3.8.

1 wdf,dalfha iajNdjh

jia;+ka oel .ekSug wmg wjYH jk l%shdj,sh wdf,dalh kï fõ. wdf,dalh ksmojk m%Nj wdf,dal
m%Nj kï fõ. iQ¾hhd, myka oe,a, wdf,dal m%Nj fõ. wm wjg we;s idudkH jia;= wdf,dalh
úfudapkh fkdlrhs. wdf,dalh ksl=;a lrk m%Njhlska ksl=;a jk wdf,dalh by; jia;=u; m;kh
ù mrdj¾;kh ùu ksid tu jia;+ka wmg fmfka.

 oSma; jia;= #- wdf,dalh ksmojk jia;+ka fõ. ^iQ¾hhd, n,anh&

 woSma; jia;= #- wdf,dalh úfudapkh fkdlrk jia;= fõ.
 mdroDYH #- wdf,dalhg hdug bv fok jia;=
 mdrdkaO #- wdf,dalhg hdug bv fkdfok
 mdrNdIl #- w¾O jYfhka wdf,dalh .uka lrk ^u,a ùÿre ma,diaála&

wdf,dalh hkq Yla;sfha tla úfYaI wdldrhls. n,anhloS úoHq;a Yla;sh wdf,dalh yd ;dmh njg
m;afõ.
 lsrK #- wdf,dal lsrK .ukalrk ud¾.h fõ.
 ;=,sldj #- l=vd yrialvla iys; wdf,dal lsrK iuQyhls.

wdf,dalfha ;rx. jdoh

wdf,dalho ;rx. p,s;hla jYfhka iïfm%aIKh jk Yla;s úfYaIhls. fuu woyi uq,skau bosrsm;a
lrk ,oafoa yhsPkaia úisks. wdf,dal loïn 2la tlsfkl ksfrdaOkh l< yel. ksfrdaOkhg NdPkh
l< yelafla ;rx. muKs. tu.ska wdf,dalfha ;rx. iajNdjh meyeos,s úh.

wdf,dalfha ,jl jdoh

ksõgka jeks úoaj;=kag wkqj wdf,dalh b;d l=vd wxY= m%jdyhlska iukaú; fõ. wdf,dal m%Njhlska
fujeks wxY= ^,jl& úfudapkh jk w;r tajd wmf.a wefia jeÿKq úg oelSu kue;s ixPdkkh we;s
fõ. fuu ,jl jdoh wkqj ksõgka wdf,dalfha mrdj¾;kh yd j¾;kh meyeos,s lrk ,oS.

whskaiaghskaf.a lafjdkagï jdoh

wdf,dalfha ;rx.uh .=Kh yd wxY+uh .=Kh Ndú;d lr wdf,dalh fyda ´kEu úlsrKhla kshñ;
Yla;s fmdos ^lafjdkagï& j,ska iukaú; f,i fudyq i,lk ,oS. fï Yla;s fmdoshla fmdfgdakhla
f,i y÷kajk ,oS.

wdf,dalfha ir, f¾Åh m%pdrKh

l=vd isÿre iys; ldâfndaâ len,s ;=kla tlsfklg bosrsfhka ;nd myka oe,a,la fïjd bosrsfhka
;nkak. isÿre iy oe,a, tl f¾Åh jk úg isÿre ;=<ska oe,a, fmfka. fï wkqj wdf,dalh ir,
f¾Åhj hhs.
Pdhdj,g ;shqKq udhsula we;af;ao wdf,dalh ir, f¾Åh ud¾.hl hk fyhsks.
 3.8.2 wdf,dal ixisoaêfha lsrK yeisrùu

wdf,dalfha m%;sj¾;H;dj

P 00 1

AO osYdj Tiafia m;kh jk lsrKhla OC osYdjg mrdj¾;kh fõ. tkï jrla .uka l<
ud¾.fha wdf,dalh kej; wdmiq .uka lrhs. tkï m%;Hj;_ fõ.

mrdj¾;k kshu

i. m;k lsrKh;a mrdj¾;k lsrKh;a m;k ,ÌHfhaoS mrdj¾;s; mDIaGhg we|s wNs,ïnh;a
tlu ;,hl mj;S.
ii. mrdj¾;k fldaKh m;k fldaKhg iudkh.

iudldr mrdj¾;kh

iu;,d mDIaGhlska iudka;r wdf,dal loïnhla ksYaÑ; osYdjlg mrdj¾;kh lrhs.

