MANUFACTURED SAND
Manufactured Sand
Dr. Aswath M U
Professor and Head Department of Civil Engineering,
Bangalore Institute of Technology
R
iver sand is a widely used construction material all over the
world, especially in the production of concrete, cement-sand
mortar and concrete blocks. Various Government, Non
Governmental Organisations and Research Institutes are striv-
ing to identify alternative materials to supplement river sand.
There is a strong need for research on river sand substitutes for
concrete production and cement sand mortar production. The
research should aim to identify suitable river sand substitutes for
practical applications in the local construction industry and also
focus on formulating practical solutions for using river sand
substitutes. The development of standards / specifications and
incorporating in the BIS codes will reduce the pressure on us-
ing river sand. The standards and codal specifications will assist
to select and use the alternatives by the various stake holders.
Quality certification of the alternate aggregates and quality cer-
tification of the concrete manufacturing process plays a vital role in
ensuring the durability of the concrete.
Researchers are in continuous search for the alternatives
to sand. Fine aggregate is one of the important constituents
of concrete. River sand is becoming a scarce material. Sand
mining from rivers has become objectionably excessive. It has
reached a stage where it is killing all our rivers day by day. So
sand mining has to be discouraged so as to save the rivers.
As natural sand deposits become depleted near some areas
of metropolitan growth, the use of alternatives to sands as a
replacement fine aggregate in concrete is receiving increased
attention. The National Green Tribunal also imposed ban and
restrictions on the sand mining.
Some of the Alternatives to River Sand are
The Masterbuilder | July 2015 | www.masterbuilder.co.in
- Manufactured Sand
- Fly Ash/ Bottom Ash/Pond Ash
- Copper Slag - Filtered Sand
- Sea Sand, Slag Sand
- Crushed Waste Glass
- Recycled Aggregate/C&D Waste Aggregate etc..
Manufactured Sand:
Manufactured sand is popularly known by several names
such as Crushed sand, Rock sand, Green sand, UltraMod Sand,
Robo sand, Poabs sand, Barmac sand, Pozzolan sand etc. IS
383-1970 (Reaffirmed 2007) recognizes manufacture sand as
‘Crushed Stone Sand’.
Crushed stone sand is produced by crushing boulders.
Manufactured sand is produced by rock-on-rock or rock-on-
120
metal Vertical Shaft Impactor (VSI) in which the process that
produced alluvial deposits is closely simulated. Particle size
reduction and achieving equidimensional shape is critical to
get desired properties. If rock is crushed in compression lot of
inherent properties exhibited by natural river sand are lost. If
proper technique of manufacturing is not adopted aggregates
are bound to become flaky and elongated. Improvements to
sand by way of washing, grading and blending may have to be
done before use at the consumer end. In case of manufactured
sand all the processes mentioned above can be done at manu-
facturing plant itself and controls are much better in producing
quality fine aggregates.
Fine aggregates manufactured sand proposed to be used
shall be produced from a Vertical Shaft Impact (VSI) crushers
and shall conform to the requirements of Zone-II (in most of the
cases) as per IS 383-1970 (Reaffirmed in 2007) and particles fin-
er than 75 µm shall not exceed 15 %. Special efforts on the part
of M-sand manufacturers (such as washing of sand by water
or dry washing by air) is required to restrict particles finer than
75 µm to 15%. The global trend is to utilize dry classification
solutions to produce manufactured sand. The dry separation
process separates fine and coarse particles. This allows a re-
duced percentage of super fines in manufactured sand, thereby
meeting specifications and achieving quality products.
M-sand can also be used for making masonry mortar and
shall conform to the requirements of IS 2116-1980 (Reaffirmed
1998) - “Specification of sand for Masonry mortars”.
Issues and General Requirements of Manufactured Sand
The Civil engineers, Architects, Builders, and Contractors
agree that the river sand, which is available today, is deficient in
many respects. It does content very high silt fine particles (as in
case of Filter sand).Presence of other impurities such as coal,
bones, shells, mica and silt etc makes it inferior for the use in
cement concrete. The decay of these materials, due to weathering
effect, shortens the life of the concrete.
Now-a-days, the Government have put ban on lifting sand
from River bed. Transportation of sand damages the roads. Re-
moving sand from river bed impact the environment, as water
table goes deeper & ultimately dry.
General Requirements:
1. All the sand particles should have higher crushing strength
2. The surface texture of the particles should be smooth
3. The edges of the particles should be grounded
4. The ratio of fines below 600 microns in sand should not be
less than 30%
 MANUFACTURED SAND

