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4 AutoForm–OneStep
Part only (1-step) The calculation is exclusively based on the part geometry; starting
from the part geometry the flat blank is calculated (inverse calcula-
tion method). The specification of the part boundary line allows for
the simple modification of the part boundary.
1
boundary, the accuracy of a Part only calculation is coarse, espe-
cially along the part boundary.
This calculation type does not directly determine the flat blank but Part only (2-step)
the curved blank, which in the real forming process conforms to the
shape of the sheet after binder closure. The binder surface has to be
defined. A two step process is simulated:
For this reason, this method is useful for the part designer who does
not necessarily have a deep understanding of the forming process.
Based on the defined binder surface and punch opening line, Auto- Part+Binder (2-
Form–OneStep automatically generates a simple addendum, run- step)
ning out of the part boundary tangentially and running into the
binder surface on the punch opening line tangentially. The calcula-
tion is based on the part and the addendum using the two step
method. If a realistic binder surface is available, this calculation
type improves the quality of the results considerably compared to
the Part only calculation, because a rough geometric addendum is
taken into account – the simulated process is thus closer to the real
forming process.
The calculation is based on the completely defined tool. The punch Full tool (1-step)
opening line and the flange boundary line at the end of the forming
process have to be defined. These two lines determine the flange
surface, on which binder pressure is applied to control material
flow. The Full tool calculation type gives the most precise results of
all OneStep calculation types.
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Full tool (2-step) As for a Part only (2-step) calculation the binder surface is deter-
mined at first – binder closure is accomplished without friction and
retraining forces.
As for Full tool simulations the restraining forces in the binder sur-
faces are of essential importance for the results, the 2-step option
should be preferred – otherwise the simulation assumes that the
restraining forces in the binder surface already apply for binder clo-
sure. That does not correspond to the real forming process and may
lead to a significant overestimation of strains. Besides the remarks
on the Full tool (1-step) calculation type obtain.
The necessary geometric input data for the five simulation type are
summarized in the following table:
Legend:
3
AutoForm offers a geometry module named AutoForm–PartDe-
signer for the advanced use of AutoForm–OneStep in feasibility
analyses during part design. It makes possible the optimization of
forming parameters in the most important geometric modifications
of the part in AutoForm:
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4
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• Filling holes
• Boundary fill
• Automatic binder generation (Auto Binder)
• Full tool
• Tailored blank
• Linear weld line
• Material mark
• Material lines
• Drawbead
• Symmetry
• Optimizing the blank
• Importing and exporting lines
Lesson 6 Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
• Numerical optimization
• Parameter study
• Optimization of the force factor
• Optimization of the force factor of a drawbead
• Evaluating the optimization
5
Lesson 1: Part only Simulation with OneStep Wizard
Fig. 1.1
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 1: Part only Simulation with OneStep Wizard
Fig. 1.2
OneStep wizard
OneStep wizard Import ... > VDAFS > OK > Files: os_lesson_01.vda > OK >
afmesh_3.1 > OK
Fig. 1.3
Import geometry
7
Lesson 1: Part only Simulation with OneStep Wizard
Fig. 1.4
Afmesh
• Treat only (for IGES import only): Only specified layers Layers
will be meshed.
• Exclude (for IGES import only): The specified layers are
not taken into account for meshing.
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 1: Part only Simulation with OneStep Wizard
Fig. 1.5
OneStep wizard
Enter a project identifier into the field Title of the OneStep wizard.
This identifier will be always be indicated in the bottom of the user
interface.
Note:
Note A title is automatically suggested including the current file
name, the user name and the date of creation.
• Geometry
• Blank
• Process
9
Lesson 1: Part only Simulation with OneStep Wizard
First, the part geometry has to be rotated such that the drawing
direction corresponds to the z–axis and no backdrafts occur in the
part. Use the buttons in the field Tip.