úidrS mrdj¾;kh

uÜgï fkdl< mDIaGhla u; m;kh jk iudka;r wdf,dal loïnhla ish¿ w;g úisrS hdu.
P 00 2

;, o¾mK u.ska m%;sìïn iEoSu

P 00 3
úia;D; jia;=jl m%;sìïn iEoSu

P 00 4

AP = PA’ o PQ = QB’ o jk mrsos AB ys m%;sìïnh A’B’ m<uqj w|skak. A isg m;kh jk lsrK
foll;a B isg m;kh jk lsrK foll;a mrdj¾;k lsrK A’ yd B’ isg tkakdla fia w|skak.

;, o¾mkhla ;=<ska jia;=jla m%;sìïnh ksrSÌKh l< úg tys ju ol=K udreù fmfka. Wvhg
udre fkdfõ. fuh md¾Yaúl wmj¾;kh f,i ye|skafõ.

o¾mKhlska wm.ukh

P 00 5
uq,a ud¾.h yd wjidk ud¾.h w;r fldaKh wm.ukh fldaKh kï fõ.
݀ ൅ ʹ ݅ൌ ͳͺͲι
݀ ൌ ͳͺͲι െ ʹ ݅

jl% o¾mK

f.da,Sh mDIaGhl rsoS wdf,am lsrSfuka wj;, fyda W;a;, o¾mk ,nd .; yel.
f.da,fha flaka¯h C hkq o¾mkfha jl%;d flaka¯hhs. o¾mkh iuñ;slj fPaokh lrk wÌh m%Odk
wÌhhs. jl% mDIaGhloS mrdj¾;k ms<sn| kshuhka ;, o¾mk mrdj¾;k ms<sn| kshuhka yd
iudkh.

wj;, o¾mKhl kdNsh ÿr

m%Odk wÌhg wdikak yd iudka;r lsrK mrdj¾;kfhka miq m%Odk wÌh yuqjk ,ÌHh kdNsh
,ÌHh fõ.
݂ ൌ ܴȀʹ

P 00 6

W;a;, o¾mKhl kdNSh ÿr

m%Odk wÌhg iudka;r yd wdikak lsrK mrdj¾;kfhka miq o¾mk msgqmi ,ÌHhlska ^m%Odk
wÌh u;& msgjkakdla fia fmfka th tys kdNSh ,ÌHhs.

P 00 7
kdNSh ;,h

kdNSh ,ÌHh yryd m%Odk wÌhg ,ïNlj we|s;,h kdNSh ;,hhs. m%Odk wÌhg iudka;r
fkdjQ tfy;a t;sfklg iudka;r m%Odk wÌhg wdikak lsrK mrdj¾;kfhka miq kdNSh ;,h
yryd hhs.

wj;, o¾mK u.ska m%;sìïn iEoSu

I. ‫ ݑ‬൏ ݂

P 00 8

II. ‫ݑ‬ൌ ݂

P 00 9
 III. ݂൏ ‫ݑ‬൏ ʹ ݂

P 00 10

IV. ‫ݑ‬ൌ ʹ ݂

P 00 11

V. ‫ݑ‬൐ ʹ ݂

P 00 12
j¾;kh

P 00 13 P 00 14

iuPd;Sh udOHhl wdf,dalh ir, f¾Åh ud¾.hl .uka .kshs. tfy;a tlsfklg fjkia udOH 2la
yryd wdf,dalh .uka lsrSfïoS .uka ud¾.h fjkia fõ. fuu fjkia ùu j¾;kh kï fõ. tla tla
udOH ;=<oS wdf,dalfha m%fõ.h fjkia ùu óg fya;=jhs.
m;kh jk loïnhlska fldgila j¾;kh jk w;r iq¿ m%udKhla mrdj¾;kho fõ. fuu
mrdj¾;kh wdxYsl mrdj¾;kh kï. udOH fol fjka lrk udhsug ,ïnlj lsrKh m;kh fõ
kï j¾;khùula we;s fkdfõ.

