Antennas and propagation

Elementary Antennas
Alberto Toccafondi
 Coordinate systems
ntation of radiation (or reception) properties
coordinates

s
ost common)

ation Slide 4 Chapter 3

 Elementary Electric Dipole
• The elementary dipole antenna (or doublet) is the simplest and most widely used
class of antenna in telecommunications engineering.

• Consists of two identical conductive elements (metal wires, rods,..) which are
usually symmetrical.

∆𝑙 ≪ 𝜆
 Elementary Electric Dipole
• In its famous experiment Heinrich Rudolf Hertz used two conductive sphere
and a very small wire (Hertizan dipole)
 Elementary Electric Dipole
z
𝑟′ = 𝑧 + 𝑧̂ 𝐼 𝑧′ = 𝐼0𝑓 𝑧 + 𝑧̂
⇢ l 0 l
0 1 if 2 < z < 2 ,
f (z ) =
+ Iz 0 otherwise
Δl Δl  λ
-
x y
 Elementary Electric Dipole
p z
k = ! ✏µ = k is real
Eφ
Er

Eθ
y

1 1 𝑒 >?@/ 𝐻/ = 𝐻D =0
𝐸/ = 2𝜁𝐼2 Δ𝑙 cos 𝜃 +
𝑟 𝑗𝑘𝑟 < 4𝜋r
1 𝑒 >?@/
1 1 𝑒 >?@/ 𝐻H = 𝑗𝑘𝐼2 Δ𝑙 sin 𝜃 1 +
𝐸D = 𝑗𝑘𝜁𝐼2 Δ𝑙 sin 𝜃 1 + + 𝑗𝑘𝑟 4𝜋r
𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑗𝑘𝑟 < 4𝜋r
𝐸H =0

𝜇
𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜖µ 𝜁= Ω
𝜖
where C is a constant.dThus,
# the electric d
$ field lines are given 2implicitly by: 2
ln Q(u)sin θ = 0 ⇒ Q(u)sin θ = C ⇒ Q(u)sin θ = C
2 ln Q(u) sin 2θ = 0

Elementary Electric Dipole

% dθ
% dθ %& & % & &
cos(u − δ) cos(u − δ) cos(kr − ωt) cos (kr − ωt)
sin(u − δ)+ (u2−
sinsin θ δ)+
= sin(kr − ωt)+ sin2 θ = sin(kr − ωt)+
sin2
θ = C sin2 θ =
where C is a constant. Thus,
u C is
wherethe a constant.
electric Thus,
u are
field lines the electric
given field lines
implicitly
kr by: are given implicitly
kr by:
% %& % & % & &
cos(u − δ) cos(u − δ) cos(kr − ωt) cos(kr − ωt)
sin(u − δ)+ (u2 −
sinsin θ δ)+
= sin(kr − ωt)+ sin2 θ = sin(kr − ωt)+
sin2
θ=C sin2 14.
θ=
u u kr kr
1.5 1.5 t=0 1.5 1.5 t = T/8
t=0 t = T/8
The
1 1 1 1 14.
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 mine
0.5 t=0 0.5 t=0 0.5 t = T/8 0.5 t = T/8
the
Thes
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
mineA
0.5
−0.5
0.5
−0.5
0.5
−0.5
0.5
−0.5 micr
the s
0 0 0 0 eachA
−1 −1 −1 −1
to th
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−0.5 −0.5 −0.5 −0.5
−1.5 −1.5 −1.5 −1.5 the
eachi
−1−1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1.51.5 −1 −0.5−1−1.5
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−1 1 1.5
0 0.5 1 −1.51.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
−1 −1 of
to th
th
1.5
−1.5 t = T/4
1.5 t = T / 4
−1.5 1.5 t = 3T / 8
−1.5
1.5 t = 3T / 8
−1.5 canc
the
1
−1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 11 −1.5
1.5 −1 −0.5 −1.5
1
0 0.5 −0.5
−1 1 1.5
0 0.5 11 −1.51.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 L
of th
1.5 1.5
mitt
canc
1.5 t = T/4 t = T/4 1.5 t = 3T / 8 t = 3T / 8
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