Fig. 1.6
Backdrafts:
Backdrafts Representation of areas containing undercuts
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 1: Part only Simulation with OneStep Wizard
Fig. 1.7
Having tipped the part geometry, you can now apply filleting in the
areas containing sharp edges globally and fill the part boundary.
11
Lesson 1: Part only Simulation with OneStep Wizard
To start the global filleting and the creation of the boundary fill and
the generation of the resulting part boundary, click
Apply
Fig. 1.8
Fig. 1.9
Detail:
Detail Part boundary – before boundary fill
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 1: Part only Simulation with OneStep Wizard
Fig. 1.10
Detail:
Detail Part boundary – after boundary fill
Blank > Material > Import ... > Select material > zste180bhZ_1.mat
> OK
Define the restraining forces on the part boundary in the area Pro-
cess. Different holding conditions can be used. The holding condi-
tion Free corresponds to ideal deep drawing, e.g. for tools without a
binder. In contrast the holding condition Locked corresponds to
stretch forming, e.g. for tools with extremely high binder pressure.
Restraining forces, corresponding to a usual tool in which material
draw–in occurs, can be defined by means of weak, medium, strong
and User defined.
13
Lesson 1: Part only Simulation with OneStep Wizard
Fig. 1.11
OneStep wizard:
wizard Prepared OneStep–Part
Part only simulation
Note:
Note The OneStep wizard contains a number of selected functions
for the definition of the simulation. Use the Advanced ... button to
access additional functions in AutoForm–OneStep. These addi-
tional functions will be described in the following lessons.
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 1: Part only Simulation with OneStep Wizard
The main display shows the calculated part geometry. In the lower
part of the user interface, three buttons are available: free, medium
and locked. Click one of the buttons to load the results for the
respective holding condition from the SIM file. Compare the results.
Fig. 1.12
Formability
The result variable Formability gives you a general survey of the
feasibility of the part. Areas undergoing different stresses are col-
ored differently on the part:
15
Lesson 1: Part only Simulation with OneStep Wizard
Select the result variable Formability. Compare the results for the
different restraining forces. The results for the holding condition
Fig. 1.13
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 1: Part only Simulation with OneStep Wizard
Fig. 1.14
Fig. 1.15
17
Lesson 1: Part only Simulation with OneStep Wizard
You can see from the figure that the part is insufficiently stretched,
using the holding conditions free and medium. There are several
areas containing wrinkles (purple), wrinkling tendencies (blue) and
insufficient stretching (gray). Using the holding condition locked,
the part is sufficiently stretched. A small area of insufficient stretch-
ing (gray) can be seen on the left end (Fig. 1.15).
Thinning
Switch to the result variable Thinning (second row of icon panel in
main display, middle button). A scale is displayed in the lower part
of the main display with a range of 30% thinning to 3% thickening
(depending on the specified color settings) (Fig. 1.16).
Fig. 1.16
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 1: Part only Simulation with OneStep Wizard
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Lesson 1: Part only Simulation with OneStep Wizard
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20
www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 2: Part only (2-step) Simulation
The functions introduced in this lesson make possible the more precise definition of
restraining forces in AutoForm–OneStep. Besides the Part only (2-step) simulation calcu-
lates the developed blank more precisely. This simulation type requires the definition of
a binder surface in addition to the inputs required for a Part only (1-step) simulation.
This simulation proceeds in two steps:
Fig. 2.1
OneStep wizard Import ... > VDAFS > OK > os_lesson_02.vda > OK > Program:
afmesh_3.1 > OK
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Lesson 2: Part only (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 2.2
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 2: Part only (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 2.3
The deleted faces are represented as a mesh. Select the faces and
subsequently use the buttons Undel picked or Undel all to add the
faces back to the part again.
Tip: Min backdraft re–orients the product geometry such that the
product faces, on average, have the largest possible inclination to
the z–direction.
