ENGLISH PAPERS

The effects of Candlenut particels size on the result of candlenut oil

Kelompok 3 : - Amelia.R
- Budi Darma Maulana

- Iwan Sufiyadi

- M.Rifki Syaputra

- Sahril Adim
 CHAPTERI
INTRODUCTION

The effects of Candlenut particels size on the result of candlenut oil

A. Background

Candlenut is originally from Hawaii. This plant is then spread all over the countries,
including Indonesia. In Indonesia, candlenut can grow fertile and become commodities in domestic
and foreign. The part of this plant known well is the seed, used as the cooking ingredient.
Furthermore, the seed of candlenut contains a large amount of oil, that is 50-60% from the mass
of the seed. Candlenut is use in small scale as hair fertilizer, cosmetic, paint material, and varnish
material. With further research, candlenut oil is expected to be applied in wider scope by people.
However, before reaching that aim, it is necessary to know the method and condition for obtaining
candlenut oil, with maximum amount and good quality. The aim of this research is to figure out
the influence of temperature and size of candlenut seed which can produce maximum yield and
good quality of oil with mechanical pressing method. The benefit of this research is to give inputs
and information about temperature and the size of the seed that influence the oil extraction from
candlenut seed, which can increase the use of candlenut as natural resource and support the other
industries. The method of this research consists of three parts, that is early treatment, preface
experiment, and main experiment. The variation is feed baking temperature (30, 60, 90 oC) and
the size of candlenut seed (whole and powder). The tool used in mechanical pressing is hydraulic
press machine with certain pressure. The experimental design used in this research is factorial
design with two factors to determine the optimum temperature and size of the candlenut seed.

introduction

Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting in the separation of a substance

froma matrix. It includes Liquid-liquid extraction, and Solid phase extraction. The distribution of
a solute between two phases is an equilibrium condition described by partition theory. This is based
on exactly how the analyte move from the water into an organic layer.

Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana), is a plant used as oil and spices. This plant is still allied
with cassava and included in the Euphorbiaceae tribe. In interstate commerce are famous as
candleberry, Indian walnuts, and candlenuts. The tree is called as varnish tree or Kukui nut tree.
The oil extracted from the seed is useful in the industry for as a mixture of cats.
 CHAPTERII
DISCUSSION

Preliminary

The hazelnut plant (Aleurites moluccana Willd) is a plant originating from the
Euphorbiceae family. Pecan originally came from Hawaii then spread to West Polynesia to
Indonesia and Malaysia. In Indonesia itself, candlenuts spread to various cities and can grow well.
The convenience of candlenuts to grow in various places makes kemiri from year to year into
domestic technology and export in Indonesia. The pecan button is exported to Singapore,
Hongkong and Europe. Among the Hawaiian community, pecan is known as pecan because it
functions as illumination. The use of candlenuts is very diverse. Part of hazelnut can be used for
human use. Wood stem as a material of pulp and stem matches, the leaves can be used as traditional
medicine, seeds as a spice cook, whileseed shell for mosquito coils and charcoal. Oil content in
candlenut seeds is high, ie 55 - 66% of the seed weight. The main constituent component of the
hazelnut oil is unsaturated fatty acids, but also produces fatty acids with a relatively small
percentage. The hazelnut oil contained in the seeds also has many benefits, including paint,
varnish, soap, medicine, cosmetics, and fuel. Unfortunately, the use of candlenuts in Indonesia is
still limited to traditional uses such as cooking spices and traditional medicine. Utilization is still
done limited if necessary only and rarely commercially produced. This research covers about how
to buy hazelnut oil with excellent quality by using mechanics.

Theoretical basis

Pecan grows naturally in mixed forest and teak forests at an altitude of 150-1000 m above
sea level and plant height can reach 40 m. The hazelnut does not demand so much growing
requirements, because it can grow in limestone, sandy soil and other types of soils. The hazelnut
is now widespread in tropical regions. The height of this plant reaches about 15-25 meters. The
leaves are pale green. The bean has a diameter of about 4-6 cm. The seeds contained within it have
a very hard protective layer and contain a considerable amount of oil, which allows it to be used
as a candle.
The mechanical stress method is the oldest method of taking oil. This method is also
called full pressing. In this process, the oil is taken by squeezing from a solid called cake. This
process is usually done after the material is pre-treated with cooking or drying in order to increase
oil recovery. Generally, seeds containing more than 30% of oils require an emphasis on oil
retention, either pressing or pressing prior to extraction. If only the emphasis is placed without
extraction, then the emphasis process is done so that all oil is taken up to the maximum. However,
the emphasis prior to the extraction process is to take some of the oils that are easily picked up in
the pressing process, and then the remaining oil is extracted using solvent. Mechanical suppression
can be performed at high temperatures or low temperatures. Emphasis on high temperatures has a
higher efficiency but will result in poor quality oil because there is the possibility of degraded or
damaged oil. While the emphasis on low temperatures has lower efficiency but can produce better
quality oil because the risk of oil degradation is smaller at low temperatures.
Research methodology

Research methods undertaken in this study consist of preliminary research and main
research. In the preliminary study conducted experiments to determine the time of peanut seeds to
obtain the maximum extracted oil. The roasting time that produces the best oil is used in the main
research. In the main experiment, there was an experiment of suppressing the seeds of candlenut
in various variations of temperature and size of pecan seed (whole and powder - 10 + 20 mesh).
Steps in the suppression of hazelnut seeds are very important to note in order to produce maximum
oil, therefore the preliminary treatment on the pecan seeds need to be done to ensure the quality of
the seeds of candlenut to be suppressed is a good candle nut. The suppression of hazelnut seeds is
mechanical, ie by applying a fixed pressure which has been determined on the piston (100 kg /
cm2). The shredded grain of candlenut is put into the press tool, and the left hazelnut oil is collected
at the bottom of the tool. After the emphasis is successfully done, the oil that has been obtained
still contains the remnants of candlenut and also contains impurities. Thus, separation is done so
that the candlenut oil obtained is clean from the remaining seeds of pecan and impurities. The
separation of pecan oil is done by centrifugation. The pressed oil is then analyzed. Materials
research. Materials required in this study include selected and dried hazelnuts and ingredients for
oil candlenut analysis. Research tool. The tools used in this study include a pressing machine
(hydraulic press).

