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CSTR Lab Report
CSTR Lab Report
CSTR Lab Report
0 OBJECTIVES
In batch reactions, there are no feeds or exit streams and therefore equation (1)
can be simplified into:
Rate of A Rate of A
produced = accumulated
within volume within volume
element element (2)
For a constant volume isothermal batch reactor, the design equation is:
dC A
rA
dt
moles A appear by
1 dN A reaction
rA = (3)
V dt by reaction volume time
By this definition, if A is a reaction product, the rate is positive; whereas if it is a
reactant, which is consumed, the rate is negative (Perry, 2008).
rA V N AO
dX A
(4)
dt
Integrating equation (4);
dX A
t N AO (5)
rA V
where t is the time required to achieve a conversion XA for either isothermal or
non-isothermal operation.
moles A reacting
= volume of reactor
(time )( volume)
FAOXA = (-rA) V
Which on arranging, will form the performance equation for mixed flow reactors,
V X A 1 V VC AO C AO X A
or, (7)
FAO C AO rA s vO FAO rA
In mixed flow reactors, XA = XAF and CA= CAF. In a constant density system,
XA = 1 – (CA/CAO)
These expressions relate the four terms XA, -rA, V, FAO; thus, knowing any three
allows the fourth to be found directly. In design, the size of reactor needed for a
given duty or the extent of conversion in a reactor of given size is found directly.
Each steady-state point in a mixed flow reactor gives the reaction rate for the
conditions within the reactor (Green, 2008). The mixed flow reactor provides
easier interpretation of reaction rate data and makes it very attractive in kinetic
studies.
Graphical Representation of the Design Equations for Steady State Mixed Flow Reactor.
Or in constant systems,
Figure 4: Plot of 1 / (-rA) versus CA
dCA dC
rA A kCACB (11)
dt dt
Plot of ln (CB/CA) versus t (time) will produce a straight line with slope equals
(CBO – CAO)k.
While for steady state mixed flow reactor, the plot of rA versus CACB will give a
straight line (pass through the origin) with the slope equal to k.
Figure 6: Plot of –rA versus CACB, CAO CBO (for equation 11)
For second order reaction with equal initial concentrations of A and B, the rate
equation can be written based on only one component:
dCA
rA kCA2 kCAO
2
(1 X A )2 (12)
dt
Figure 7: Plot of –rA versus CACB, CAO CBO (for equation 11)
In the case of steady state mixed flow reactor, the plot –rA versus CA2 will give
the value of k and a straight-line pass through the origin.
Figure 8: Plot of –rA versus CACB, CAO CBO (for equation 11)
r3
C3
r2 C2
r1
C1
A process flow diagram of the reactor is shown in Figure 9. This reactor has a
total volume of approximately 4 liters. A scale is provided to determine the
reactor volume.
1. 0.05 M NaOH and 0.05 M Ethyl acetate solutions are prepared in two
separate 20-liter feed tanks.
2. The concentration of 0.1 M NaOH solution is confirmed by titrating a
small amount of it with standard 0.1 M HCl using phenolphthalein as
indicator. The concentration of ethyl acetate solution, on the other hand, is
evaluated in the following manner. First, 0.1 M NaOH solution is added to
a sample of feed solution such that the 0.1 M NaOH solution is in excess to
ensure all the ethyl acetate reacted. The mixture is reacted overnight. On
the following day, the amount of unreacted NaOH is determined by direct
titration with standard 0.1 M HCl. The ethyl acetate real concentration is
recorded.
3. 1 liter of quenching solution of 0.25 M HCl and 1 liter of 0.1 M NaOH is
prepared for back titration.
Batch Reaction Procedure:
EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION
Before operating the unit, we have to be familiar with the unit. Figure at the
appendices is using as reference.
a) Reactor: The reactor consists of a glass vessel with top and bottom plate
made of stainless steel. The reactor comes with a cooling coil, a 1.0 kW
heater, a temperature sensor, stirrer system, an overflow tube and a gas
sparging unit.
b) Feed Inlet System (Liquid Reaction): For each liquid reactant, a 20-liter feed
tank, a pump, a needle valve and a flow meter are provided. Each
reactant is pumped from the feed tank to the appropriate inlet port at the
top plate.
c) Gas Inlet System (Gas-Liquid Reactions: Optional): Gas from gas cylinder
(not provided) flows through a needle valve, a flow meter and a gas
sparger before reacting with the liquid inside the reactor.
REFERENCES
1. Green, P. W. (2008). Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs). Chemical and
Biological Reaction Engineering, 5-6.
2. Perry, R. G. (2008). Perry Chemical Engineer's Handbook. New York: McGraw Hill.