Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Carl
Carl
KINSHIP
According to the Dictionary of Anthropology, kinship system includes socially recognized relationships
based on supposed as well as actual genealogical ties. These relationships are the result of social
interaction and recognized by society.
Affinal Kinship Relationships based upon marriage or cohabitation between collaterals (people treated
as the same generation)
Consanguineous Kinship Connections between people that are traced by blood Types of Kinship
Kinship by Blood
Descent Systems Kinship is reckoned in a number of different ways around the world, resulting in a
variety of types of descent patterns and kin groups. Anthropologists frequently use diagrams to illustrate
kinship relationships to make them more understandable.
In kinship diagrams, one individual is usually labeled as ego. This is the person to whom all kinship
relationships are referred. In the case below on the right, ego has a brother (Br), sister (Si), father (Fa),
and mother (Mo). Note also that ego is shown as being gender nonspecific--that is, either male or
female.
Unilineal Descent
This traces descent only through a single line of ancestors, male or female.
Both males and females are members of a unilineal family, but descent links
are only recognized through relatives of one gender. The two basic forms of
unilineal descent are referred to as patrilineal and matrilineal.
Patrilineal Descent
Both males and females belong to their father's kin group but not their
mother's. However, only males pass on their family identity to their children.
A woman's children are members of her husband's patrilineal line. The red
people in the diagram below are related to each other patrilineally.
Matrilineal Descent
The form of unilineal descent that follows a female line. When using this
pattern, individuals are relatives if they can trace descent through females to
the same female ancestor. While both male and female children are members
of their mother's matrilineal descent group, only daughters can pass on the
family line to their offspring. The green people below are related to each
other matrilineally.
Bilineal Descent
B.
Kinship by Marriage
Marriage is an institution that admits men and women to family life. Edward
Westermarck defined marriage as the more or less durable connection
between male and female lasting beyond the mere act of propagation till
after the birth of offspring. Lowie defined it as a relatively permanent bond
between permissible mates. Malinowski defined marriage as a contract for
the production and maintenance of children. According to Lundberg Marriage
consists of the rules and regulations that define the rights, duties and
privileges of husband and wife with respect to each other.
MONOGAMY
Monogamy is the practice of having only one spouse at one time. In some
cases, monogamy means having only one spouse for an entire life span. Out
of the different types of marriages, monogamy is the only one that is legal in
the United States and in most industrial nations.
Social monogamy: Two persons/creatures that live together, have sex with
one another, and cooperate in acquiring basic resources such as food,
clothes, and money.
Genetic monogamy: Two partners that only have offspring with one
another.Marital monogamy: Marriages of only two people.
Serial monogamy: A series of relationships. One person has only one partner
at a time, and then moves on to another partner after severing the
relationship with the first.
Polygamy
Polygyny is the practice of one man having more than one wife or sexual
partner at a time. Ex: Mormonism
fraternal polyandry (Ex: Tibet and Nepal) secondary marriage (Ex: Northern
Nigeria and Northern Cameroon)
C.
Ritual KinshipCompadrazgo
D.
Nuclear Family
A family consisting of a married man & woman and their biological children.
The main issue for children is to help them under- stand that their two-
parent, heterosexual family is a fine family, and is one kind among many
other kinds of families
Extended Family
A family where Grandparents or Aunts and Uncles play major roles in the
children’s upbringing. This may or may not include those relatives living with
the children. These family members may be in addition to the child’s parents
or instead of the child’s parents.
A family member is separated from the rest of the family. This may be due
to employment far away; military service; incarceration; hospitalization. They
remain significant members of the family.
Transnational family
These families live in more than one country. They may spend part of each
year in their country of origin returning to the U.S. on a regular basis. The
child may spend time being cared for by different family members in each
country
E.
Politics of Kinship
For the sake of family security, power should not be seized from those who
have kinship connections and must be circulated only among those who are
tied by blood.Political dynasties have long been present in the Philippine
political structure.
Transcript of Political and Leadership Structures. The government or the political institution
is another institution that is universal. Political institution is defined as the system of norms,
values, and roles responsible for maintaining social order.
Politics Of all the elected presidents of the Philippines, Who might be your
ideal leader?Politic s Power Authority
BAND
TRIBE
CHIEFDOM
Chiefdom A political unit headed by a chief, who holds power over more than
one community group.