23
Lesson 2: Part only (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 2.4
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 2: Part only (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 2.5
25
Lesson 2: Part only (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 2.7
Fig. 2.8
AutoForm - Question
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 2: Part only (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 2.9
27
Lesson 2: Part only (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 2.10
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 2: Part only (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 2.11
Log window
The product geometry and a curved binder are shown in the main
display.
Fig. 2.12
Geometry
29
Lesson 2: Part only (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 2.13
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 2: Part only (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 2.14
Before selecting nodes along the part boundary using the function
Input points ..., we recommend to adjust the view from z–direction.
This can also be done using the keyboard by pressing Ctrl – Z for
the view orientation followed by Ctrl – W to fit to window.
31
Lesson 2: Part only (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 2.15 a
Add/edit point
Fig. 2.15 b
In the main display many nodes are shown along the part bound-
ary. Select any of these nodes using the right mouse button and
define a specific restraining force factor value at each of the selected
nodes.
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 2: Part only (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 2.16
Fig. 2.17
Job > Start simulation ... > Start to start the calculation.
To review the results for the variable restraining forces, click the
button restr at the bottom of the AutoForm–User Interface.
restr
33
Lesson 2: Part only (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 2.18
Besides the representation of the part with the result variable and
the developed blank the representation of the binderwrap is avail-
able now.
Use the three buttons on the lower left side of the AutoForm–User
Interface to select the desired representation.
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 2: Part only (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 2.19
Binderwrap
35
Lesson 2: Part only (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 2.20
Developed blank
36
www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
This simulation type is useful in the initial phase of methods and process planning when
only the part geometry is available. By enabling quick and interactive generation of
binder surfaces based on product geometry, and by allowing the binder surface to be
used in the simulation, it becomes possible to assess the influence of these tool sur-
faces on feasibility, and possibly to optimize these and associated process parameters
in conjunction with product geometry in early stages itself.
Fig. 3.1
Part geometry
Geometry gen- File > Import > VDAFS > OK > File: lesson_os3.vda > OK
erator
37
Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 3.2
Sharp Edges
Go to the Fillet page to determine the sharp edges of the geometry.
Fig. 3.3
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
Global Filleting
Global fillet radius: 3.00 > Apply
Add line ... opens the window containing the message: Mark
radius control edge. Finish with double click.
Fig. 3.4
Local filleting
39
Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
Click once with the right mouse button to select the starting point at
an edge of interest, let go the mouse button and move your mouse
cursor along the curved outline of the edge. This progressively
highlights (in yellow) the length of the edge. Double click the right
mouse button to end the edge selection.
Note:
Note If the run of the curve representing the edge is ambiguous
(long, extremely curved edge or branchings along the curve), set
intermediate points to define the run of the curve precisely. Click
the right mouse button repeatedly along the curve representing
the edge.
line1: > Constant > Constant fillet radius: 5.00 > Apply
Add line ... > line2: > Variable > Selecting 4 radius control points > Fillet
OK
40
www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 3.5
Apply
41
Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 3.6
Fillet page
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 3.7
Modify P All holes > Define holes > Min size: 1.50 > Max size: 300.00 >
Apply
Use the functions of the Bndry page to fill of areas on the part
boundary:
Bndry Add Bndr fill ... > Curve 1 > OK > Fill parameters: Bndry fill roll
radius: 300 > Apply
Note:
Note Smoothening the part boundary increases the accuracy of
the simulation results on the part boundary, especially for concave
regions.
43
Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 3.8
Generate the binder surface on the Binder page using the Auto-
Binder function (requires AutoForm–PartDesigner).
Auto Binder
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 3.9
Binder Apply
Adjust the value range of the result scale for the current example:
45
Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 3.10
Fig. 3.11
Click any area of the part with the right mouse button to display the
actual drawing depth value. Change the distance between binder
and part using the function Binder position Shift.
The preparation of the part geometry has been finished for the sim-
ulation. Define the process parameters in the Input generator:
Model > Input generator > Simulation type: OneStep > OK User interface
46
www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
Geometry Type: Part+binder (2-step) > Delete the current OS boundary line?