P 00 15

j¾;k kshu
P 00 16

i. m;k lsrKh j¾;s; lsrKh yd m;k ,ÌHfhaoS we|s wNs,ïnh tlu ;,hl mj;S.
ii. m;k fldaKfha ihska w.h j¾;k fldaKfha ihska w.hg orK wkqmd;h ksh;hls. fuh m;k
fldaKh mj;sk udOHhg idfmaÌj wfkla udOHfha j¾;kdxlh kï fõ. ^fuu fojk kshuh
iafk,af.a kshuh kï fõ &
•‹݅
ൌ݇
•‹‫ݎ‬

m<uq udOHhg idfmaÌj fojk udOHfha j¾;kdxlh 1n2 f,i olajkq ,efí.
ୱ୧୬ ௜
1n2 =
ୱ୧୬ ௥
ୱ୧୬ ௥
2n1 =
ୱ୧୬ ௜
1n2 = 2n1

j¾;kdxlh iy wdf,dalfha m%fõ. w;r iïnkaOh

1n2 = ^m<uq udOHfhaoS wdf,dalfha fõ.h&/^fojk udOHfhaoS wdf,dalfha fõ.h &

udOH lSmhl wdf,dalfha fõ.h my; mrsos fõ.

udOHh jd;h c,h ù¥re
8
wdf,dalfha fõ.h 3×10 2×108 2.25×108
(m/s)
udOHhl ksrfmaÌ j¾;kdxlh

ୱ୧୬ ௜
m;k lsrKh rsla;h ;=< mj;S kï túg ,efnk wkqmd;h j¾;s; lsrKh mj;sk udOHfha
ୱ୧୬ ௥
ksrfmaÌ j¾;kdxlh kï fõ.
rsla;fhaoS wdf,dalfha m%fõ.hሺଷൈଵ଴ఴ୫ ୱష భ)
nA =
A oS wdf,dalfha m%fõ.hሺ௏ಲ )
jd;fhaoS wdf,dalfha m%fõ.hሺଷൈଵ଴ఴ୫ ୱషభ)
a nA =
A oS wdf,dalfha m%fõ.hሺ௏ಲ )
nA = anA

jd;fhaoS wdf,dalfha m%fõ.h rsla;fhaoS w.hg wdikak jYfhka iudk ksid nA yd anA wdikak
jYfhka iudkh. tkï udOHhl ksrfmaÌ j¾;kdxlh tys jd;hg idfmaÌ j¾;kdxlhgu o<
jYfhka iudkh.
idudkHfhka by; j¾;kdxl folu i|yka lrkq ,nkafka udOHfha j¾;kdxlh f,i muKs.

iudka;r ¯r ;=<ska j¾;kh

P 00 17

W¯ # by; wdldrh iudka;r ùug m;k lsrKh yd ks¾.; lsrKh tlu udOHhl ;sìh hq;=h .
w;rueo udOHhka lSmhloS mjd fuh i;H fõ.

ͳ݊ଶ ൌ ͳ݊ଷ ൈ ͵ ݊ଶ nj
P 00 18

ୱ୧୬ ௫
At B , ͳ݊ଶ =
ୱ୧୬ ௬
ୱ୧୬ ௬
At C , ʹ ݊ଷ =
ୱ୧୬ ௭
ୱ୧୬ ௭ ୱ୧୬ ௭
At D , ͵ ݊ଵ = =
ୱ୧୬ ௪  ୱ୧୬ ௫
•‹‫ݖ‹• ݕ‹• ݔ‬
× × =1
•‹‫ݔ‹• ݖ‹• ݕ‬
ͳ݊ଶ ൈ ʹ ݊ଷ ൈ ͵ ݊ଵ = 1
1
ͳ݊ଶ =
ʹ ݊ଷ ൈ ͵ ݊ଵ
ͳ݊ଶ ൌ ͵ ݊ଶ ൈ ͳ݊ଷ
ͳ݊ଶ = ͳ݊ଷ × ͵ ݊ଶ
i;H ¥r yd oDYH ¥r w;r iïnkaOh

