Unit Va Power Point

Unit Va – Circulatory
Chapters 18 & 20
Blood and Blood Vessels
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Chapter 18
Blood
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2

Fig. 18.1
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Monocyte
Small
lymphocyte
Neutrophil
Platelets
Eosinophil
Small
Erythrocyte
lymphocyte
Young (band)
neutrophil
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Large
lymphocyte
Neutrophil
Basophil
Fig. 18.2
Withdraw
blood
Centrifuge
Plasma
(55% of whole blood)
Buffy coat: leukocytes

and platelets
(<1% of whole blood)
Erythrocytes Formed
(45% of whole blood) elements
Table 18.1
Table 18.2
Table 18.3
Fig. 18.4
Surface view
7.5 µm
2.0 µm
(a) Sectional view
(b)
Capillary
wall
Erythrocytes
Lymphocyte
(c) 7 µm
b: © Susumu Nishinaga/Getty Images; c: © Thomas Deernick, NCMIR/Science Source
Fig. 18.6
Hemopoietic Colony-forming Precursor Mature

stem cell unit (CFU) cells cell
Erythrocyte CFU Erythroblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte

Fig. 18.7
8 Remaining transferrin is distributed 1 Mixture of Fe2+ and

to other organs where Fe2+ is used Fe3+ is ingested
to make hemoglobin, myoglobin, etc.
7 Fe2+ binds to Fe3+

apoferritin 2 Stomach acid
Ferritin converts Fe3+
to be stored
as ferritin to Fe2+
Apoferritin Fe2+
Gastroferritin
6 In liver, some transferrin
releases Fe2+ for storage 3 Fe2+ binds to
gastroferritin
Blood plasma
5 In blood plasma, Transferrin 4 Gastroferritin transports

Fe2+ binds to transferrin Fe2+ to small intestine and
releases it for absorption
Table 18.4
Fig. 18.10
7 µm
© Meckes/Ottawa/Science Source
Table 18.5
Fig. 18.12 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Type O Type B
Type A Type AB
Key
Galactose
Fucose
N-acetylgalactosamine
Fig. 18.13
Antibodies
(agglutinins)
Fig. 18.14
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
© Claude Revey/Phototake
Fig. 18.15
Blood from
type A donor
Type B
(anti-A)
recipient
Donor RBCs
agglutinated by
recipient plasma
Agglutinated RBCs
block small vessels
Fig. 18.16
Rh– mother
Rh
antigen Second
Rh+ fetus Rh+ fetus
Uterus
Anti-D
Amniotic sac antibody
and chorion
Placenta
(a) First pregnancy (b) Between pregnancies (c) Second pregnancy

Fig. 18.17
Nucleus
Lysosomes
5 µm
© Scott Camazine/Alamy
Table 18.6a
Table 18.6b
Fig. 18.18
Hemopoietic Colony-forming Precursor Mature

stem cell units (CFUs) cells cells
Eosinophilic Eosinophilic Eosinophilic Eosinophilic Eosinophil

CFU myeloblast promyelocyte myelocyte
Basophilic Basophilic Basophilic Basophilic Basophil

Neutrophilic Neutrophilic Neutrophilic Neutrophilic

Neutrophil
Monocytic Monoblast Promonocyte Monocyte

CFU
B lymphocyte
B prolymphocyte
T prolymphocyte T lymphocyte
Lymphocytic Lymphoblast
CFU
NK prolymphocyte NK cell
Fig. 18.19
Platelets
Monocyte
Neutrophils
Lymphocyte
Erythrocytes
(a)
(b) 75 µm
a: © Ed Reschke; b: © Leonard Lessin/Science Source
Fig. 18.20
Pseudopod
Granules
Open
canalicular
system
Mitochondria
(a) 2 µm
Platelets Bloodflow
Endothelium
Proplatelets Sinusoid of
bone marrow
RBC
WBC
Megakaryocyte
(b)
a: © NIBSC/Science Photo Library/Science Source
Fig. 18.21
Vasoconstriction
Platelet Blood
plug clot
Platelet
Vessel
injury
Endothelial Collagen
cells fibers
(a) Vascular spasm (b) Platelet plug formation (c) Coagulation

Chapter 20
Blood Vessels

Capillaries
Artery:
Tunica
interna
Tunica
media
Tunica
externa
Nerve
Vein
(a)
1 mm
Tributaries of
thyroid vein
Capillaries
Capillary beds
surrounding
thyroid
follicles
(b)
100 µm
a: © McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete, photographer; b: © Susumu Nishinaga/Science Source
Large vein Conducting (large) artery
Lumen Lumen
Tunica interna: Tunica interna:
Endothelium Endothelium
Basement Basement
membrane membrane
Tunica media
Tunica externa Tunica media