> Delete
Fig. 3.12
47
Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
The Bndry (Bndry) line defines the part boundary including the
outer boundary fill areas. It has to be adapted using the functions
Expand and Smooth of the Curve editor. The adapted line will be
used as punch opening line.
Fig. 3.13
OS punch opening > Edit ... > Expand: 15 > Smooth: 0.05 > OK
Fig. 3.14
Curve editor:
editor OS–PO line
The same approach – using the geometry of the Bndry (Bndry) line
as the starting point for defining another line may be employed to
accomplish the definition of the OS boundary line. This line repre-
sents the outer edge of the formed sheet at the end of the forming/
drawing process. Starting from the geometry of the Bndry (Bndry)
line, Expand and Smooth options may be used to define the OS
48
www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 3.15
Fig. 3.16
Blank page
Definition of Friction
Lube Lubrication > Constant > Standard 0.15
49
Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 3.17
Process page
Note:
Note The binder pressure is defined relative to the final flange
area. Thus a higher pressure has to be defined than for an incre-
mental simulation, for which the pressure is defined with respect to
the initial flange area.
Developed blank
The outline of the developed blank is computed during the simula-
tion. The edge of this blank may be exported in af, IGES or VDAFS
format, and may be used to define the blank in an AutoForm–Incre-
mental simulation. Blank outline may be exported as follows:
50
www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 3.18
Developed blank
Binderwrap
The result of the OneStep calculation is iterated in the binder sur-
face considering friction. Particular high strains are thus avoided for
highly curved binders.
51
Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 3.19
Binder wrap
Formed sheet
AutoForm–OneStep offers among others the following results:
52
www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 3: Part + Binder (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 3.20
53
Lesson 4: Full tool (1-Step) Simulation
This lesson describes a OneStep simulation based on a tool geometry with a tailored
blank. In addition, that the weld line position is optimized in such a way that the original
blank contains a linear weld line – thus reducing costs for the blank.
Fig. 4.1
Tool geometry
File > Import... > VDAFS > OK > Files: os_lesson_4.vda > OK Geometry gen-
erator
Error tolerance: 0.1 > Max side length: 50 > OK AF–Mesh window
54
www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 4: Full tool (1-Step) Simulation
Fig. 4.2
55
Lesson 4: Full tool (1-Step) Simulation
Apply
Fig. 4.3
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 4: Full tool (1-Step) Simulation
Fig. 4.4
User interface Model > Input generator ... > Simulation type: OneStep > OK
Tool
The surfaces saved in the Part and the Binder registers are used to
automatically define the tool geometry.
Dependent ... > Bndry (Pre) 1 > OK > Edit … > Curve editor > Glo-
bal mod > Expand: 40 > OK
57
Lesson 4: Full tool (1-Step) Simulation
Fig. 4.5
58
www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 4: Full tool (1-Step) Simulation
Fig. 4.6
Thickness: 1.0
59
Lesson 4: Full tool (1-Step) Simulation
Fig. 4.7
Weld dialog
The Curve editor is opened. Define the weld line by entering two
points (x = 0/0, y = 200/-200). The start and end point of the weld line
are positioned on the OS boundary.
Note:
Note To create a vertical line, press the Shift key when setting the
end point of the weld line.
Fig. 4.8
Following the definition of the weld line, specify a new sheet thick-
ness value, and then select the side of the defined weld line where
the new thickness value applies (Weld dialog):
Thickness: 1.5
60
www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 4: Full tool (1-Step) Simulation
Fig. 4.9
Using the right mouse button, click at the right side of the weld line
to which the new thickness will apply.
OK
Process As you are preparing a Full tool OneStep simulation, it makes sense
to define a binder pressure or binder force.
Holding condition > Type: > Binder pressure > Pressure: 6 >
Binder stiffness: 50
61
Lesson 4: Full tool (1-Step) Simulation
Fig. 4.10
Process page
Leave the default settings on the Control page unchanged and start
the simulation in the AFOS input generator.