P 00 19

P 00 20

i;H ¥r =PO
oDYH ¥r =PI = t-d
m%;sìïnfha úia:dmkh =IO = d
•‹‫ݔ‬
ͳ݊ଶ =
•‹‫ݕ‬
 ܲܲଵ⁄ܲଵ‫ܫ‬
ͳ݊ଶ =
ܲܲଵ⁄ܱܲଵ
ܱܲଵ
ͳ݊ଶ =
‫ܲܫ‬ଵ
P yd P1 wdikak kï
ܲଵܱ ܱܲ i;H ¥r
≅ =
ܲଵ‫ ܫܲ ܫ‬oDYH ¥r
‫ݐ‬
ͳ݊ଶ =
‫ݐ‬െ ݀
1
݀ = ‫ݐ‬൤1 − ൨
ͳ݊ଶ
 3.8.3 mQ¾K wNHka;r mrdj¾;kh yd wjê fldaKh

.yk udOHhl isg úr, udOHhlg wdf,dal lsrKhla .uka lsrSfïoS j¾;kh yd mrdj¾;kh jk
whqre

P 00 1

jia;=fjka ksl=;a jk 2 jeks lsrKhl jeä Yla;s m%udKhla j¾;kh fõ. iq¿ m%udKhla
mrdj¾;kh fõ.
m;k fldaKh l%ufhka jeä lrf.k hdfïoS j¾;k fldaKh ߠଶ o l%ufhka jeä ù hhs.
fuf,i m;k fldaKh l%ufhka jeä lsrSfïoS j¾;k lsrKh udOH fjka lrk udhsu osf.a tl
wjia:djl .uka .kshs. fuúg m;k wjê fldaKh kï fõ.
m;k fldaKh wjê fldaKhgo jvd jeä lsrSfïoS m;kh jk ish,a,u .yk udOHfha wNHka;rhg
mrdj¾;kh fõ. fuh mQ¾K wNHka;r mrdj¾;kh kï fõ.

wjê fldaKh (C)

.yk udOHhl isg úr, udOHhlg wdf,dal lsrKhla .uka lsrSfïoS j¾;k lsrKh udOH fjka
lrk udhsu osf.a hk úg ^j¾;k fldaKh 900 jk úg& m;k fldaKfha w.h wjê fldaKh kï
fõ.

P 00 2

݊ଵ sin 90 sin 90
ͳ݊ଶ = = =
݊ଶ •‹ߠଶ •‹‫ܥ‬
1
ͳ݊ଶ =
sin ‫ܥ‬
wjê mrdj¾;k fldaKh

P 00 3

mQ¾K wNHka;r mrdj¾;kh isÿjk uq,au wjia:dfõoS m;k fldaKfha w.h wjê mrdj¾;k
fldaKh kï fõ.
fuh wjê fldaKhg jvd b;du iaj,amhla muKla jeä ksid .eg¿ j,oS wjê fldaKhg iudk fia
ie,fla.

H Wie;s ùÿre l=Üáhl m;=f,a ,ÌHdldr oSma; jia;=jls. bka ksl=;a jk lsrK by< uQKf;aoS
jd;hg ks¾.ukh ùu ksid jD;a;dldr wdf,dal ,mhla we;sfõ. fuh meyeos,s lr tys wrh
fidhkak.

P 00 4

AB wrh iys; jD;a;dldr fmfoil m;kh jk lsrKh jd;hg ks¾.ukh fõ. thska tmsg m;kh
jk lsrK kej;;a P,h ;=<gu mrdj¾;kh fõ.
1. P, mDIaGhg by<ska ne,SfïoS AB wrh iys; jD;a;dldr wdf,dal ,mhla ksrSÌKh l< yel.
2. P,h ;=< isákafkl=g AB wrh iys; jD;a;dldr m%foaYh w÷re f,i;a bka tmsg oSma; f,i;a
ksrSÌKh fõ.
݊௪ sin 90
=
݊௔ •‹‫ܥ‬
1
•‹‫ܥ‬ൌ 
݊௪
1
‫ ܥ‬ൌ •‹ିଵ
݊௪
‫ݎ‬
–ƒ‫ ܥ‬ൌ
‫ܪ‬
”ൌ –ƒ‫ܥ‬
1
r = H tan ൤sinିଵ ൬ ൰൨
݊௪

ud¿fjl=g wjldYh ksrSÌKh jk wdldrh

P 00 5
 3.8.4 m%siau

P 00 1

P 00 2

݀ ൌ ݅ଵ ൅ ݅ଶ െ ‫ ܣ‬nj

P 00 3

݀ൌ ߙ൅ ߚ

I1
݀ൌ (݅ଵ െ ‫ݎ‬ଵ) + (݅ଶ − ‫ݎ‬ଶ)
݀ൌ (݅ଵ + ݅ଶ) − (‫ݎ‬ଵ + ‫ݎ‬ଶ)
݀ൌ (݅ଵ + ݅ଶ) െ ‫ܣ‬
݀ൌ ݅ଵ + ݅ଶ െ ‫ܣ‬