Results and Discussion

Preliminary experiments. Preliminary experiment in this research is to determine the time

of baking of candle hazel is effective, so get maximum result. The size of roasted candle nuts is
whole candlenut and done at 90⁰C. The number of pecan seeds used for each trial run run of 100
grams. The emphasis on each run is made constant for 10 minutes every 1 time of walnut seed
presses. Figure 3 is a graph of the yield of hazelnut oil in a preliminary experiment.
Figure 3 Roasting Time of Candlenut Oil Volume From the graph above, it is known that the
maximum yield of 25 mL candlenut oil is obtained when the roasting time is 90 minutes.
Rendemen Analysis. From figure 4, it can be seen that the maximum rendement yield is obtained
when the size of the powder and hazelnut are at 90 ° C. Figure 4 shows the tendency of recovery
of oil yields of candlenut to increase as temperature increases. This is due to the higher the
temperature, the viscosity of the oil will decrease so that the oil is more easily out of the grain
cells. In terms of size, the size of the powder -10 + 20 mesh gives more results than whole-grain
candlenuts. This is because the cell wall of pecan seeds will be more easily broken, warming and
more evenly pressed for the size of the powder.
Based on two factor factorial experimental design with 95% confidence level it can be
seen that temperature and size variables have no effect on yield of seed oil of candlenut. In
addition, there is no interaction between size and temperature variables.
Yield Analysis. The effect of size and temperature on yield yield can be seen in Figure 5 below.

it can be seen that the maximum yield gain is obtained when the size of the powdered
candlenut and at a temperature of 90⁰C. The graph above shows the tendency of data that the yield
of whole-hazelnut and powdered oil yields increases with increasing temperature. This is because
the higher the temperature, the water on the surface of the seed will evaporate and the viscosity of
the oil will decrease so that the oil is more easily out of the grain cells. In terms of size, the powder
size of -10 + 20 mesh gives more yield than the seed.

Analysis of yield varian varieties of candlenut oilVariation

Kuadrat
Jumlah rata- Fo Fo

Variasi Kuadrat DOF rata Hitung tabel Keterangan

SSu = MSu = Tidak

Ukuran 156,14 1 156,14 0,42 < 5,99 berpengaruh

SST = MST = Tidak

Temper
atur 247,39 2 123,69 0,33 < 5,14 berpengaruh

SSUT = MSUT = Tidak ada

Interaks
i 17,543 2 8,77 0,02 < 5,14 interaksi

SSE = MSE =
Error 2237,1 6 372,86
SS
Total
=
Total 2658,2 5

Based on two factor factorial experimental design with 95% confidence level it can be
seen that temperature and size variables do not affect yield yield of candlenut oil. In addition, there
is no interaction between size and temperature variables.
Type Mass Analysis. The value of the density of the gained does not differ much from the literature
mass value (Ketaren, 1986).

Analysis of Iodine Numbers. The iodine number is expressed as the number of grams of
iod absorbed by 100 grams of oil or fat. The value of the iodine number obtained from the
experiment did not vary much with the value of the iodine number of literature (Ketaren, 1986).
The effect of size and temperature on the iodine oil of candlenut oil can be seen more clearly in
Figure 11 below.

Numbers of Candlenut Oil Analysis of Peroxide Numbers. Peroxide number is the most
important value to determine the degree of damage to oil. Unsaturated fatty acids can bind oxygen
to their double bonds to form peroxides. Peroxide numbers can be determined by iodometric
method (Ketaren, 1986).

The effect of size and temperature on the peroxide number of seed oil of candlenut can
be seen more clearly in Figure 12 below.Figure 12 Peroxide Numbers of Candlenut Oil The graph
above shows that peroxide numbers of whole-hazelnut oil and powder have no data tendency as
temperature increases. However, from the average of the results obtained, the lowest peroxide
values were obtained at 90 ° C. This is due to rising temperatures, the water content in oil is getting
smaller F04-6so that oil is difficult to oxidize then the value of peroxide number is getting smaller.
Small peroxide numbers indicate difficult or damaged or rancid oil. In terms of size, uneven
warming of intact size causes higher water content so that the oil is oxidized and produces high
peroxide numbers. In addition, it may be during the storage period of the whole-grain hazelnut oil
and the 30⁰C temperature absorbs water which causes the oil to become oxidized. Two factor
factorial experimental design was made to know which variables had an effect on peroxide number
of candlenut oil.
 CHAPTERIII
CLOSING

Conclusion

The conclusions that can be drawn from this research are:

1. The optimum candy roasting time for emphasis is 90 minutes.
2. Type mass, refractive index, saponification number and iodine number of seed oil of candlenut
are in normal range of candlenut oil.
3. In all nutrient oil analysis results there is no interaction between size and temperature variables.
4. The optimum condition is yield of 21.4% and highest yield of 33.38%, the lowest acid and
peroxide number, ie 0.95175 g / g and 6 g / g under operating conditions of powder size and
temperature 90 ° C.
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