5. There should not be any organic impurities
6. Silt in sand should not be more than 2%, for crushed sand
7. In manufactured sand the permissible limit of fines below
75 microns shall not exceed 15%
Manufactured Sand Quality
Manufactured Sand should adhere to the highest standards
and must undergo the following quality tests
1. Sieve analysis
2. Optical Microscopic Study to check the particle shape
3. Workability (slump test by slump cone method)
4. Cube test for compressive strength
5. Tests for Silt and clay
The artificial sand produced by proper machines can be a
better substitute to river sand. The sand must be of proper gra-
dation (it should have particles from 150 microns to 4.75 mm in
proper proportion). When fine particles are in proper proportion,
the sand will have fewer voids. The cement quantity required
will be less. Such sand will be more economical. Demand for
manufactured fine aggregates for making concrete is increas-
ing day by day as river sand cannot meet the rising demand of
construction sector. Natural river sand takes millions of years
to form.
Technical Specifications for Sand as Per BIS:
The Indian Standard IS: 383; “Specification for Coarse and
Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete” covers the
requirements for aggregates, crushed or uncrushed, derived
from natural sources, such as river terraces and riverbeds, glacial
deposits, rocks, boulders and gravels, for use in the production
of concrete for normal structural purposes including mass
concrete works.
Before choosing any alternative one should check the tech-
nical specifications as per the BIS codes. Sand is mainly used
for the preparation of mortar and concrete. It is also required to
manufacture the building blocks. The standard terminology used
for sand is fine aggregate. We all know that sand is a natural-
ly occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock
and mineral particles. The composition of sand is highly variable,
depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most
common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or Si O2),
usually in the form of quartz. Fine Aggregate( Sand and/or
crushed stone) are less than 4.75 mm in size and F.A. content
usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.
Aggregates shall comply with the requirements of IS 383.
As far as possible, preference shall be given to natural aggregates.
Other types of aggregates such as slag and crushed over burnt
brick or tile, which may be found suitable with regard to strength,
durability of concrete and freedom from harmful effects may be
used for plain concrete members, but such aggregates should not
contain more than 0.5 percent of sulphates as SO, and should
not absorb more than 10 percent of their own mass of water.
IS:383 classifies sand in to; Natural Sand - Fine aggregate
resulting from the natural disintegration of rock and which has
been deposited by streams or glacial agencies, Crushed Stone
Sand - Fine aggregate produced by crushing hard stone; and
Crushed Gravel Sand - Fine aggregate produced by crushing
natural gravel.
Quality of Aggregates
Aggregates shall consist of naturally occurring (crushed or
uncrushed) stones, gravel and sand or combination thereof. They
shall be hard, strong, dense, durable, clear and free from veins
and adherent coating; and free from injurious amounts of disin-
tegrated pieces, alkali, vegetable matter and other deleterious
substances. As far as possible, flaky, scoriaceous and elongat-
ed pieces should be avoided.
Deleterious Materials -Aggregates shall not contain any
harmful material such as pyrites, coal, lignite, mica, shale or
similar laminated material, clay, alkali, soft fragments, sea
shells and organic impurities in such quantity as to affect the
strength or durability of the concrete.
Aggregates to be used for reinforced concrete shall not
contain any material liable to attack the steel reinforcement.

Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate

Sl. No. Deleterious Substance Method of Test
Percentage by Weight, Max Percentage by Weight, Max
Uncrushed Crushed Uncrushed Crushed
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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i Coal and Lignite IS: 2386 (Part II)-1963 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
ii Clay lumps IS: 2386 (Part II)-1963 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Materials finer than 75-µ
iii IS: 2386 (Part I)-1963 3.00 15.00 3.00 3.00
IS Sieve
iv Soft fragments IS: 2386 (Part II)-1963 - - 3.00 -
v Shale IS: 2386 (Part II)-1963 1.00 - - -
Total of percentages of
all deleterious materials
(Except mica) including Sl.
vi - 5.00 2.00 5.00 5.00
No. (i) to (v) for Col 4,6,7
and Sl. No. (i) and (ii) for
Col 5 only.
Table1: Limits of Deleterious Materials, IS:383-1970 Reaffirmed 2007 Clause 3.2.1
[Note: Aggregates petrographically similar to known reactive types or aggregates which, on the basis of service history or laboratory experiments, are suspect-
ed to have reactive tendency should be avoided or used only with cements of low alkalies {not more than 0.6 percent as sodium oxide (Na2O )} after detailed
121

laboratory studies. use of pozzolanic cement and certain pozzolanic admixtures may be helpful in controlling alkali aggregate reaction.]
 MANUFACTURED SAND

Aggregates which are chemically reactive with alkalies of ce- Size and Grading of Aggregates
ment are harmful as cracking of concrete may take place.
Limits of Deleterious Materials: The maximum quantity of IS 383 defines Fine Aggregates as aggregate most of which
deleterious materials shall not exceed the limits specified in Ta- passes 4.75-mm IS Sieve and contains only so much coarser
ble 1 when tested in accordance with IS: 2386-1963. However, material as permitted in cl.4.3. [Cl. 4.3 Fine Aggregates -The
the engineer-in-charge at his discretion may relax some of the grading of fine aggregates, when determined as described in IS:
limits as a result of-some further tests and evidence of satisfac- 2386 (Part I)-1963 shall be within the limits given in Table 4 and
tory performance of the aggregates. shall be described as fine aggregates, Grading Zones I, II, III and
Aggregate Crushing Value: The aggregate crushing value, IV. Where the grading falls outside the limits of any particular
when determined in accordance with IS: 2386 (Part IV)-1963 grading zone of sieves other than 600-micron IS Sieve by a total
shall not exceed 45 percent for aggregate used for concrete amount not exceeding 5 percent, it shall be regarded as falling
other than for wearing surfaces, and 30 percent for concrete within that grading zone. This tolerance shall not be applied to
for wearing surfaces, such as runways, roads and pavements. percentage passing the 600-micron IS Sieve or to percentage
Aggregates Impact Value: As an alternative, the aggregate passing any other sieve size on the coarse limit of Grading Zone
impact value may be determined in accordance with the meth- I or the finer limit of Grading Zone IV.]
od specified in IS: 2386 (Part IV)-1963. The aggregate impact value NOTE 1-For crushed stone sands, the permissible limit on
shall not exceed 45 percent by weight for aggregates used for 150-micron IS Sieve is increased to 20 percent. This does not
concrete other than for wearing surfaces and 30 percent by weight affect the 5 percent allowance permitted in 4.3 applying to other
for concrete for wearing surfaces, such as runways, roads and sieve sizes.
pavements.
Is Sieve
Aggregate Abrasion Value: Unless otherwise agreed to be- Percentage Passing for
Designation
tween the purchaser and the supplier, the abrasion value of ag-
gregates, when tested in accordance with the method specified Grading Grading Grading Grading
in IS: 2386 (Part IV)-1963 using Los Angeles machine, shall not Zone 1 Zone II Zone III Zone IV
exceed the following values: 10 mm 100 100 100 100
4.75mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100
a) For aggregates to be used in concrete for wearing surfaces:
30 percent 2.36 mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100
b) For aggregates to be used in other concrete: 50 percent 1.18mm 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100
Soundness of Aggregate: For concrete liable to be exposed, 600 micron 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100
the action of frost, coarse and fine aggregates shall pass a sodium 300 micron 5-20 8-30 12-40 15-50
or magnesium sulphate accelerated soundness test specified 150 micron 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-15
in IS: 2386 (Part V)-1963, the limits being set by agreement be-
tween the purchaser and the supplier, except that aggregates Table 4: Fine Aggregates, IS:383-1970 Reaffirmed 1997 Clause 4.3)
failing in the accelerated soundness test may be used if they pass
a specified freezing and thawing test satisfactory to the user. NOTE 2 - Fine aggregate complying with the requirements
[Note: - As a general guide, it may be taken that the average loss of of any grading zone in this table is suitable for concrete but the
weight after 5 cycles shall not exceed the following: quality of concrete produced will depend upon a number of fac-
tors including proportions.
a) For fine aggregate: 10 percent when tested with sodium NOTE 3 - Where concrete of high strength and good dura-
sulphate (Na2 SO4), and 15 percent when tested with mag- bility is required, fine aggregate conforming to any one of the
nesium sulphate (Mg SO4) four grading zones may be used, but the concrete mix should
b) For coarse aggregate 12 percent when tested with sodium be properly designed. As the fine aggregate grading becomes
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sulphate (Na2 SO4), and 18 percent when tested with mag-
nesium sulphate (Mg SO4)
NOTE 1 -The presence of mica in the fine aggregate has
been found to reduce considerably the durability and compres-
sive strength of concrete and further investigations are underway
to determine the extent of the deleterious effect of mica. It is ad-
visable, therefore, to investigate the mica content of fine aggre-
gate and make suitable allowances for the possible reduction in
the strength of concrete or mortar.
NOTE 2- The aggregate shall not contain harmful organic
impurities [tested in accordance with IS: 2386 (Part II) - I963] in
sufficient quantities to affect adversely the strength or durabil-
ity of concrete. A fine aggregate which fails in the test organic
impurities may be used, provided that, when tested for the effect of
organic impurities on the strength of mortar, the relative strength
at 7 and 28 days, reported accordance with 7 of IS : 2386 (Part VI
)-1963 is not less than 95 percent.
122
progressively finer, that is, from Grading Zones I to IV, the ratio
of fine aggregate to coarse aggregate should be progressively
reduced. The most suitable fine to coarse ratio to be used for any
particular mix will, however, depend upon the actual grading,
particle shape and surface texture of both fine and coarse ag-
gregates.
NOTE 4- It is recommended that fine aggregate conforming
to Grading Zone IV should not be used in reinforced concrete
unless tests have been made to ascertain the suitability of pro-
posed mix proportions.
The percentage passing 600μm sieve will decide the zone
of the sand: Zone-I Coarse Sand; Zone-II; Zone-III and Zone-IV
Fine Sand. Grading Limits can also be represented through a
graph of sieve size on the x-axis and % passing on the Y-axis
(Semi log sheet).
Fineness Modulus (FM): The result of aggregate sieve anal-