ಲశವ
ୱ୧୬ቀ ቁ
మ
݊ൌ ಲ nj
ୱ୧୬ቀ ቁ
మ

lsrKh wju wm.ukfhka ^D& .uka lrk úg th m%siauh ;=<ska iuñ;slj .uka lrk f,i
i,lhs.
݅ଵ ൌ ݅ଶ ൌ ݅
‫ݎ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ݎ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݎ‬
‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ݎ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݎ‬ଶ
‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ݎ‬൅ ‫ݎ‬
‫ܣ‬
‫ݎ‬ൌ
2
݀ൌ ߙ൅ ߚൌ ‫ܦ‬
݀ ൌ (݅ଵ െ ‫ݎ‬ଵ) + (݅ଶ െ ‫ݎ‬ଶ)
݀ ൌ (݅െ ‫ )ݎ‬+ (݅െ ‫)ݎ‬
‫ܦ‬൅ʹ‫ݎ‬
݅ൌ
2
‫ܦ‬൅‫ܣ‬
݅ൌ
2
•‹݅
݊ൌ
•‹‫ݎ‬
‫ܣ‬൅ ‫ܦ‬
•‹ቀ ቁ
݊ൌ 2
‫ܣ‬
•‹ቀ2 ቁ
 3.8.5 ldp

wNsidrS ^W;a;,& ldp

P 00 1

wmidrS ^wj;,& ldp

P 00 2

P 00 3

ldphla hkq jl% mDIaG follska iSudjQ udOHhls.

ldph iuñ;slj fPaokh lrk wÌh m%Odk wÌh fõ.

ldphl kdNSh ,ÌHh # ldp i|yd m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl jYfhka kdNSka folla w¾: oelafõ.

m%d:ñl kdNsh
W;a;, ldphla i|yd

m%Odk wÌh u; tl ,ÌHhlska msgù ldph u; m;kh jk wdikak lsrK j¾;kh ùfuka miq
iudka;rj hhs kï tu ,ÌHh m%d:ñl kdNsh fõ.
wj;, ldphla i|yd

m%Odk wÌHh u; tl ,ÌHhlg tl;= jkakdla fiat k wdikak lsrK ldpfhka j¾;kh ù
m%Odk wÌHhg iudka;rj hhs tu ,ÌHh tys m%d:ñl kdNsh ,ÌHh fõ.

oaú;shsl kdNsh
W;a;, ldp i|yd

m%Odk wÌhg iudka;r wdikak lsrK ldpfhka j¾;kfhka miq m%Odk wÌh u; ,ÌHHla
yryd hhs tu ,ÌHh oaú;shsl kdNsh fõ.

wj;, ldp i|yd

m%Odk wÌhg iudka;r wdikak lsrK j¾;kfhka miq ldpfha msgqmi ,ÌHhl isg fukakdla fia
.uka .kS th tys oaú;shsl kdNSh fõ.

ldphl m%ldY flaka¯h

ldphl tl ,ÌHhla yryd hk ish¿u lsrK j¾;kh fkdù uq,a ud¾.fhau .uka .kS. fuh
ldpfha m%ldY flaka¯h fõ.

ldphla u.ska jia;=jl m%;sìïn iEoSu

W;a;, ldphl
1. u<f

P 00 4

2. u=f
P 00 5

3. 2f>u>f

P 00 6

4. u=2f

P 00 7

5. u>2f
P 00 8

wj;, ldph

P 00 9

<l=Kq iïuq;sh

wdf,dalfhaoS úúO osYdj,g ÿr uekSug isÿjk ksid hï iïu; l%uhla ÿr uekSug Ndú;d l< hq;=
fõ. ñka tla iïu; wdldrhla fufiah.
1. ish¿u ÿrj,a ldpfha m%ldY flaka¯fha isg ukskq ,efí.
2. wdf,dalh m;kh jk osYdjg uksk ñkqï iDK f,i;a Bg úreoaOj uksk ñkqï Ok f,i;a
ie,fla.
úfYaIfhka i|yka fkdlf<d;a ldphl kdNSh ÿr hehs i,lkafka tys oaú;shsl kdNs ÿrhs. by;
iïuq;sh wkqj W;a;, ldphl kdNSh ÿr iDK jk w;r wj;, ldphl th Ok fõ.