Tunica externa
Vasa
Vasa
vasorum vasorum
Nerve Nerve
Medium vein Inferior

vena Distributing (medium) artery
cava Aorta Tunica interna:
Tunica interna: Endothelium
Endothelium Basement
Basement membrane
membrane Internal elastic lamina
Valve Tunica media
External elastic lamina
Tunica media
Tunica externa Tunica externa
Direction
of blood
flow
Venule Arteriole
Tunica interna: Tunica interna:
Endothelium Endothelium
Basement Basement
membrane membrane
Tunica media Tunica media
Tunica externa Tunica externa
Endothelium
Basement
membrane
Capillary
Fig. 20.3
Carotid body Internal carotid artery

(containing Carotid sinus
chemoreceptors) (containing
External carotid baroreceptors)
artery
Left common
Right common carotid artery
carotid artery
Aortic bodies
(containing
chemoreceptors)
Right subclavian
artery
Left subclavian
artery
Aortic arch
Baroreceptors
Fig. 20.4
Pericyte
Basal
lamina
Intercellular
cleft
Pinocytotic
vesicle
Endothelial
cell
Erythrocyte
Tight
junction
Fig. 20.5
Endothelial
cells
Nonfenestrated
Erythrocyte area
Filtration pores
(fenestrations)
Basal
lamina
Intercellular
cleft
(a) (b) 400 µm
b: Courtesy of S. McNutt
Fig. 20.6
Macrophage
Endothelial
cells
Erythrocytes
in sinusoid
Liver cell
(hepatocyte)
Microvilli
Sinusoid
Precapillary Thoroughfare
sphincters channel
Metarteriole
Capillaries
Arteriole Venule
(a) Sphincters open
Arteriole Venule
(b) Sphincters closed
Fig. 20.8
Distribution of Blood
Pulmonary
circuit Heart
9% 7%
Veins Arteries
64% Systemic 15%
circuit
84%
Capillaries
5%
Fig. 20.9
(a) Simplest pathway

(1 capillary bed)
(b) Portal system

(2 capillary beds)
(c) Arteriovenous
anastomosis
(shunt)
(d) Venous (e) Arterial

anastomoses anastomoses
Systemic blood pressure (mm Hg) 120
100 Systolic pressure
80
60
Diastolic
pressure
40
20
Increasing distance from left ventricle

Fig. 20.12
Vessel lumen
Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica interna
(a)
(b)
30 µm
Table 20.1
Fig. 20.14
(a) Resting (b) Exercise

Fig. 20.16
Filtration pores
Transcytosis
Diffusion through
endothelial cells
Intercellular
clefts
Fig. 20.17
Arteriole Venule
Net Net
filtration reabsorption
pressure: pressure:
13 out 7 in
33 out 13 out
20 in 20 in
Capillary
Blood flow
Arterial end Forces (mm Hg) Venous end

Hydrostatic pressures
30 out Blood hydrostatic pressure 10 out
+3 out Interstitial hydrostatic pressure +3 out
33 out Net hydrostatic pressure 13 out
Colloid osmotic pressures (COP)
28 in Blood 28 in
–8 out Tissue fluid –8 out
20 in Oncotic pressure (net COP) 20 in
13 out Net filtration or reabsorption pressure 7 in

Fig. 20.19
To heart
Valve open
Venous
blood
Valve closed
(a) Contracted skeletal muscles (b) Relaxed skeletal muscles

Fig. 20.20
Right pulmonary
artery
Superior lobar
artery Superior lobar arteries
Left pulmonary artery

Middle lobar
artery Inferior lobar artery
Inferior lobar Pulmonary trunk

artery
Right ventricle
Pulmonary vein
(to left atrium)
Left ventricle Pulmonary artery
(from right ventricle)
Alveolar sacs
and alveoli
(a) Alveolar
capillaries
(b)
Superficial temporal a.
Facial a.
External carotid a.
Internal carotid a.
Vertebral a. Common carotid a.
Brachiocephalic trunk
Subclavian a. Subclavian a.
Axillary a. Aortic arch

Internal thoracic a.
Diaphragm
Subscapular a.
Deep brachial a.
Common hepatic a.
Brachial a.
Splenic a.
Radial collateral a. Renal aa.
Superior ulnar Superior mesenteric a.
collateral a. Gonadal a.
Aorta Inferior mesenteric a.