ysis is expressed by a number called Fineness Modulus. It is

 MANUFACTURED SAND

Illustration Of Characteristic
Classification Description Example
Specimens
1 2 3 4
River or seashore gravels;
Fully water worn or com-
Rounded Fig. 1 desert, seashore and wind-
pletely shaped by attrition
blown sands
Naturally irregular, or partly
Pit sands and gravels; land or
Irregularly or partly rounded shaped by attrition, and hav- Fig. 2
dug flints; cuboid rock
ing round edges
Possessing well- defined
edges formed at the in- Crushed rocks of all types;
Angular Fig. 3
ter-section of roughly planar tullus; screes
faces
Material, usually angular, of
which the thickness is small
Flaky Fig. 4 Laminated rocks
relatively to width and/or
length
Table 6: Particle Shape, IS:383-1970 Reaffirmed 1997 Clause C-3.2

FM is an index of fineness of an aggregate. The fineness

Figure1: Particle Shape:rounded
Figure 2: Particle Shape:irregular
modulus of the fine aggregate is required for mix design since
sand gradation has the largest effect on workability. Fine sand
(low FM) has much higher effect paste requirements for good
workability. It is computed by adding the cumulative percentages
of aggregate retained on each of the specified series of sieves,
and dividing the sum by 100 [smallest size sieve: No. 100 (150
μm)]. The higher the FM, the coarser is the aggregate.