ldp iólrKh ,nd .ekSu

 U

H
ߙ
ߙ ߚ
h

V
P 00 10

‫ ܪ‬ℎ
–ƒߙ ൌ =
ܷ ܸ
ℎ ܸ
=
‫ܷ ܪ‬
m%;sìïn Wi ௛ ௏
m%;sìïnhl úYd,kh (m) = = =
jia;= Wi ு ௎
‫ܪ‬ ℎ
–ƒߚ ൌ =
݂ ܸെ ݂
ℎ ܸെ ݂
=
‫ܪ‬ ݂
ܸ ܸെ ݂
=
ܷ ݂
ܸ݂ ൌ ܷܸ െ ܷ݂
1 1 1
= −
ܷ ݂ ܸ
<l=K iu. wdfoaYfhka
1 −1 1
= +
ܷ ݂ ܸ
1 1 1
= −
݂ ܸ ܷ

iul ldph

ldp lsysmhla lrk l%shdj ;ks ldphlg l< yels kï th iul ldph kï fõ. tys kdNSh ÿr
iul kdNSh ÿr kï fõ.
 3.8.6 m%ldY WmlrK

wKaùÌh

<Õ mj;sk l=vd jia;= úYd, lr n,d .ekSug Ndú;d fõ.

fldaKsl úYd,kh (M)

P 00 1

m%;sìïnh wefiys wdmd;kh lrk oDIaá fldaKhሺߙ)

M=
jia;=j D ÿfraoS wefiys wdmd;kh lrk oDIaá fldaKhሺߚ)
α
M=
β
α = Mβ

f¾Åh úYd,kh (m)

m%;sìïn Wi (ℎ)
m=
jia;= Wiሺ‫)ܪ‬
h = mH

f¾Åh úYd,kfhaoS m%;sìïnfha Wi ms<sn| woyila ,nd .; yel. fldaKsl úYd,kfhaoS m%;sìïnh
wefiys wdmd;kh lrk oDIaá fldaKh ms<sn|j woyila ,nd .; yel. jia;=jla oDYH jk
m%udKh fldaKsl úYd,kh u; r|d mj;S. fï wkqj f¾Åh úYd,khg jvd fldaKsl úYd,kh
ms<sn|j oek.ekSu jvd jeo.;ah.

idudkH iSreudrej

m%;sìïnh 25 cm ÿfrys iEfoa kï WmlrKh idudkH iSreudrefõ mj;S hhs lshkq ,efí.
ir, wKaùÌh ^idudkH iSreudrej&

ߙ
h

H
U

P 00 2

m%;sìïn ÿr D jk fia U w.h fjkia flf¾.

m%;sìïnh wefiys wdmd;kh lrk oDIaá fldaKhሺఈሻ

fldaKsl úYd,kh M=
jia;=j D ÿfraoS wefiys wdmd;kh lrk oDIaá fldaKhሺఉሻ
α yd β l=vd kï,
tan α ≅ α, tan β ≅ β
tan α
∴M=
tan β
hൗ h
M= D= =m
Hൗ H
D
1 1 1
= −
݂ ܸ ܷ
1 1 1
− = −
݂ ‫ܷ ܦ‬
‫ܦ‬ ‫ܦ‬
− =1−
݂ ܷ
‫ܦ‬ ‫ ܦ‬h
=1+ = =m
ܷ ݂ H
‫ܦ‬
‫ ܯ‬ൌ ൤1 + ൨
݂
‫ܦ‬
‫ = ܯ‬൤1 + ൨
|݂|
ir, wKaùÌh m%;sìïnh wkka;fha iEoSu

