Wheel alignment

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Wheel alignment of a Ford Focus.

Wheel alignment, sometimes referred to as breaking or tracking, is part of

standard automobile maintenance that consists of adjusting the angles of wheels to the car
manufacturer specifications. The purpose of these adjustments is to reduce tire wear, and to ensure
that vehicle travel is straight and true (without "pulling" to one side).[1] Alignment angles can also be
altered beyond the maker's specifications to obtain a specific handling characteristic. Motorsport
and off-road applications may call for angles to be adjusted well beyond "normal", for a variety of
reasons.

An increasing number of modern vehicles have advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) such as
electronic stability control, anti-lock brakes, lane departure warning, adaptive cruise control and
traction control. These systems can be affected by mechanical alignment adjustments. This has led
many manufacturers to require electronic resets for these systems after a mechanical alignment is
performed.[2]

Contents

 1Primary angles

 2Secondary angles

 3Measurement

 4See also

 5References

Primary angles[edit]

The primary angles are the basic angle alignment of the wheels relative to each other and to the car
body. These adjustments are the camber, caster and toe.[1] On some cars, not all of these can be
adjusted on every wheel.

These three parameters can be further categorized into front and rear (with no caster on the rear,
typically not being steered wheels). In summary, the parameters are:

 Front: Caster (left & right)

 Front: Camber (left & right)

 Front: Toe (left, right & total)

 Rear: Camber (left & right)

 Rear: Toe (left, right & total)

Secondary angles[edit]

The secondary angles include numerous other adjustments, such as:

 SAI (Steering Axis Inclination) (left & right)

 Included angle (left & right)

  Toe out on turns (left & right)

 Maximum Turns (left & right)

 Toe curve change (left & right)

 Track width difference

 Wheelbase difference

 Front ride height (left & right)

 Rear ride height (left & right)

 Frame angle

 Setback (front & rear)

Setback is the difference between right side and left side wheelbase length. It can also be measured
as an angle. Setback less than the manufacturer specified tolerance (for example about 6mm) does
not affect car handling. That's because, when the vehicle is turning, one wheel is ahead of the other
by several centimetres and therefore the setback is negligible. There are even some car models with
different factory setting for right and left side wheelbase length, for various design reasons. An off-
spec setback may occur because of a collision or a difference between right and left caster.[1]

Measurement[edit]

A camera unit (sometimes called a "head") is attached to a specially designed clamp which holds on
to a wheel. There are usually four camera units in a wheel alignment system (a camera unit for each
wheel). The camera units communicate their physical positioning with respect to other camera units
to a central computer which calculates and displays. [2]

Often with alignment equipment, these "heads" can be a large precision reflector. In this case, the
alignment "tower" contains the cameras as well as arrays of LEDs. This system flashes one array of
LEDs for each reflector whilst a camera centrally located in the LED array "looks for" an image of the
reflectors patterned face. These cameras perform the same function as the other style of alignment
equipment, yet alleviate numerous issues prone to relocating a heavy precision camera assembly on
each vehicle serviced. [2]

See also