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Unit-1: Problems: K 40 N/M K 80 N/M U U F 60 N F 50 N
Unit-1: Problems: K 40 N/M K 80 N/M U U F 60 N F 50 N
Solution
PE= SE + WP
1 1
𝑆𝐸 = 𝜎 ∈𝑉 = 𝜎 ∈𝐴𝐿
2 2
𝑢 𝐸𝑢
∈= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 𝐸 ∈=
𝐿 𝐿
1 𝐸𝑢2 𝐴𝐿 1 𝐸𝑢2 𝐴
𝑆𝐸 = =
2 𝐿2 2 𝐿
WP = - p u
1 𝐸𝑢2 𝐴
𝜋= − 𝑝𝑢
2 𝐿
Apply minimum PE principle
𝜕𝜋 𝐸𝑢 𝐴
= − 𝑝=0
𝜕𝑢 𝐿
3000 𝑥100
𝑢= = 7.5 𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑚
10𝑥20𝑥200𝑥103
1 𝐸𝑢2 𝐴
𝜋= − 𝑝 𝑢 = −11.25 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
2 𝐿
PE = SE + WP
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑺𝑬 = 𝒌𝟏 𝜹𝟐𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 𝜹𝟐𝟐 + 𝒌𝟑 𝜹𝟐𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑺𝑬 = 𝒌𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐 + 𝒌𝟑 (𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 )𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑾𝑷 = −𝑭𝟏 𝒖𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐 𝒖𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝝅= 𝒌𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟏 + 𝒌𝟑 (𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 )𝟐 − 𝑭𝟏 𝒖𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐 𝒖𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝝑𝝅
= 𝒌𝟏 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 𝒖𝟏 − 𝒌𝟑 (𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 ) − 𝑭𝟏 = 𝟎
𝝑𝒖𝟏
(𝒌𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌𝟑 )𝒖𝟏 − 𝒌𝟑 𝒖𝟐 = 𝑭𝟏
𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒖𝟏 − 𝟖𝟎𝒖𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎 01
𝝑𝝅
= −𝒌𝟑 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒌𝟑 𝒖𝟐 − 𝑭𝟐 = 𝟎
𝝑𝒖𝟐
−𝒌𝟑 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒌𝟑 𝒖𝟐 = 𝑭𝟐
−𝟖𝟎 𝒖𝟏 + 𝟖𝟎𝒖𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎 02
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑺𝑬 = 𝒌𝟏 (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 )𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐 + 𝒌𝟑 (𝒖𝟑 − 𝒖𝟐 )𝟐 + 𝒌𝟒 𝒖𝟐𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑾𝑷 = −𝑭𝟏 𝒖𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐 𝒖𝟐 − 𝑭𝟑 𝒖𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝝅= 𝒌 (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 )𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒌𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒌𝟑 (𝒖𝟑 − 𝒖𝟐 )𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒌𝟒 𝒖𝟐𝟑 − 𝑭𝟏 𝒖𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐 𝒖𝟐 − 𝑭𝟑 𝒖𝟑
𝟐 𝟏
𝝑𝝅
= 𝒌𝟏 (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 ) − 𝑭𝟏 = 𝟎
𝝑𝒖𝟏
𝒌𝟏 𝒖𝟏 − 𝒌𝟏 𝒖𝟐 = 𝑭𝟏 01
𝝑𝝅
= −𝒌𝟏 (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 ) + 𝒌𝟐 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒌𝟑 (𝒖𝟑 − 𝒖𝟐 ) − 𝑭𝟐 = 𝟎
𝝑𝒖𝟐
−𝒌𝟏 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒌𝟏 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒌𝟑 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒌𝟑 𝒖𝟑 = 𝑭𝟐
𝒌𝟏 −𝒌𝟏 𝟎 𝒖𝟏 𝑭𝟏
[−𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌𝟑 −𝒌𝟑 ] [𝒖𝟐 ] = [𝑭𝟐 ]
𝟎 −𝒌𝟑 𝒌𝟑 + 𝒌𝟒 𝒖𝟑 𝑭𝟑
Step 3: Substitute in PE
EA l 𝐿2
= ∫0 𝑎22 (4𝑥 2 + 𝐿2 − 4𝐿𝑥)dx + p 𝑎2
2 4
E a22 L3 p a2 L2
= + 06
6 4
5. Figure shows a bar fixed at both ends subjected to continuous axial load.
Determine the displacement at the loading point
F
and the corresponding stress using Rayleigh- Ritz E, A P
method.