Sampling and Testing

Sampling: The method of sampling shall be in accordance

Fig.3 Particle Shape:Angular Fig.4 Particle Shape:flaky with IS: 2430-1969. The amount of material required for each
test shall be as specified in the relevant method of test given in
Significance of Grading IS: 2386 (Part I)-1963 to IS: 2386 (Part VIII)-1963.
Is Sieve Testing: All tests shall be carried out as described in IS:
Percentage Passing by Weight Grading 2386 (Part I)-1963 to IS: 2386 (Part VIII)-1963. Unless otherwise
Designation
stated in the enquiry or order, duplicate tests shall be made in
Zone-I Zone II Most Zone-IV
all cases and the results of both tests reported.
(Coarse Suitable/ Zone-III (Fine
Sand) Desirable Sand) Information to be furnished by the Supplier:
10 mm 100 100 100 100
Details of Information: When requested by the purchaser
4.75mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100 or his representative, the supplier shall provide the following
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2.36 mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100 particulars:

1.18mm 30-70 55-90 75-90 90-100
a) Source of supply, that is, precise location of source from
600µm 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100 where the materials were obtained
300µm 5-20 8-30 12-40 15-50 b) Trade group of principal rock type present
c) Physical characteristics
150µm 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-15
d) Presence of reactive minerals
Fineness 2.78- 2.25- e) Service history, if any. Subject to prior agreement, the sup-
4.0-2.71 3.37-2.10
Modulus 1.71 1.35 plier shall furnish such of the following additional informa-
Fine-Aggregate Grading Limits tion, when required by the purchaser:
f) Specific gravity, g) Bulk density, h) Moisture content
obtained by adding the sum of the cumulative percentages by i) Absorption value
mass of a sample aggregate retained on each of a specified se- j) Aggregate crushing value or aggregate impact value
ries of sieves and dividing the sum by 100. The specified sieves k) Abrasion value,
are: 150 μm (No. 100), 300 μm (No. 50), 600 μm (No. 30), 1.18 mm l) Flakiness-index, m) Elongation-index, n) 3 Presence of del-
(No. 16), 2.36 mm (No. 8), 4.75 mm (No. 4), 9.5 mm , 19.0 mm , eterious materials
37.5 mm , 75 m , and 150 mm. o) k) Potential reactivity of aggregate
Fineness modulus = 283 ÷ 100 = 2.83
124

p) m) Soundness of aggregate
 MANUFACTURED SAND

Percentage of Cumulative chemically stable sands provides greater durability and higher
Percentage strength to concrete by overcoming deficiencies like segrega-
individual frac- Percentage
Sieve size passing, by tion, bleeding, honey combing, voids and capillary.
tion retained, retained by
mass
by mass mass
Greater Workability
10 mm 0 0
100
4.75 mm 2 2 The crusher dust is flaky and angular in shape which is
98
2.36 mm 13 15 trouble some in working. There is no plasticity in the mortar
85
1.18 mm 20 35 which makes it even difficult for the mason to work, whereas
65
600 µm 20 55 the cubical shape with grounded edge and superior gradation
45
300 µm 24 79 gives good plasticity to mortar providing excellent workability.
21
150 µm 18 97
3
Pan 3 - Offsets Construction Defects
0
Total 100 283
Manufactured sand has optimum initial and final setting
Results of Sieve Analysis and calculation of FM of Sand
time as well as excellent fineness which will help to overcome
the deficiencies of concrete such as segregation, bleeding, honey-
combing, voids and capillary.

Economy

Usage of manufactured sand can drastically reduce the

cost since like river sand, it does not contain impurities and
wastage is NIL. In International Construction Scenario, no river
sand is used at all, only sand is manufactured and used, which
gives superior strength and its cubical shape ensures signifi-
cant reduction in the cement used in the concrete
Eco-Friendly

Fine Aggregate for Concrete: FM Range 2.3 to 3.1

Greater Durability
Manufactured sand has balanced physical and chemical
properties that can withstand any aggressive environmental
and climatic conditions as it has enhanced durability, greater
strength and overall economy. Usage of manufactured sand
can overcome the defects occurring in concrete such as honey
combing, segregation, voids, capillary etc.
Manufactured sand is the only alternative to river sand.
Dredging of river beds to get river sand will lead to environmen-
tal disaster like ground water depletion, water scarcity, threat to
the safety of bridges, dams etc.
Beside with the Government contemplating ban on dredg-
ing of River beds to quarry river sand, as part of the growing
concern for environment protection, manufacturing sand will
be the only available option.
Conclusion

