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Transistor As A Switch
Transistor As A Switch
II. Objectives
The transistor is composed of a
1. Understand the importance of
semiconductive material, usually silicon, and
cutoff and saturation to the
at least three terminals for connecting to the
external circuit. It was invented in 1947 by operation of a transistor
William Shockley, Walter Brattain and John switch.
Bardeen, who were jointly awarded the 2. Define the purpose of a
Nobel Prize in Physics for catapulting transistor switch.
technological development. Their 3. Identify the function of a
achievement is responsible for such modern transistor switch.
appliances as wide screen TVs, smartphones,
tablets and other electronic computing III. Materials
devices. 1. DC Power supply
The most basic function of a transistor 2. DMM
is as an electronic switch, which allows 3. Breadboard
electrons to flow from its collector side out 4. Resistors (1kΩ & 10kΩ)
through the emitter side. The base or middle 5. 2N3904 (npn)
of the transistor acts as the real switch control 6. 2N3906 (pnp)
electrode through which electron stimulation
V. Procedures 6. Connect point A to -5V.
1. Connect the circuit in Fig 27- Measure and record in Table
2.3. Apply the correct polarity 27-2.1 the voltage from point
on the voltage to 𝑉𝑐𝑐 . B to ground.
7. Construct a table of your
results that will contrast the
two circuits.
Photo no. 1
Questions:
1. In the prior circuits, what
voltage level would a binary 1
represent? A binary 0?
Ans:
Photo no. 3 Binary Numbers are
the flow of information in the
This measurement result form of zeros and ones used
+4.685V is from the procedure step by digital computers and
no. 5 where the base of the transistor systems. enerally, a logic “1”
is connected at the ground with the represents a higher voltage,
Vcc measures -5V. such as 5 volts, which is
commonly referred to as a
HIGH value, while a logic “0”
represents a low voltage, such
as 0 volts or ground, and is
commonly referred to as a
LOW value. These two
discrete voltage levels
representing the digital values
of “1’s” (one’s) and “0’s”
Photo no. 4 (zero’s) are commonly
called: BInary digiTS, and in
This measurement result - digital and computational
4.944V is from the procedure step no. circuits and applications they
2 where the base of the transistor is are normally referred to as
connected at the dc voltage source binary BITS.
measures -5V with the Vcc measures
also -5V. 2. Are the answers the same for
Table 27-2.1 both the circuits shown in Fig.
27-2.3 and 27-2.4?
Procedure Function and Ans:
Value
Step Measurement The answer from the Fig. 27-
Point B to 2.3 and 27-2.4 is not the same
2 +4.943 V
ground but the value is close to each
Point B to
3 -4.815 V other and the polarity of the
ground
two values is different. The
Fig. 21-2.3 results to +4.943 circuit is not connect to a
V and the Fig. 27-2.4 is -4.815 voltage supply it is on the cut-
V. off region and when the
voltage source apply in the
3. What is saturation? How is it base of the transistor of the
demonstrated in this circuit it calls electrons that
experiment? connect the base and collector
Ans: and allow the current to flow
The transistor acts like a short and will conduct to the
circuit. Current freely flows saturation region.
from collector to emitter.
Saturation is used whenever a VII. Summary
quantity cannot increase or The experiment shows how
decrease above or below a the transistor works. The difference of
certain value. In the pnp and npn transistor. It also
experiment the saturation elaborate how transistor become a
happens when we increases switch. The experiment also shown
the supply from 5V to 10V the the characteristic of the transistor
result value become constant. when it is in either at the saturation or
cut-off region. By constructing circuit
4. What is cut-off? How is it Fig 27-2.3 we used the 2N3904 a npn
demonstrated in this transistor and for Fig 27-2.3 we used
experiment? the 2N3906 a pnp transistor we also
Ans: used the DC power supply for the
The transistor acts like Vcc.
an open circuit. No current In Fig 27-2.3 circuit, the
flows from collector to procedure step 2 where point A is
emitter. In the experiment the connected to the ground the result
cut-off happens when the base value is + 4.943V and in the
is connected to the ground. procedure step 3 where point A is
connected to a supply +5V the result
5. Are the saturation and cut-off is -4.815V. While in Fig 27-2.4 where
points the same for both the in procedure step 5 the VCC is in
circuits shown in Figs. 27-2.3 negative value and point A is
and 27-2.4? Do the difference connected to the ground the result
affect overall outcomes? value is +4.685V and in procedure
Explain step 6 still the Vcc is at negative value
Ans: and point A is connected to -5V the
The saturation and cut-off result value is -4.944V.
both happened in both circuit
the difference is on the results
values polarity. When the
base of the transistor in the
VIII. Conclusion
Doing this experiment I able
to identify the basic function of the
transistor with the help of the
procedures above. It is important to
perform the experiment to easily
understand how transistor act as a
switch and by the given instruction
and the result value I able to
determine while the transistor is at
cut-off region where transistor is at
open circuit there is no current
flowing from the base to the emitter
and the transistor is at saturation
region when point A has a voltage
supply where the current freely
flowing from the collector to the
emitter of a transistor.