Job > Start simulation ... > Save > Start job: Start
62
www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 4: Full tool (1-Step) Simulation
Fig. 4.11
Distribution of thickness
63
Lesson 4: Full tool (1-Step) Simulation
Fig. 4.12
Developed blank
You realize that the original linear weld line has moved during the
forming process. It is the objective now to keep the weld line posi-
tion as it is and to optimize the weld line position in such a way that
the original blank can be formed with a linear weld line.
Results > Material marks ... > Set marks User interface
64
www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 4: Full tool (1-Step) Simulation
Fig. 4.13
Click on the button Formed Sheet in the lower left area of the Auto-
Form–User Interface and display the originally defined weld line.
You can judge from the material lines if the warped position within
the part is still acceptable and if the weld line is still in the correct
position.
65
Lesson 4: Full tool (1-Step) Simulation
Fig. 4.14
Use the material line on the formed part as weld line for another
simulation. For this purpose export the material line:
Results > Material lines ... > Material line 1 > File > Write selected User interface
to file … > AF Poly3D > CLOSED polylines: No > weldnew.af >
OK > Material lines > File > Dismiss
Edit the weld line position on the Blank page by importing the
stored material line as new weld line.
Symmetry-planes/welds/holes > Edit ... > Import ... > Delete > For-
mat: af > OK > weldnew.af > OK > curve 1 > OK > OK
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 4: Full tool (1-Step) Simulation
Start the simulation and check whether a linear weld line is avail-
able in the developed blank.
Fig. 4.15
67
Lesson 5: Full tool (2-step) Simulation
This lesson is based on a prepared simulation file. The tool contained in this file has
been generated with AutoForm–DieDesigner. Objective of this lesson is the definition of
symmetry conditions and drawbeads. In addition, we will also show how to optimize
the initial blank.
Fig. 5.1
Tool geometry
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 5: Full tool (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 5.2
Import OS boundary
Geometry OS boundary > Import ... > Format: af > Vertices: use all rotate >
OK > Select a file: osboundary05.af > OK > Select curve: Curve 1 >
OK
OS punch opening
Geometry OS punch opening > Dependent ... > Select curve: Punch opening
1 > OK
Symmetry
Define the symmetry–plane on the Blank page. The sheet thickness
and the material properties have already been specified.
69
Lesson 5: Full tool (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 5.3
Symmetry plane
Defining Drawbeads
Drawbeads may be modeled in AutoForm using a force factor to
control metal flow, without having to build the detailed drawbead
geometry into the CAD model of the tool. This gives the user flexi-
bility in using AutoForm as a tryout tool – using it to quickly com-
pare the performance of different drawbeads vis–a–vis feasibility
requirements, and to identify the best bead configuration, based on
comparisons, without having to modify tool geometry to accom-
plish the same.
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 5: Full tool (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 5.4
Move the mouse cursor into the main display. Using the right
mouse button, click three points on the geometry to create the
drawbead (see Fig. 5.5). End input of the drawbead by double click
and finally close the Curve editor by clicking
71
Lesson 5: Full tool (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 5.5
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 5: Full tool (2-step) Simulation
Using just the right mouse button would create a curved segment. It
is possible to switch the mode of an existing segment between
curved and linear modes by holding the Ctrl key down while click-
ing (anywhere) on the segment with the right mouse button.
Fig. 5.6
Simulation results
73
Lesson 5: Full tool (2-step) Simulation
Results > Material marks ... > AutoForm - Material marks: Set
marks
Fig. 5.7
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 5: Full tool (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 5.8
75
Lesson 5: Full tool (2-step) Simulation
Fig. 5.9
The material line defined above is now shown on the decklid geom-
etry. Use this line as OS boundary for another Full tool (2-step) sim-
ulation. For this export the material line in the process stage Formed
sheet:
Results > Material lines ... > AutoForm - Material lines: Material
line 1 > File > Write selected to file ... > AF Poly3D > Should the
data written as CLOSED polylines: Yes > Select a file: Selection:
osboundarynew.af > OK
File > Save as ... > Save as: Selection: os_lesson_05b.sim > OK User interface
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 5: Full tool (2-step) Simulation
Attention:
Attention The existing symmetry–plane has been deleted by the
import of the new OS boundary. Go to the Blank page of the Input
generator and redefine the symmetry–plane.