1 1 1 1 L
0 0 0 0
mitt
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
−0.5 −0.5 −0.5 −0.5
W
0 0 0 0
−1 −1 −1 −1 and
−0.5 −0.5
−0.5
−1.5 −1.5
−0.5
−1.5 −1.5 TE o
W
−1−1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1.51.5 −1 −0.5−1−1.5
−1 0 0.5 −0.5
−1 1 1.5
0 0.5 1 −1.51.5 −1 −0.5
−1 0 0.5 1 1.5 Fig. 1
and
−1.5 −1.5 −1.5 −1.5 TE o
Fig. 14.5.1 Electric field lines
Fig. of oscillating
14.5.1 dipole
Electric field at successive
lines of time
oscillating instants.
dipole at successive time instants.
−1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1.51.5 −1 −0.5 −1.5
0 0.5 −0.5
−1 1 1.5
0 0.5 1 −1.51.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 Fig.
Ideally, one should solve for r in
Ideally, terms
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should for r this
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is notofpossible
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not possible in closed
 Elementary Electric Dipole
z

Eφ
Er

Eθ

Ø Complex Poynting vector

1 𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜖µ
𝑆 𝑟 = 𝐸 𝑟 ×𝐻∗ 𝑟
2
1 1
[
𝑆 𝑟 = 𝑆/ 𝑟̂ + 𝑆D 𝜃 ∗
𝑆/ = 𝐸D 𝐻H 𝑆D = − 𝐸/ 𝐻H∗
2 2
Ø Total power flux across the sphere surface

𝑃 = S 𝑆 𝑟 T 𝑛V 𝑑𝑠 = S[𝑆/ 𝑟̂ + 𝑆D 𝜃[ ] T 𝑟̂ 𝑑𝑠 = S 𝑆/ 𝑑𝑠
Y Y Y
 Elementary Electric Dipole z

Eφ
Er

Eθ

Ø Total power flux across the sphere surface

1 𝑘 <𝜁 𝐼2 <Δ𝑙 < sin< 𝜃 1
𝑆/ = < < 1−𝑗 _
2 4𝜋 𝑟 𝑘𝑟
<a a
1 𝑘 < 𝜁 𝐼2 <Δ𝑙< 1 sin< 𝜃 <
𝑃 = S 𝑆/ 𝑑𝑠 = ^ ^ < 1−𝑗 _ < 𝑟 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
2 4𝜋 𝑘𝑟 𝑟
Y b b

Ø Total power in radial direction

<a a
1 𝑘 <𝜁 𝐼2 < Δ𝑙 < 1
𝑃= < 1−𝑗 _ ^ ^ sin_ 𝜃 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
2 4𝜋 𝑘𝑟
b b
 Elementary Electric Dipole
z
Ø Time-average radiated power (real power in radial direction) Eφ
Er

1 𝑘 <𝜁 𝐼2 <Δ𝑙 < 2𝜋 4 𝜋 𝐼2 <Δ𝑙 <

𝑅𝑒 𝑃 = < =𝜁
2 4𝜋 3 3 𝜆< Eθ

x
Ø Constant every for every r
Ø Power that leaves the dipole and is carried by electromagnetic field away from the dipole

Ø It is associated with the components that decay as 1/r (radiation components)

𝑒 >?@/
𝐸D ≅ 𝑗𝑘𝜁𝐼2 Δ𝑙 sin 𝜃
4𝜋r
𝑒 >?@/
𝐻H ≅ 𝑗𝑘𝐼2 Δ𝑙 sin 𝜃
4𝜋r

Ø Local plane wave features

𝐸D ⊥ 𝐻H 𝐸D 1 𝐸D <
=𝜁 𝑆/g = 𝑟̂
𝐻H 2 𝜁
 Elementary Electric Dipole z

Eφ
Er

Eθ

Ø Time-average reactive (imaginary) power in radial direction

𝑘 < 𝜁 𝐼2 <Δ𝑙 < (−𝑗) (2𝜋)4

𝐼𝑚[𝑃] =
4𝜋 < 𝑘𝑟 _ 3

Ø Components that decay more than 1/r are associated with reactive power
 Elementary Magnetic Dipole
z

Hφ
Hr

Hθ

I zm "1 1 % e− jβ r
H r = 2 Δl cosθ $ + 2' Er = Eθ = 0
ζ # r j β r & 4π r
" # 1 & e − jβ r
β m 1 1 % e− jβ r Eφ = − j β I zm Δl sin θ %1+ (
Hθ = j I z Δl sin θ $1+ + 2
' $ j β r ' 4π r
ζ $# j β r ( j β r ) '& 4π r
Hφ = 0
β = ω εµ