P 00 3

α tan α Hൗ
M= = = f
β tan β Hൗ
D
‫ܦ‬
‫= ܯ‬
|݂|

ixhqla; wKaùÌh ^idudkH iSreudrej&

U1 h1 V1 U1
H

h2

P 00 4

α tan α hଵ
Mଵ = = =
β tan β H
α tan α hଶ
Mଶ = = =
β tan β hଵ
 hଶൗ
D
α tan α
Mୈ = = =
β tan β Hൗ
D
Mୈ = Mଵ × Mଶ
wjfk;g
1 1 1
= −
݂ ܸ ܷ
1 1 1
− =− −
݂ଵ ܸଵ ܷଵ
ܸଵ
− = −1 − Mଵ
݂ଵ
ܸଵ
Mଵ = − 1
݂ଵ
Wmfk;g
1 1 1
= −
݂ ܸ ܷ
1 1 1
− = −
݂ଶ ‫ܷ ܦ‬ଶ
‫ܦ‬ ‫ܦ‬
− =1−
݂ଶ ܷଶ
‫ܦ‬
Mଶ = 1 +
݂ଶ
Mୈ = Mଵ × Mଶ
ܸଵ ‫ܦ‬
Mୈ ൌ ൬ െ ͳ൰ൈ ൬1 + ൰
݂ଵ ݂ଶ

ixhqla; wKaùÌh ^widudkH iSre udrej&

P 00 5

hଵ
ൗf
α tan α ୣ ‫ ܦ‬hଵ
M= = = = ×
β tan β hൗ ݂௘ h
D
‫ ܦ‬hଵ ‫ܦ‬ f୭
M= × = ൬ ൰
݂௘ h ݂௘ Uଵ − f୭
‫ܦ‬ f୭
M= ൬ ൰
݂௘ Uଵ − f୭

ÿf¾Ìh ^idudkH iSreudrej&

fuys m%;sìïnh wkka;fha id¯ .ekSu idudkH iSreudrej kï. fuúg weig mSvdjla fkdue;sj
m%;sìïn kSrSÌKh l< yel.
kÌ;% ÿf¾Ìh ^idudkH iSreudrej&

P 00 6

hൗ
α tan α fୣ
M= = =
β tan β hൗ
f୭
f୭
M=
fୣ
ÿr msysá jia;=fõ m%;sìïnh wjfkf;a kdNsfha iEfoa. th Wmfkf;ao kdNsh kï wjidk m%;sìïnh
wkka;fha iEfoa.

WmlrKfha wju os. l kï l = f୭ + fୣ

kÌ;% ÿf¾Ìfha m%;sìïnh 25 cm ÿfrys id¯ .ekSu

P 00 7

hଵൗ
U
α tan α f୭
M= = = =
β tan β hଵൗ ܷ
f୭
f୭ D
M= ×
‫ܷ ܦ‬
Wmfk;g
1 1 1
= −
݂ ܸ ܷ
1 1 1
− = −
݂௘ ‫ܷ ܦ‬
‫ܦ‬ ‫ܦ‬
− =1−
݂௘ ܷ
‫ܦ‬ ‫ܦ‬
=1+
ܷ ݂௘
f୭ ‫ܦ‬
M = ൬ͳ ൅ ൰
‫ܦ‬ ݂௘
݂௘ ൅ ‫ ܦ‬f୭
M= ×
݂௘ ‫ܦ‬
݂௘ ൅ ‫ܦ‬ f୭
Mൌ ൬ ൰ൈ ൬ ൰
‫ܦ‬ ݂௘

m%;sìïnh hál=re ùu kÌ;% ÿf¾Ìfha we;s m%Odk wjdishls. .%y jia;=ka l=uk wdldrhg
kSrSÌKh jqjo fjkila ke;s ksid fuh kÌ;% lghq;= j,g Ndú;d fõ.

ldphl n,h

kdNSh ÿfrys mriamrh n,h kï fõ. n,h vfhdmag¾ kue;s tall j,ska m%ldY flf¾.
n,h i|yd m%ldYk j,oS ldphl kdNsfha <l=Kq i|yd úreoaO ,l=K fhfoa. tkï W;a;, ldp Ok
f,i;a wj;, ldp iDK f,i;a ie,fla.