Start the new simulation and check both the forming results and the
shape of the initial blank.
Fig. 5.10
77
Lesson 6: Optimization
4. 6 Lesson 6: Optimization
This lesson describes in a simple example how process parameters can be automati-
cally optimized using the optimization algorithm of AutoForm. Process parameters in
OneStep can be the restraining forces at the part boundary.
Fig. 6.1
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 6: Optimization
Create an optimization:
Click with the right mouse button the yellow framed input field of
the restraining force. A menu titled Add/edit design variable will
open (Fig. 6.2).
Fig. 6.2
79
Lesson 6: Optimization
ary (Forcefactor = 2.0). The start value for the restraining force is a
free part boundary (Forcefactor = 0.0).
Complete the input for force factor of the first restraining force
(design variable) by using the sub–menu titled Design variable
definition of the menu Add/edit design variable as follows:
Name: rest > Dependent: Independent > Start: 0 > Min: 0 > Max: 2
(Fig. 6.2) > OK
Fig. 6.3
Restraining > Constant > The design variable rest (force factor) is Process
defined
All design variables have been defined now. Complete the input on
Optimize page of Input generator. Switch to this page (Fig. 6.4).
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 6: Optimization
Fig. 6.4
81
Lesson 6: Optimization
Fig. 6.5
• All: All simulations are stored on disk (Warning: This Keep simulations
requires a large amount of disk space).
• Series of best: The next best simulation is always stored on
disk.
• Only best: Only the best simulation is stored on disk.
• None: No simulation is stored on disk.
User can specify a list of computers which can be used for optimiza- Hosts
tion/parameter study:
82
www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 6: Optimization
Fig. 6.6
83
Lesson 6: Optimization
Close this menu using Cancel. Switch to the Target page (Fig. 6.7).
• For the whole part including the fill areas, the major strain
must be 20% below the Forming Limit Curve (FLC).
• Thinning is limited to 30% and thickening is limited to 2%.
84
www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 6: Optimization
Fig. 6.7
Run > Start Optimization … > Program: afopt_3.1 > Start (Fig. 6.8)
85
Lesson 6: Optimization
Fig. 6.8
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 6: Optimization
Fig. 6.9
Use the Convergence ... menu to get a first overview about the
number of simulations, behavior of convergence, and the best simu-
lation result. Open the Convergence ... menu using:
87
Lesson 6: Optimization
Fig. 6.10
Stored simulations are marked with a bullet, and the best simula-
tion (55th) with a rectangle. Switch to option All criteria (Fig. 6.11).
The target function is now divided into single criteria, displayed
over the number of simulations in the optimization run. The differ-
ent criteria of the target function are:
• Wrinkles/Insufficient stretching
• Desired strain
• Cracks/Excessive thinning
It can be seen that cracks are the reason for peaks in the target func-
tion (Fig. 6.11).
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 6: Optimization
Fig. 6.11
Fig. 6.12
Run > Start/manage optimization ... > Open sim.: 1 > Yes (Fig. 6.13)
89
Lesson 6: Optimization
Fig. 6.13
Fig. 6.14
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 6: Optimization
Fig. 6.15
Run > Start/manage optimization ... > Open sim.: 55 > Yes (Fig.
6.16)
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Lesson 6: Optimization
Fig. 6.16
Fig. 6.17
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www.forum.alghaform.com Lesson 6: Optimization
Fig. 6.18
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Lesson 6: Optimization
www.alghaform.com
www.forum.alghaform.com
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