SEISMIC RESPONSE

SPECTRUM

By
Dr. Jagadish. G. Kori
Professor & Head Civil Engineering Department
Govt. Engineering College, Haveri-581110
 INTRODUCTION
• In order to perform the seismic analysis and design
of a structure to be built at a particular location, the
actual time history record is required.
• However, it is not possible to have such records at
each and every location.
• Further, the seismic analysis of structures cannot be
carried out simply based on the peak value of the
ground acceleration as the response of the
structure depend upon the frequency content of
ground motion and its own dynamic properties.
• To overcome the above difficulties, earthquake
response spectrum is the most popular tool in the
seismic analysis of structures.
 INTRODUCTION

• Response spectrum is an important tool in the

seismic analysis and design of structures. It
describes the maximum response of damped
single degree of freedom system to a particular
input motion at different natural periods.
• Response spectrum method of analysis is
advantageous as it considers the frequency
effects and provides a single suitable horizontal
force for the design of structure.
 Methods of Seismic Analysis
• Two basic methods are widely used for dynamic seismic analysis,
namely, Response Spectrum and Time History methods

1. Response Spectrum methods

allows determination of
maximum modal response of a
singly supported structural
system or a multiple supported
system where all supports
receive the same excitation.

2. Time History method of

analysis permits the
simultaneous application of
different excitations at each
support point of uncoupled
model of the system of Time History of recorded ground acceleration at
interest . Capitola, California in the 1989 Loma Prieta
earthquake 1989
ORIGIN OF THE RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD

• In 1971, with the occurrence of the San

Fernando, California, earthquake, the modern
era of RSM was launched.
• This earthquake was recorded by 241
accelerographs, and by combining these data
with all previous strong-motion records it
became possible to perform the first
comprehensive empirical scaling analyses of
response spectral amplitudes.
 TIME HISTORY DATA

THE MOST DIRECT DESCRIPTION OF AN
EARTHQUAKE MOTION IN TIME DOMAIN IS
PROVIDED BY ACCELEROGRAMS THAT ARE
RECORDED BY INSTRUMENTS CALLED STRONG
MOTION ACCELEROGRAPHS.

THE ACCELEROGRAPH RECORDS THREE

ORTHOGONAL COMPONENTS OF GROUND
ACCELERATION AT A CERTAIN LOCATION.

THE PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION DURATION,

AND FREQUENCY CONTENT OF EARTHQUAKE
CAN BE OBTAINED FROM AN ACCELEROGRAMS.
AN ACCELEROGRAM CAN BE INTEGRATED TO
OBTAIN THE TIME VARIATIONS OF THE GROUND
VELOCITY AND GROUND DISPLACEMENT.
 TIME HISTORY DATA
Time,
El Centro ground motion sec Acceleration, g
(N-S Component) 0.00 0.00630
0.02 0.00364
May 18, 1940 0.04 0.00099
0.06 0.00428
0.08 0.00758
0.10 0.01087
0.12 0.00682
0.14 0.00277
0.16 -0.00128
0.18 0.00368
0.20 0.00864
0.22 0.01360
0.24 0.00727
0.26 0.00094
http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat/ 0.28 0.00420
0.30 0.00221

http://db.cosmos-eq.org/scripts/default.plx
 TIME HISTORY DATA
0.4

0.2
ug,g

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
-0.2 Time, sec

-0.4

FOR EARTHQUAKE EXCITATION –

i. ANALYTICAL SOLUTION IS NOT POSSIBLE;
ii. NUMERICAL METHODS ARE EMPLOYED TO FIND OTHER
QUANTITIES LIKE
iii. a. VELOCITY; b. DISPLACEMENT ETC.
DIFFERENT NUMERICAL METHODS ARE:

CENTRAL DIFFERENCE METHOD

AVERAGE ACCELERATION METHOD

NEWMARK’S METHOD ETC.
TIME HISTORY DATA ANALYSIS
DEFORMATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Deformation Response Spectrum
For a given EQ excitation calculate |umax|
from SDOF response with a certain ξ
and within a range of natural periods or
frequencies.

|umax| for each frequency will be found

from the computed u(t) history at this
frequency.

A plot of |umax| vs. natural period is

constructed
representing the deformation (or
displacement)
response spectrum (Sd).

From this figure, one can directly read the

maximum relative displacement of any
structure of natural period T (and a
particular value of ξ as damping)
 VELOCITY RESPONSE SPECTRUM

Plot of V vs. TN
ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM

Plot of A vs. TN
 COMBINED D-V-A SPECTRUM

A
= V = ω Dn
ωn

Tn 2π
A =V = D
2π Tn
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
CHARACTERISTICS
Response spectrum ( ζ= 0,2,5,
and 10%) and peak values of
ground acceleration, ground
velocity, and ground
displacement for El Centro
ground motion.