Common iliac a.
Radial a.
Internal iliac a.
Ulnar a. External iliac a.
Interosseous aa.
Palmar
arches
Deep femoral a.
Femoral a.
Popliteal a.
Anterior tibial a.
Posterior tibial a.
Fibular a.
Dorsal pedal a.
Fig. 20.22
External jugular v.
Brachiocephalic v.
Internal jugular v.
Subclavian v.
Axillary v.
Superior vena cava
Diaphragm
Hepatic v. Kidney
Inferior vena cava
Cephalic v.
Renal v.
Basilic v.
Brachial vv.
Median cubital v.
Gonadal vv. Common iliac v.
Internal iliac v.
Radial vv.
External iliac v.
Median
Ulnar vv. antebrachial v.
Venous
palmar arches
Dorsal venous
network
Deep femoral v.
Femoral v. Femoral v.
Popliteal v.
Anterior tibial vv.

Posterior tibial vv.
Small saphenous v.
Great saphenous v.
Fibular vv.
Dorsal venous arch Plantar venous arch

Fig. 20.23
R. common L. common
carotid a. carotid a.
R. subclavian a. L. subclavian a.
Aortic arch
Ascending
aorta
R. coronary a.
Descending
aorta, thoracic
(posterior to
heart)
Diaphragm
Aortic hiatus
Descending
aorta,
abdominal
Fig. 20.24
Anterior
communicating a.
Anterior
cerebral a.
Cerebral Ophthalmic a.
arterial
Middle cerebral a.
circle
Internal cartoid aa.
Supraorbital a.
Posterior
Superficial
Ophthalmic a. communicating a.
temporal a.
Posterior cerebral a.
Posterior Basilar a.
Cerebellar aa.
auricular a.
Superficial
Occipital a. temporal a.
Maxillary a. Posterior
auricular a.
Vertebral aa. Maxillary a.
Occipital a.
Facial a. Internal
Internal carotid a. Facial a.
carotid aa.
External carotid a. External Lingual a.
Lingual a. carotid aa. Superior
Carotid sinus
thyroid a.
Vertebral a. Superior
thyroid a.
Common Thyrocervical
Thyroid gland carotid aa. trunk
R. subclavian a. Costocervical
Thyrocervical Common
trunk
trunk carotid a. Brachiocephalic trunk
L. subclavian a.
Costocervical
trunk Subclavian a.
Axillary a. Aortic arch
Brachiocephalic
trunk
(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view, blood-flow schematic
Fig. 20.25
Cerebral arterial circle:

Caudal Rostral
Anterior
communicating a. Internal carotid a.
Anterior
cerebral a. Middle cerebral a.
Posterior
communicating a.
Posterior
cerebral a.
Basilar a.
Vertebral a.
Anterior
Spinal aa. cerebral a.
Cerebellar aa.: Posterior cerebral a.
Superior
Anterior inferior
Posterior inferior (b) Median section
(a) Inferior view

Superior
sagittal sinus
Corpus callosum
Inferior
Great cerebral sagittal sinus
vein
Straight sinus
Confluence of
sinuses Superficial
Superior
middle cerebral
Transverse ophthalmic vein
vein
sinus
Cavernous
sinus
Sigmoid sinus To internal
jugular v.
Internal jugular v.
Sigmoid
sinus
Straight sinus
Transverse
sinus
Confluence of
sinuses
(a) Dural venous sinuses, medial view (b) Dural venous sinuses, inferior view
Superior
ophthalmic v.
Superficial
temporal v.
Occipital v.
Facial v.
Vertebral v.
External Superior thyroid v.

jugular v.
Internal Thyroid gland

jugular v.
Subclavian v.
Axillary v. Brachiocephalic v.
(c) Superficial veins of the head and neck

Vertebral a. Common carotid aa.

Thyrocervical trunk Brachiocephalic trunk
Costocervical trunk
L. subclavian a.
Thoracoacromial
trunk
Subscapular a. Aortic arch
Pericardiophrenic a.
Lateral thoracic a.
Bronchial aa.
Descending aorta
Anterior
intercostal aa.
Posterior intercostal aa.
Internal thoracic a.
Subcostal a.
Esophageal aa.
(a) Major arteries
Vertebral a. R. common carotid a.

Thyrocervical trunk L. common carotid a.
R. subclavian a. L. subclavian a.
Costocervical trunk
Internal thoracic a. Pericardiophrenic a.
Subscapular a. Bronchial aa.

Lateral thoracic a.
Posterior intercostal aa.