STATE
State It is a political unit that has sovereignty – the legitimate and ultimate
authority of the state – over an area of territory and the people within it.
talk to the President of the Philippines, what will you say to him? Activity:
Reciprocity
Transfer
• 1. Banking: Moving funds among two or more accounts held by the same or
different entities.
• 2.Real estate: Conveyance of title to a property from the seller to the buyer
through a deed of transfer, following payment of the price.
Redistribution
Market Transactions
• The exchange of goods and services through a market. The set of market
transactions taking place in the economy is most important in terms of
measuring gross domestic product (GDP).
• Market transactions provide the basic data used at the Bureau of Economic
Analysis to begin the estimation of GDP.
Market Transactions • However, these data don't just want to measure
market transactions, their goal is to measure economic production. • As
such, they eliminate some market transactions that do not involve economic
production, • then add economic production that do not involve market
transactions.
State-market relations
• call for a holistic view of the relationship between the material and
relational dynamics of society, • on the one hand, and between these
dynamics and institutional dynamics on the other.
Non-state Institutions • These are institutions that are not controlled by the
government or by the State. • Examples are banks, corporations, private
institutions.
5. EDUCATION
Essay about The Function of Education. Education is an aspect of socialisation which involves
the acquisition of knowledge and learning of skills. ... Education is said be an integral function of
society, as it provides a contributory characteristic which helps to maintain and adapt society
and it's values.
* Non formal education is usually administered by social organizations, private companies,
government offices, livelihood training centers, and other institutions.
*. Formal educationmay be run by state, by private individuals, or corporations, or by
religious groups. ... To serve as a source of social and culturalinnovation.
Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in theelementary and
fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. ... Education shall be directed
to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human
rights and fundamental freedoms.
ANIMISM Belief that the natural world, as a whole or in parts, has a soul or
spirit. As a whole = World Spirit, Mother Earth, Gaia In parts = rocks, trees,
springs, and animals. Natural phenomena and environmental destructions
are understood as repercussions of the interaction between humans and
spirits.
ANIMISM In animism, Spirits can be in either good or bad form which can
make interactions and influences on humans in various ways and forms *Bad
spirits = negative energies, possessions, demonic disturbances and cases of
insanity. *Good spirits = attributes that aid humans in acquiring their needs
and addressing their issues. Native Americans try to gain favors through
festivals, ceremonies, and prayers. Ex: Lakota Sioux War Dance - performed
by the Lakota Sioux.
MONOTHEISM Belief in one god, which is accountable for all the things
happening in the world including the world’s creation and existence.
Scholars argue that as human societies affiliate with a few of the gods in the
pantheon, they have come to practice exclusive worship of several deities
that was promoted with the ascension of a singular chosen deity to
supremacy.
SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE *In ancient Societies, the church and
state are synonymous as the leaders of the church are also the political elite
which, also referred to as Theocracy or the rule of divine. Ex: Japanese
society believed that their emperor was the direct descendant of a god.
*Ancient Egyptians and Sumerians regarded their pharaohs and kings as god-
kings, as they were believed to be earthly incarnations of the divine. As
states developed into more complex political units, the church is regarded as
a separate entity from the state.
7.HEALTH
“Climate change” and “global warming” are often used interchangeably but
have distinct meanings. Similarly, the terms "weather" and "climate" are
sometimes confused, though they refer to events with broadly different
spatial- and timescales.
Increasing interconnections between nation-states across borders have rendered the transnational a key
tool for understanding our world. It has made particularly strong contributions to immigration studies
and holds great promise for deepening insights into international migration.
This is the first book to provide an accessible yet rigorous overview of transnational migration, as
experienced by family and kinship groups, networks of entrepreneurs, diasporas and immigrant
associations. As well as defining the core concept, it explores the implications of transnational migration
for immigrant integration and its relationship to assimilation. By examining its political, economic, social,
and cultural dimensions, the authors capture the distinctive features of the new immigrant communities
that have reshaped the ethno-cultural mix of receiving nations, including the US and Western Europe.
Importantly, the book also examines the effects of transnationality on sending communities, viewing
migrants as agents of political and economic development.