Response spectrum for El

Centro ground motion plotted
with normalized scale A/ϋgo ,
V/ůgo , and D/ugo ; ζ = 0, 2 , 5
and 10%.
RESPONSE SPECTRUM CHARACTERISTICS

Response spectrum for El

Centro ground motion shown
by a solid line together with an
idealized version shown by a
dashed line; ζ = 5%
 Response Spectrum Characteristics
Mid Frequency
Low Frequency Transition from High Frequency
Out-of-Phase Out-of-Phase to In-Phase Rigid Static
Response In-Phase Response Response

F1 F2 FZ P A
Frequency
F1 = frequency at which peak spectral acceleration is observed
F2 = frequency above which the SDOF (modal) oscillators are in-phase with the transient
acceleration input used to generate the spectrum and in phase with each other
FZPA = frequency at which the spectral acceleration returns to the zero period acceleration;
maximum base acceleration of transient acceleration input used to generate the spectrum
ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM
EL CENTRO EARTHQUAKE 5% DAMPING

 IT IS NOT PRACTICALLY
POSSIBLE TO
CALCULATE EXACT
STRUCTURAL PERIOD .

 SPECTRAL
ACCELERATION FOR
SHORT PERIOD IS VERY
IRREGULAR.

 FOR PRACTICAL USE IT

HAS TO MADE ‘SMOOTH’
Elastic Design Spectrum

Use recorded ground motions (available)

Use ground motions recorded at similar sites:
Magnitude of earthquake
Distance of site form earthquake fault
Fault mechanism
Local Soil Conditions
Geology/travel path of seismic waves

Motions recorded at the same location.

For design, we need an envelope. One
way is to take the average (mean) of
these values
DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM
(Design Spectrum may include more than one earthquake scenario)
Factor Influencing Response Spectra
The response spectral values depends upon the
following parameters,
•I) Energy release mechanism
•II) Epicentral distance
•III) Focal depth
•IV) Soil condition
•V) Richter magnitude
•VI) Damping in the system
•VII) Time period of the system
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
Introduction

Response spectrum method is favoured by
earthquake engineering community because of:

 It provides a technique for performing an

equivalent static lateral load analysis.

 It allows a clear understanding of the

contributions of different modes of vibration.

 It offers a simplified method for finding the

design forces for structural members for
earthquake.

 It is also useful for approximate evaluation

of seismic reliability of structures.
 Contd…
 The concept of equivalent lateral forces for earth-
quake is a unique concept because it converts a
dynamic analysis partly to dynamic & partly to
static analysis for finding maximum stresses.

For seismic design, these maximum stresses are

of interest, not the time history of stress.

Equivalent lateral force for an earthquake is

defined as a set of lateral force which will
produce the same peak response as that
obtained by dynamic analysis of structures .

The equivalence is restricted to a single mode of

vibration.
 Contd…

Theresponse spectrum method of analysis is
developed using the following steps.
 A modal analysis of the structure is carried out
to obtain mode shapes, frequencies & modal
participation factors.

 Using the acceleration response spectrum, an

equivalent static load is derived which will
provide the same maximum response as that
obtained in each mode of vibration.

 Maximum modal responses are combined to

find total maximum response of the structure.
 Contd…

The first step is the dynamic analysis while , the
second step is a static analysis.

The first two steps do not have approximations,
while the third step has some approximations.

As a result, response spectrum analysis is
called an approximate analysis; but applications
show that it provides mostly a good estimate of
peak responses.

Method is developed for single point, single
component excitation for classically damped
linear systems. However, with additional
approximations it has been extended for multi
point-multi component excitations & for non-
classically damped systems.
Seismic code provisions

All countries have their own seismic codes.

For seismic analysis, codes prescribe all three

methods i.e. RSA & seismic coefficient method.

Codes specify the following important factors for

seismic analysis:
• Approximate calculation of time period for
seismic coefficient method.

• Ch Vs T plot.
• Effect of soil condition on
A Sa
or & Ch
g g
Contd…
• Seismicity of the region by specifying PGA.

• Reduction factor for obtaining design forces

to include ductility in the design.

• Importance factor for structure.

Provisions of a response spectrum in some country code.

The codes include:
• IBC – 2000
• NBCC – 1995
• EURO CODE – 1995
• NZS 4203 – 1992
• IS 1893 – 2002
Contd…
 IS CODE (1893-2002)
• Time period is calculated by empirical
formula and distribution of force is given by:
Wjh j2
Fj = Vb N
(5.65)
∑ j j
W
j=1
h 2

Sa
• C e vs T & vsare
T the same; they are given by:
g

1+15T 0 ≤ T ≤ 0.1s
Sa 
=  2.5 0.1≤ T ≤ 0.4s for hard soil (5.62)
g 
1
 0.4 ≤ T ≤ 4.0s
 T
Contd…

1+ 15T 0 ≤ T ≤ 0.1s
Sa 
=  2.5 0.1≤ T ≤ 0.55s for medium soil ( 5.63)
g  1.36
 0.55 ≤ T ≤ 4.0s
 T

