary conditions may be experienced even in a fluid bearing when operating outside of its normal operating conditions; e.., at startup and shutdown. Fluid lubrication Hluid lubrication results in a fullfilm or a boundary condition lubrication mode, A properly designed bearing system reduees friction by eliminating surface-to-surface contact between the journal and bearing through fluid dynamic effects. Fluid bearings can be hydrostatically or hydrodynamically lubricated. Hydrostatically lubricated bearings are lubricated by an external pump that maintains a static amount of pressure. In a hydrodynamie bearing the pressure in the oil film is maintained by the rotation of the journal. Hydrostatic bearings enter a hydrodynamic state when the journal is rotating.""l Hydrostatic bearings usually use oil, while hydrodynamic bearings can use oil or grease, however bearings can be designed to use whatever fluid is available, and several pump designs use the pumped fluid as a lubricant.) Hydrodynamic bearings require greater care in design and operation than hydrostatic bearings. They are also more prone to initial wear because lubrication does not occur until there is rotation of the shaft. At low rotational speeds the lubrication may not attain complete separation between shaft and bushing. As a result, hydrodynamic bearings may be ‘nps:ifen.wikipecia.org\wikiPlain_boaring mtosiner20%8 Plain beating - Wikipedia aided by secondary bearings that support the shaft during start and stop periods, protecting the fine tolerance machined surfaces of the journal bearing. On the other hand, hydrodynamic bearings are simpler to install and are less expensive. In the hydrodynamic state a lubrication "wedge" forms, which lifts the journal. ‘The journal also slightly shifts horizontally in the direction of rotation. The location of the journal is measured by the attitude angle, which is the angle formed between the vertical and a line that crosses through the center of the journal and the center of the bearing, and the eccentricity ratio, which is the ratio of the distance of the centre of the journal from the centre of the bearing, to the overall radial clearance. The attitude angle and eccentricity ratio are dependent on the direction and speed of rotation and the load. In hydrostatic bearings the oil pressure also affects the eccentricity ratio. In electromagnetic ‘A schematic of a journal bearing under a hydrodynamic lubrication equipment like motors, electromagnetic forees can counteract gravity loads, tate showing how the journal causing the journal to take up unusual positions." centerline shifts from the bearing centerline, One disadvantage specific to fluid-lubricated, hydrodynamic journal bearings in high-speed machinery is oil whirl—a self-excited vibration of the journal. Oil whirl occurs when the lubrication wedge becomes unstable: small disturbances of the journal result in reaction forces from the oil film, which cause further movement, causing both the oil film and the journal to "whirl" around the bearing shell. ‘Typically the whirl frequency is around 42% of the journal turning speed. In extreme cases oil whirl leads to direct contact, between the journal and the bearing, which quickly wears out the bearing. In some cases the frequency of the whirl coincides with and "locks on to” the critical speed of the machine shaft; this condition is known as “oil whip", Oil whip can be very destructive.("1141 A lemon bore whirl at high speeds, however its cost is relatively low." Another design is the pressure dam or dammed groove,®l which has a shallow reliof cut in the center of the bearing over the top half of the bearing “The groove abrupily stops in order to create a downward force to stabilize the journal. This design has a high load capacity and corrects most oil whirl situations. The disadvantage is, that it only works in one direction. Offsetting the bearing halves does the same thing as the pressure dam. The only difference is the load capacity increases as the offset increases.!"") ‘A more radical design