wei

P 00 8

wÌs ldph fP,a,suh ¯jHhlska iEoS we;. m%;sfhdaPl fmaYS u.ska tys kdNSh ÿr fjkia l< yel.
fmaYS ,sys,a jQ úg ldph ;=kS fõ. kdNSh ÿr jeä fõ. fmaYS f;rmqKq úg ldph jvd W;a;, fõ.
kdNSh ÿr wvq fõ.
wei ;=,g we;=¿ jk wdf,dalh ;drd uKav,h u.ska md,kh flf¾. jia;=jla meyeos,sj fmkSug
kï tys m%;sìïnh oDIaá ú;dkh u; iEosh hq;=h. oDIaá iakdhq u.ska fud<h olajd f.k f.dia
tysoS isÿjk l%shdjla u.ska fmkSu we;slrjkq ,efí.
P 00 9

ÿr jia;=jla foi ne,SfïoS

P 00 10

݂ଵ ൌ ݀
<Õ jia;=jla foi ne,SfïoS
P 00 11

݂ଶ ൏ ݀

fï wkqj ÿr jia;=jla foi ne,SfïoS kdNSh ÿrg jvd <Õ jia;=jla foi ne,SfïoS kdNSh ÿr wvq úh
hq;=h.

úÿr ,ÌHh

mqoa.,fhl=g fmfkk jeäu ÿr Tyqf.a úÿr ,ÌHhs. ksfrda.S mqoa.,hl=f.a fuu ÿr wkka;h fõ.

wúÿr ,ÌHh

mqoa.,hl=g fmfkk wju ÿr fõ. <orejkag b;d <Õ fmfka. idudkHfhka mqoa.,hl=g jeä
wmyiqfjka f;drj jia;=jla oelsh yels ÿr úIo oDIaáfha wju ÿr f,i ye|skafõ. fuh 25 cm
muK fõ.

wÌs fodaI

1. wúÿr oDIaál;ajh

fuys ku wju ÿr fmkSuhs. tuksid fodaIh ÿr fkdfmkSuhs. tkï wkka;h fkdfmkSuhs. wkka;fha
isg tk lsrK oDIaá ú;dkhg bosrsfhka kdNs.; fõ.
P 00 12

fodaIh bj;a lsrSug wj;, ldphla fhosh hq;=h.

P 00 13

A úÿr ,ÌHhs.

2. ÿr oDIaál;ajh

fuu fodaIh we;s whg 25 cm ÿf¾ we;s jia;+ka fkdfmfka. tajdfha m%;sìïn oDIaá ú;dkhg
msgqmiska iEfoa.

P 00 14

fodaIh bj;a lsrSug

P 00 15

25 cm ÿfrys msysá jia;+kaf.a m%;sìïnh wúÿr ,ÌHfhka (I) we;sjk mrsos W;a;, ldpfhka
lsrK j¾;kh l< hq;=h.

3. y;<sia we|srsh

jhia.; ùfïoS m%;sfhdaPl fmaYSj, l%shdldrS;ajh wvqùu, wÌs ldpfha uDÿ nj l%%ufhka wvqùu ksid
<. ne,Su fukau ÿr ne,Sugo ldp Ndú;d l< hq;=h.

4. úIu oDIaál;dj

wÌs f.da,fha úIalïNh iuyr ;, Tiafia fjkia úh yel. túg tu ;, Tiafia kdNSh ÿro
fjkia úh yel. túg úlD;s jQ m%;sìïn fmfka. fuu fodaIh bj;a lsrSug is,skavrdldr ldp Ndú;
fõ.

oDIaá fldaKh (ߠ)

P 00 16

P 00 17

jia;=jl fofl<jr wefiys wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh oDIaá fldaKh kï fõ. jia;=jla oDYH jk
m%udKh oDIaá fldaKh u; r|d mj;S.
oDIH m%udKh ∝ ^ߠ&
‫ܤܫ‬
–ƒߠ ൌ
‫ܲܫ‬
ߠ l=vd kï
‫ܤܫ‬
–ƒߠ ؆ ߠ ൌ
݀
‫ ܤܫ‬ൌ ݀ߠ
‫ߠ ן ܤܫ‬

fï wkqj oDYH m%udKh ∝ ^ߠ&

m%ldY WmlrK u.ska isÿ lrkafka jeä oDIaá fldaKhla ,nd .ekSu u.ska m%;sìïnh úYd, lr
n,d .ekSuhs.