1+ 15T 0 ≤ T ≤ 0.1s
Sa 
=  2.5 0.1≤ T ≤ 0.67s for soft soil ( 5.64)
g  1.67
 0.67 ≤ T ≤ 4.0s
 T

For the three types of soil Sa/g are shown in Fig

5.13
Seismic zone coefficients decide about the PGA
values.
 6/6
Contd…
3

Hard Soil

Spectral acceleration coefficient (Sa/g) 2.5

Medium Soil

Soft Soil
2

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Time period (sec)

Variations of (Sa/g) with time period T

Fig 5.13
 Seismic force evaluation
• During base excitation
– Structure is subjected to acceleration
• From Newton’s second law
– Force = mass x acceleration
• Hence, seismic force acting on structure
= Mass x acceleration
 Seismic force evaluation

• For design, we need maximum seismic force

• Hence, maximum acceleration is required
– This refers to maximum acceleration of structure
– This is different from maximum acceleration of
ground
– Maximum ground acceleration is termed as peak
ground acceleration, PGA
– Maximum acceleration of rigid structure is same
as PGA.
. . .
 Seismic force evaluation

• Seismic force = mass x maximum acceleration

– Can be written as:
• Force = (maximum acceleration/g) x (mass x g)
= (maximum acceleration/g) x W
– W is weight of the structure
– g is acceleration due to gravity
• Typically, codes express design seismic force as:
V = (Ah) x (W)
– V is design seismic force, also called design base shear
– Ah is base shear coefficient
 Seismic force evaluation

• Maximum acceleration of structure depends

on
– Severity of ground motion
– Soil conditions
– Structural characteristics
• These include time period and damping
• More about time period, later
• Obviously, base shear coefficient, Ah, will also
depend on these parameters
 Seismic force evaluation

• Seismic design philosophy is such that, design

seismic forces are much lower than actual seismic
forces acting on the structure during severe
ground shaking
– Base shear coefficient has to ensure this reduction in
forces
• Hence, base shear coefficient would also have a
parameter associated with design philosophy
 Seismic force evaluation

• Thus, base shear coefficient depends on:

– Severity of ground motion
– Soil condition
– Structural characteristics
– Design philosophy
 IS 1893 (Part 1):2002
• Ah = (Z/2). (I/R). (Sa/g)
– Z is zone factor
– I is importance factor
– R is response reduction factor
– Sa/g is spectral acceleration coefficient
 IS 1893 (Part 1):2002

• Zone factor, Z
– Depends on severity of ground motion
– India is divided into four seismic zones (II to V)
– Refer Table 2 of IS 1893(part1):2002
– Z = 0.1 for zone II and Z = 0.36 for zone V
 IS 1893 (Part 1):2002

• Importance factor, I
– Ensures higher design seismic force for more
important structures
– Values for buildings are given in Table 6 of
IS :1893
• Values for other structures will be given in respective
parts
• For tanks, values will be given in Part 2
 IS 1893 (Part 1):2002

• Response reduction factor, R

– Earthquake resistant structures are designed for
much smaller seismic forces than actual seismic
forces that may act on them. This depends on
• Ductility
• Redundancy
• Overstrength
– See next slide
 IS 1893 (Part 1):2002
Δ
Total
Horizontal
Maximum force Load
if structure remains elastic Fel
Due to
Linear Elastic Ductility
Total Horizontal Load

Response
Non linear
Maximum Response
Load Capacity Fy First Due to
Significant Redundancy
Load at Yield
First Yield Fs
Due to
Overstrength
Design force Fdes

0 Δw Δy Δmax
Roof Displacement (Δ)

Maximum Elastic Force (Fel)

Response Reduction Factor =
Design Force (Fdes)
 IS 1893 (Part 1):2002

• Response reduction factor (contd..)

– A structure with good ductility, redundancy and
over strength is designed for smaller seismic force
and has higher value of R
• For example, building with SMRF has good ductility and
has R = 5.0 as against R = 1.5 for unreinforced masonry
building which does not have good ductility
– Table 7 gives R values for buildings
• values will be given in IS:1893 (Part 2)
 IS 1893 (Part 1):2002

• Spectral acceleration coefficient, Sa/g

– Depends on structural characteristics and soil
condition
• Structural characteristics include time period and
damping
– Refer Fig. 2 and Table 3 of IS:1893
– See next slide
 IS 1893 (Part 1):2002

For 5% damping
 IS 1893 (Part 1):2002

• For other damping, Sa/g values are to be

multiplied by a factor given in Table 3 of
IS:1893
– Table 3 is reproduced below

% 0 2 5 7 10 15 20 25 30
damping
Factor 3.20 1.40 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.55 0.50

 For higher damping, multiplying factor is less

 Hence, for higher damping, Sa/g is less