L
Step 1: Formulation of PE functions
= SE + WP
EA l ∂u 2 L
= ∫0 (∂x ) dx − ∫0 Fudx 01
2
Step 3: Substitute in PE
EA l Fa2 L3
= ∫0 𝑎22 (4𝑥 2 + 𝐿2 − 4𝐿𝑥)dx +
2 6
E a22 L3 F a2 L3
= + 06
6 6
Sep 3: Substitute in PE
EI l 3Fa3 L4
= ∫0 36𝑎32 (𝑥 2 + 𝐿2 − 2𝐿𝑥) +
2 4
3Fa3 L4
= 6EIa23 L3 + 06
4
L
using trigonometrical function by Rayleigh Ritz method
Step 3: Substitute in PE
l 2𝜋 4
= EI
2 ∫0
𝐶 4 sin 𝜋𝑥
𝐿
− Cp
𝐿
C2 EIπ4
= − 𝑝𝐶 06
4L3
Step 3: Substitute in PE
l 2𝜋 4
= EI
2 ∫0
𝐶 4 sin 𝜋𝑥
𝐿
− 2FCL
π𝐿
2
EIπ4
=C − 2FCL
06
4L3 π
𝜕𝑦
= 𝑎4 (4𝑥 3 − 12 𝐿𝑥 2 + 12𝐿2 𝑥 )
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑦
= 𝑎4 (12𝑥 2 − 24 𝐿𝑥 + 12𝐿2 )
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕3 𝑦
= 𝑎4 (24𝑥 − 24 𝐿)
𝜕𝑥 3
𝜕4 𝑦
= 24𝑎4 07
𝜕𝑥 4
EI 24𝑎4 − F = 0
F
𝑎4 = 10
24EI
Substitute in equation 6
F
𝑦= (𝑥 4 − 4 𝐿𝑥 3 + 6𝐿2 𝑥 2 ) 11
24EI
Maximum deflection is at x = L
F
𝑦= (𝐿4 − 4 𝐿𝐿3 + 6𝐿2 𝐿2 )
24EI
F3𝐿4
𝑦𝑚 =
24EI
F𝐿4
𝑦𝑚 =
8EI
𝑃𝐿 𝑃
𝑦= 𝑥 2 + 6 𝑎4 𝐿2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 − 4 𝑎4 𝐿𝑥 3 + 𝑎4 𝑥 4
2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
𝑃 2 𝑥3
𝑦= (𝐿𝑥 − ) + 𝑎4 (6𝐿 𝑥 − 4 𝐿𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 )
2 2
06
2𝐸𝐼 3
𝑤1 = 6𝐿2 𝑥 2 − 4 𝐿𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4
𝜕𝑦 𝑃 3𝑥 2
= (2𝐿𝑥 − ) + 𝑎4 (12𝐿2 𝑥 − 12 𝐿𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 )
𝜕𝑥 2𝐸𝐼 3
𝜕2 𝑦 𝑃 6𝑥
= (2𝐿 − ) + 𝑎4 (12𝐿2 − 24 𝐿𝑥 + 12𝑥 2 )
𝜕𝑥 2 2𝐸𝐼 3
𝜕3𝑦 𝑃 6
= (0 − ) + 𝑎4 (24 𝐿 + 24𝑥 )
𝜕𝑥 3 2𝐸𝐼 3
𝜕4 𝑦
= 24𝑎4 07
𝜕𝑥 4
𝑎4 = 0 10
Substitute in equation 6
𝑃 𝑥3
𝑦= (𝐿𝑥 2 − ) + 0(6𝐿2 𝑥 2 − 4 𝐿𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 )
2𝐸𝐼 3
𝑃 𝑥3
𝑦= (𝐿𝑥 2 − )
2𝐸𝐼 3
Maximum deflection is at x = L
𝑃 𝐿3
𝑦𝑚 = (𝐿𝐿2 − )
2𝐸𝐼 3
𝑃𝐿3
𝑦𝑚 =
3𝐸𝐼
𝑃
𝑎1 = − 2𝑎2 𝐿
𝐴𝐸
Substitute in 2
𝑃𝑥
𝑢 = − 𝑎2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥)
𝐴𝐸
𝑃𝑥
𝑢= − 𝑎2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥) 03
𝐴𝐸
𝑤1 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝑃
= − 𝑎2 (2𝑥 − 2𝐿)
𝜕𝑥 𝐴𝐸
𝜕2 𝑢
= 2𝑎2
𝜕𝑥 2
Sep 3: Substitute in DE and equating to R
2𝐸𝐴𝑎2 = 𝑅 04
Step 4: Applied Galerkin technique (weight residual technique)
l