is the tilting-pad design, which uses multiple pads that are designed to move with changing loads. It is usually used in very large applications but also finds extensive application in modern turbomachinery because it almost completely eliminates oil whirl, ‘nps:ifen.wikipecia.org\wikiPlain_boaring Oil whirl can be prevented by a stabilising force applied to the journal. A number of bearing designs seek to use bearing geometry to either provide an obstacle to the whirling fluid or to provide a stabilising load to minimize whirl, One such is called the lemon bore or elliptical bore. In this design, shims are installed between the two halves of the bearing housing and then the bore is machined to size. After the shims are removed, the bore resembles a lemon shape, which decreases the clearance in one direction of the bore and. increases the pre-load in that direction. The disadvantage of this design is its lower load. carrying capacity, as compared to typical journal bearings. It is also still susceptible to oil A pressure dam astosinei2018 Plain bearing - Wikipedia Related components Other components that are commonly used with plain bearings include: * Pillow block: These are standardized bearing mounts designed to accept plain bearings. They are designed to mount toa flat surface. = Ring oiler: A lubricating mechanism used in the first half of the 20th century for medium speed applications. ‘= Stuffing box: A sealing system used to keep fluid from leaking out of a pressurized system through the plain bearing. See also = Hot box = Pillow block bearing = Plastigauge References 1, Bearings and bearing metals 1921. p. 1 2, Joumal Bearings (hitps:/iwww.webcitation.orgiSmOaNEeRO7urchitp:/imwreliabiltydirect.com/appnotes/jp.htm), archived from the original (http:/www.reliablitydirect. com/appnotesijb.htm!) on 2009-12-30, retrieved 2009-12-29. CSX Dictionary J (http:/www.csx.convindex.cfm/about-csx/company-overviewirairoad-dictionary/7i=J) Archived (nip sillweb.archive.orgiveb/20140729221255ihttp:/www.csx.comiindex.cfm/about-csx/company-overview/railroad-diction ary/?i=J) 2014-07-29 at the Wayback Machine 4, Car and Locomotive Cyclopedia Of American Practice (hitp:/www.worldeat orghtille/car-and-locomotive-cyclopedia-of- american-practice/ocle!52456437referer=brief_results) 5. "The Evolution of Railway Axlebox Technology" (http:/evolution.skf.com/the-evolution-of-rallway-axlebox- technology/). Evolution. SKF. 2010-12-07. Retrieved 2014-09-18 6. Bearings and bearing metals 1921, p. 15 7. Bearings and bearing metals 1921, p. 18 8, Brumbach, Michael E.; Clade, Jeffrey A. (2003), Industrial Maintenance (hitps:/fbooks google.com/books?id=1wq6eiR ‘TmxEC8&pg=PA112), Cengage Leaming, p. 199, ISBN 978-0-7668-2695-3. 9. Neale 1995, p. A121 10, Weichse|, Dick (1994-10-03), "Plane bearings" (https://wmw.webcitation.org/Slv9I6BuJ7urt=http:iwww.bsahome.org/A rchive/ntmV/escreports/PlaneBearings.pdf) (POF), FSC Report, 5 (1). 1-2, archived from the original (http:/ww.bsah ‘ome.orgiArchive/himl/escreports/PlaneBearings.pdf) (PDF) on 2009-12-10. ‘1, Joumal Bearings (http:/ww.reliabiltydirect.com/appnotesijb htm), archived (https:/web archive org/web/200105022 34633/http:/www.reliabilitydirect.com/appnotesijb.himi) {rom the original on 2001-05-02, retrieved 2010-05-08, 12, Mobley, R. Keith (2001), Plant engineer's handbook (https://books.google.com/books ?id=9YkgHSHgSawC&pg=RA1- PA1094) (Sth ed,), Butterworth-Heinemann, p. 1094, ISBN 978-0-7506-7328-0. 19. Neale 1995, p. A116 14, Bearings and bearing metals 1921, p. 29 15, Bearings and bearing metals 1921. p. ° 16. Frelon bushings (http:/iwaw-bilact ru/tsidatasheets/pat/232_6304. pdf) Archived (https:/imw.webcitation.orgi5uxW tw iPurlshttp:wow.bilact ru/rsidatasheets/pdfi232_6304.pdi) 2010-11-26 at WebCite 17, MeMaster-Carr catalog (http:!www.memaster.comi#tcatalog/115/1115) (115th ed,), MeMaster-Carr, p. 1118, retrieved 2009-12- 0 18. MeMaster-Carr catalog (http:!imww.memaster.comiticatalog/115/1116) (115th ed.), McMaster-Carr, p. 1116, retrieved 2009-12-17. htpsilon.wikpedta.orghwikvPain_ bearing omasiosie0r8 Plain bearing - Wkinedia 19. Glaeser, William A. (1992), Materials for tribology (https://books.google.com/books?id=4AxJE4JqHBSC&log=RAI-PA 124), Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-444-88495-4 20. McMaster-Carr catalog (http:/www.mcmaster.comitcatalog/115/1110) (115th ed.), McMaster-Carr, p. 1110, retrieved 2009-12-22. 