High Strength Keeping the demand in mind and all the technical specifi-
cations mentioned above, we need to use Manufactured Sand
The superior shape, proper gradation of fines, smooth in all construction works. Many manufacturers are producing
surface texture and consistency in production parameter of quality M Sand using latest technologies ensuring the quality

Comparison between Manufactured Sand and Crusher Dust

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Manufactured Sand Crusher Dust

Grey Grey
Colour Cubically Shaped Flaky
Particle Shape Manufactured as per IS, BS, ASTM Elongated (Shapeless)
Product Standards a) It is fractured dust of jaw crusher
Manufacturing International technology con- b) A waste product in production process of stone crusher
Process trolled manufacturing process No controlled manufacturing process as it is the
through imported machines by-product of stone crusher
Gradation As per IS 383 - 1970 Zone-II Does not adhere to IS 383 - 1970 or any other standards
Recommended for usage in con-
Suitability for crete & masonry works worldwide Not recommended for use in concrete or masonry
concreting by the concrete technologists. works. Does not have quality.
Confirms international standards
125

Comparison And Advantages: (Source: Poabs M Sand & Besto)

 MANUFACTURED SAND

Sieve Analysis River Sand Vs M-Sand

% Age passing for single sized aggregates
Is Sieve River Sand % Age Passing M-Sand % Age Passing
of Normal Sand (IS 383 - 1970) Zone II
4.75 mm 99.25 99.75 90 to 100
2.36 mm 93.50 78.25 75 to 100
1.18 mm 48.00 52.00 55 to 90
600 Microns 21.00 38.00 35 to 59
300 Microns 04.00 21.00 08 to 30
150 Microns 0.05 5.00 0 to 10

Comparison of Impurities - River Sand Vs M-Sand

River Sand M-Sand
Marine Products 2-4% Nil
Oversized Materials 6 - 10 % Nil
Clay & Silt 5 - 20 % Nil

Natural Sand Manufactured Sand

- Excessive and illegal quarrying of Natural sand at
river beds , resulting into soil erosion and danger to
the reservoir structures
- Scarcity due to ban on quarrying activities near the
river bed by the Govt. to prevent depleting of natural
resource
- No control on silt content
- Very long distance transportation resulting into vol-
ume loss on the quantity of sand received at site.
- Adulteration with filter sand (Unfit to be used in con-
crete)
- No guarantee on gradation
- Huge inventory cost during monsoon for non avail-
ability
- Fear of not getting sand, if rejected for quality
- Additional manpower for removal of pebbles & boul-
ders while loading into batching plant to avoid pump
choke ups
- No mechanism on pricing
Courtesy:Besto
- 100% replacement to Natural sand & It is One of the bi-product of
aggregates
- No scarcity , as the Govt. is encouraging the business to garner
un-tapped revenue
- Govt. has identified the places and accorded the sanction for carrying
out quarrying and crushing activities without compromising on any
environmental issues
- Sand washing machine to ensure 0% silt content, benefiting best
economized concrete with possibilities of reduction in cement content.
- Uninterrupted supply even during rainy season, which in turn facili-
tating timely completion of the project.
- No adulteration
- World class Machine is employed to get the Top-Quality-Graded ag-
gregates meeting both BIS and Customer requirement, the Consis-
tency on the required gradation is guaranteed.
- No fear, the quality is the main focus.
- No additional manpower is required to remove boulders or pebbles,
which is again cost saving
- Transparency in pricing , as the manufacturing facility is legal and
ethical

as per BIS specifications at affordable costs compared to river 8. IS: 383-1970, [Reaffirmed 1997], Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from
natural sources for concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
sand. As natural sand deposits become depleted, the use of al-
9. Nichols, F.P (Manufactured sand and crushed sand in Portland cement concrete
ternatives to sand as a replacement for fine aggregate such as INTERNATIONAL, NO. 8, PP 56-63, 1982).
Manufactured Sand is receiving increased attention.
The Masterbuilder | July 2015 | www.masterbuilder.co.in

10. POBAS MSAND-http://www.msand.in/poabsmsand.php

Acknowledgement: The content of the paper is sourced from
various organisations for knowledge dissemination. All logos
and images are property of the respective owners listed in the
references
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126
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