∫0 w1 R dx = 0 05
l
∫0(𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥) 2𝐸𝐴𝑎2 dx = 0
𝑎2 = 0 06
Substitute in equation 6
𝑃𝑥
𝑢= − 0(𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥)
𝐴𝐸
𝑃𝑥
𝑢=
𝐴𝐸
Maximum deflection is at x = L
𝑃𝐿
𝑢𝑚 =
𝐴𝐸
𝑎1 = −2𝑎2 𝐿
Substitute in 2
𝑢 = 𝑎2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥) 03
𝑤1 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑎2 (2𝑥 − 2𝐿)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑢
= 2𝑎2
𝜕𝑥 2
(2𝐸𝐴𝑎2 + F) = 0 06
F
𝑎2 = −
2𝐸𝐴
Substitute in equation 6
F
𝑢=− (𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥)
2𝐸𝐴
F
𝑢= (2𝐿𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
2𝐸𝐴
Maximum deflection is at x = L
𝑃𝐿2
𝑢𝑚 =
2𝐴𝐸
𝜕𝑦 𝜋 𝜋𝑥
=𝐶 Cos
𝜕𝑥 𝐿 𝐿
𝜕2 𝑦 𝜋2 𝜋𝑥
= −𝐶 sin
𝜕𝑥 2 𝐿2 𝐿
𝜕3 𝑦 𝜋3 𝜋𝑥
= −𝐶 Cos
𝜕𝑥 3 𝐿3 𝐿
𝜕4 𝑦 𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
=𝐶 Sin
𝜕𝑥 4 𝐿4 𝐿
𝜋4 𝐿 L
EI 𝐶 +F (−1 − 1) = 0
𝐿4 2 π
𝜋4 2FL
EI 𝐶 − =0
2𝐿3 π
4FL4
𝐶=
𝐸𝐼𝜋5
4FL4 𝜋𝑥
𝑦= sin
𝐸𝐼𝜋5 𝐿
L d ∂u
∫0 EA dx = 0
dx ∂x
∂u L L ∂u ∂
[EA ] − ∫0 EA dx = 0
∂x 0 ∂x ∂x
L ∂u ∂
P1 − ∫0 EA dx = 0
∂x ∂x
𝑑𝑢 0.015−0.01
0.013 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 6
=
0.012 0.000833
𝑑𝑣 0.012−0.01
𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦 = 4
= 0.0005
4 mm
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 0.011−0.01
0.011 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 6
+
0.01 0.013−0.01
=0.000917
6 mm 4
0.01 0.015
17. Estimate the three strains and three stress for given problem. Assume given
problem is plane stress method. (E=210 GPa, =0.3) (continuation with
previous problem)
x
E 1 0 x
y 1 0 y
1 1
2
xy 0 0 xy
2
x
1 0.3 0 0.0008333 226.9154
210e3
y 0.3 1 0 0.0005 173.0746 MPa
1 0.3 1 0.3
2
xy 0 0 0.000917 74.06538
2
18. Solve x, y and z values using Gauss elimination method for the following
equation
2x 4 y 2z 2
4 x 9 y 3z 8
2 x 3 y 7 z 10
2x 4 y 2z 2
y z 4 R2 ’ R2-2R1
y 5 z 12 R3 ’ R3+R1
2x 4 y 2z 2
y z 4
4z 8 R3 ’’ R3’ - R2’
2x 4 y 2z 2
y z 4
z 2 Divide by 2
2x 4 y 4 2
y 2 4 Substitute Z values
z 2
2x 4 y 4 2
y 2 Y value obtained
z 2
2 x 8 4 2 Substitute y and z values
y 2
z 2
x = -1, y= 2 and z= 2