21, McMaster-Carr catalog (http:/www.memaster.comitcatalog/115/1114) (115th ed,), MoMaster-Carr, p, 1114, retrieved 2009-12-21 22, McMaster-Carr catalog (http:www.memaster.comiitcatalog!115/1121) (115th ed.), McMaster-Carr, p. 1121, retrieved 2009-12-21 23, MeMaster-Carr catalog (http://www.memaster.comitcatalog/115/1111) (115th ed.), MeMaster-Carr, p. 1111, retrieved 2009-12-22. 24, Frelon lined linear bushings (https:/www webcitation org/SuXW/1wil2urt=http:iwmw.bilact ru/rsidatasheets/pat/232_6 304 pf) (PDF), March 1997, archived from the original (http:/iwww.bilact.ru/ts/datasheets/pdf/232_6304 pdf) (PDF) (on 2010-11-26, retrieved 2010-11-26. 25, Frelon lined linear bearings (nttps:/www.webcitation.org/SuxXmK659n 2urk-http:/www.sdp-si.com/d7 90/htmi2/D790CO '5015_1,himl), archived from the original (http:/www.sdp-si,com/d790/htmI2/0780C05016_1,himl) on 2010-11-27, retrieved 2010-11-26. 26. Rulon 641 (htip:/www.seals.saint-gobain.com/rulon-641 aspx), retrieved 2015-10-26 27. Silano, Louis (1993). Bridge Inspection and Rehabilitation (https:1/books.google.com/books7id=IOoSpgTLWj4C&pg=P A185). Wiley. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-471-63262-0. 28. McMaster-Carr catalog (http:www.memaster.comitcatalog/15/1119) (115th ed.), McMaster-Carr, p. 1119, retrieved 2009-12-20. 29, Oilite (https:/lwww.webcitation.org’Sm4QCwn7s?url=http:/www.met-eb.com/pdfdown/Oilite.pat) (PDF), archived from the original (http:/www.met-eb.com/pdfdown/Oilte.paf) (POF) on 2009-12-16, retrieved 2009-"2-16 30. Curcio, Vincent (200%), Chrysler: The Life and Times of an Automotive Genius (https://books.google.com/books? OuwGwuxPgC8lpg=PA485), Oxiord University Press US, p. 485, ISBN 978-0-19-514705-6 31, McMaster-Carr catalog (http:/www.mcmaster.comitcatalogi115/1118) (115th ed.), McMaster-Carr, p, 1118, retrieved 2009-12-20. 32, [glide (https:/www.webcitation.org/SIvJYpOBR7url=htip:igus. bdol.com/patiigdesign.pdf) (PDF), pp. 1.2~1.3, archived ‘rom the original (http:/igus.bdol.com/paligdesign.pdf) (PDF) on 2009-12-10, retrieved 2009-12-10. 33, "Converting Ships to Seawater Lubricated Shaft Lines” (https:/iwww.gallagherseals.com/blog/thordon-seawater-shaft4 ines/). Gallagher Fluid Seals. Retrieved 21 July 2017. 34, "Fundamentals of Rotating Machinery Diagnostics", pps480 - 489, (2002), Bently.D, & Hatch.C. The Bently Pressurised Bearing Co, ISBN 0-9714081.0-6 35, Neale 1995, p. A104 Bibliography = Bearings and bearing metals (https:i/books. google. com/books7id=nopKAAAAMAA,), The Industrial Press, 1921. * Neale, Michael John (1995), The tribology handbook (https:l/books.google.com/books7id=Oorx_M-RCOAC) (2nd ed.), Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 978-0-7506-1198-5, External links = Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL) (http:/Ikmoddl.library.comell.edu/index.php) - Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University, Also includes an e-book library (htt puikmoddl.library.comell.edule-books.php) of classic texts on mechanical design and engineering = CSX Dictionary J (hitps:/iweb.archive.org/web/20140729221255inttp:/wmw.csx.comvindex.cim/about-csx/company-o verviewirailroad-dictionary/?i=J) hitpstien.wikipeca.orgwikiPain_beering sontosingi2018 Plain bearing - Wikipedia Retrieved from "httos://en.wikipedia.orgiw/index.php7title=Plain_bearing&oldid=845267113" This page was last edited on 10 June 2018, at 16:40 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Altribution-ShareAlike License: additional terms may apply, By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy, Wikipedia® is a regislered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization tps n.wikpedta.orghwikvPain_ bearing a