Thoracoacromial trunk
Anterior intercostal aa. Esophageal aa.
Subcostal a.
(b) Blood-flow schematic

Fig. 20.28
Internal jugular v.
Brachiocephalic v.
Posterior intercostal v. Subclavian v.
Superior intercostal v.
Superior Superior vena cava
intercostal v.
T4
Accessory hemiazygos v.
Azygos v. Posterior intercostal vv.
T8
T9
Hemiazygos v.
T12
R. ascending Subcostal v.
lumbar v.
Rib 12
L. ascending lumbar v.
Lumbar vv.
(a)
Brachiocephalic vv.
L. superior
1 1 intercostal v.
R. superior
2 2
intercostal v.
3 3
Superior vena cava
4 4
5 5
R. posterior 6 6 L. posterior
intercostal vv. 7 7 intercostal vv.
8 8
Accessory hemiazygos v.
9 9
Azygos v. Hemiazygos v.
10 10
11 11
R. subcostal v. L. subcostal v.
Diaphragm
1 Inferior vena cava
Renal vv.
1
2 2
R. lumbar vv. L. lumbar vv.
3 3
4 4
R. ascending L. ascending lumbar v.
lumbar v.
R. iliolumbar v. L. iliolumbar v.
R. common iliac v. L. common iliac v.
(b)
Inferior phrenic a.
Aortic hiatus
Celiac trunk
Superior
Suprarenal Middle
aa.
Inferior
Superior mesenteric a.
Renal a.
Lumbar aa.
Gonadal a.
Inferior mesenteric a.
Common iliac a.
Internal iliac a.
Median sacral a.
Fig. 20.30
Gallbladder
Liver
Spleen
Cystic a. Short
gastric aa.
Hepatic aa.
Hepatic aa. Aorta Celiac trunk
Hepatic a. proper
R.gastric a. L. gastric a.
Gastroduodenal a.
Splenic a.
Superior L. gastro-
pancreaticoduodenal a. omental a.
Pancreatic aa. Left gastric a.
Pancreas
Common hepatic a. Short
Inferior gastric a.
pancreaticoduodenal a. R. gastro-omental a.
Duodenum
Splenic a.
Right gastric a.
Left gastro-
(a) Branches of the celiac trunk Gastroduodenal a.
omental a.
Liver Aorta Right gastro-

Hepatic aa. omental a.
Celiac trunk
Cystic a. Splenic a. (b) Celiac circulation to the stomach
Short gastric aa.

Hepatic a. proper
Common hepatic a.
Gastroduodenal a.
R. gastric a. Spleen
R. gastro-omental a. Stomach L. gastro-omental a.
Superior
pancreaticoduodenal a. L. gastric a.
Pancreas
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal a.
Intestines
(c) Blood-flow schematic

Inferior Transverse
pancreaticoduodenal a. colon
Transverse colon
Aorta
Jejunum
Middle
Descending
colic a.
colon
Superior
mesenteric a. Aorta
Inferior
R. colic a. mesenteric a.
Left colic a.
Ileocolic a.
Jejunal aa.
Sigmoid aa.
Ascending
colon Superior
rectal a.
Ileal aa.
Sigmoid colon
Cecum
Rectum
Ileum
Appendix
(a) Distribution of superior mesenteric artery (b) Distribution of inferior mesenteric artery
Fig. 20.32
Diaphragm Inferior phrenic v.
Hepatic vv.
Inferior
vena cava
L. suprarenal v.
R. suprarenal v.
Lumbar v.1
L. renal v.
R. renal v.
Lumbar vv. 1–4

Lumbar vv. 2–4
L. ascending
R. ascending lumbar v. lumbar v.
Iliolumbar v. Common iliac v.
R. gonadal v. L. gonadal v.
Median sacral v. Internal iliac v.
External iliac v.
Fig. 20.33
Hepatic vv.
Liver Gastric vv.
Cystic v. Spleen
Hepatic Splenic v.
portal v.
R. gastro-
omental v.
Gallbladder
Inferior Inferior
vena cava mesenteric v.
Superior
mesenteric v.
Colon
Ileum
Rectum
(a) Tributaries of the hepatic portal system
Inferior vena
cava
Hepatic v.
Liver
Hepatic
sinusoids
L. Gastric v.
R. Gastric v.
Gallbladder
Pancreatic vv.
Cystic v.
Splenic v.
Hepatic
portal v.
Spleen
Superior
mesenteric v.
Pancreas
L. gastro-
R. gastro-
omental v.
omental v.
Inferior
mesenteric v.
(b) Blood-flow schematic
Fig. 20.35
Common carotid a.
Subclavian a.
Axillary a.
Lateral Medial
Circumflex humeral aa.
Brachial a. Subclavian a.
Deep brachial a. Axillary a.
Circumflex
humeral aa.
Brachial a.
Superior ulnar
collateral a.
Deep brachial a.
Superior
ulnar collateral a.
Radial collateral a.
Radial
collateral a.
Ulnar a.
Interosseous aa.: Radial a.
Common
Posterior Interosseous aa.:
Anterior Common
Posterior
Anterior
Radial a.
Dorsal carpal arch
Ulnar a.
Deep palmar arch
Deep palmar arch
Superficial palmar arch

Superficial palmar
arch
(a) Major arteries (b) Blood-flow schematic

Fig. 20.36
Jugular vv.
External
Internal
Brachiocephalic vv.
Subclavian v.
Superior vena cava
Axillary v. Lateral Medial
Internal jugular v.
Cephalic v. Subclavian v. Brachiocephalic v.
Superior vena cava

Basilic v.
Axillary v.
Brachial vv. Basilic v.

Cephalic v.
Brachial vv.
Median cubital v.
Median cubital v.
Median
antebrachial v.
Radial vv.
Radial vv. Ulnar vv.
Ulnar vv.
Cephalic v.
Median antebrachial v.
Basilicv.
Superficial palmar
venous network
(not shown in part a)
Deep venous palmar arch Dorsal venous

Superficial venous palmar arch network
Dorsal venous network
Venous palmar
arches
Superficial veins
Deep veins
(a) Major veins (b) Blood-flow schematic

Lateral Medial Medial Lateral
Aorta
Common iliac a.
Internal iliac a.
External iliac a.
Inguinal ligament
Obturator a.
Circumflex Circumflex
femoral aa. femoral aa.
Femoral a.
Descending Deep femoral a. Descending

branch of branch of
lateral lateral
circumflex Adductor hiatus circumflex
femoral a. femoral a.
Genicular Genicular
aa. Popliteal a. aa.
Anterior
tibial a.
Fibular a.
Posterior
tibial a.
Anterior Fibular a.
tibial a.
Dorsal
pedal a.
Medial
Lateral
tarsal a.
plantar a.
Lateral Medial
tarsal a. plantar a.
Arcuate a. Deep plantar
arch
(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

Lateral Medial Medial Lateral
Inferior vena cava
Common iliac v.
Internal iliac v.
External iliac v.
Circumflex Circumflex
femoral vv. femoral vv.
Deep femoral v.
Femoral v.
Great saphenous v.
Popliteal v.
Anterior tibial v.
Small Small
saphenous v. Saphenous v.
Superficial veins
Deep veins Fibular vv.
Anterior
tibial vv. Posterior tibial
vv.
Dorsal Medial plantar v.

venous arch Lateral plantar v.
Deep plantar
venous arch
(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

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Unit Va – Circulatory

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Buffy coat: leukocytes

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hemopoietic Colony-forming Precursor Mature

Erythrocyte CFU Erythroblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

8 Remaining transferrin is distributed 1 Mixture of Fe2+ and

7 Fe2+ binds to Fe3+

5 In blood plasma, Transferrin 4 Gastroferritin transports

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a) First pregnancy (b) Between pregnancies (c) Second pregnancy

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hemopoietic Colony-forming Precursor Mature

Eosinophilic Eosinophilic Eosinophilic Eosinophilic Eosinophil

Basophilic Basophilic Basophilic Basophilic Basophil

Neutrophilic Neutrophilic Neutrophilic Neutrophilic

Monocytic Monoblast Promonocyte Monocyte

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a) Vascular spasm (b) Platelet plug formation (c) Coagulation

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Tunica externa Tunica media

Medium vein Inferior

Tunica media Tunica media

Tunica externa Tunica externa

Carotid body Internal carotid artery

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(a) Simplest pathway

(b) Portal system

(d) Venous (e) Arterial

Systemic blood pressure (mm Hg) 120

100 Systolic pressure

Increasing distance from left ventricle

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(a) Resting (b) Exercise

Arterial end Forces (mm Hg) Venous end

13 out Net filtration or reabsorption pressure 7 in

(a) Contracted skeletal muscles (b) Relaxed skeletal muscles

Left pulmonary artery

Inferior lobar Pulmonary trunk

Axillary a. Aortic arch

Aorta Inferior mesenteric a.

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Anterior tibial vv.

Dorsal venous arch Plantar venous arch

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Cerebral arterial circle:

(a) Inferior view

External Superior thyroid v.

Internal Thyroid gland

(c) Superficial veins of the head and neck

Vertebral a. Common carotid aa.

(a) Major arteries

Vertebral a. R. common carotid a.

Internal thoracic a. Pericardiophrenic a.

Subscapular a. Bronchial aa.

Posterior intercostal aa.

Anterior intercostal aa. Esophageal aa.

(b) Blood-flow schematic