ZYRILLE CORRINE O.
GIRON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
1. WRIGHT BROTHERS
Wilbur and Orville Wright were American
inventors and pioneers of aviation.
1903 - First powered, sustained and
controlled airplane flight
1905 - Built and flew the first fully practical
airplane.
MAIN CONTRIBUTION: they were the
first to ever have a successful man controlled
flight.
2. CURIE
Pierre and Marie Curie are best known for
their pioneering work in the study of
radioactivity. They receive the Nobel Prize
in 1903 for their research with radium.
MAIN CONTRIBUTION: discovery of the
elements radium and polonium. (1898)
3. TESLA
Nikola Tesla was a Serbian-American
engineer and inventor who is highly regarded
in energy history for his development of
alternating current (AC) electrical
systems.
Tesla made public the first successful
wireless energy transfer to power electronic
devices in 1891.
The earliest demonstration of fluorescent
lighting was also his accomplishment.
MAIN CONTRIBUTION: use of
alternating current (AC).
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4. DA VINCI
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) made far-
reaching contributions to many areas of
science, technology and art.
Leonardo's pioneering research into the brain
led him to discoveries in neuroanatomy
(such as those of the frontal sinus and
meningeal vessels) and neurophysiology (he
was the first to pith a frog).
His injection of hot wax into the brain of an
ox provided a cast of the ventricles, and
represents the first known use of a
solidifying medium to define the shape and
size of an internal body structure.
Leonardo developed an original, mechanistic
model of sensory physiology.
Leonardo's most famous drawing, the
Vitruvian Man, is a study of the
proportions of the human body, linking art
and science in a single work that has come to
represent Renaissance Humanism.
Leonardo was a master of mechanical
principles.
INVENTIONS AND PROJECTS:
- A Machine for Grinding Convex Lenses
- Bridging and Hydraulics: Various
Hydraulic Machines
- War Machines: An Arsenal, and Proposed
Vehicle
- Flight: Flight of a Bird
- Musical Instrument: viola organista, the
first bowed keyboard instrument
- A parabolic compass.
ZYRILLE CORRINE O. GIRON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY

- An "aerial screw", suggestive of a 7. ARISTOTLE

helicopter.
Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient
- Cannons. Greek philosophy, making contributions to
logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics,
- Walking on water.
biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture,
medicine, dance and theatre.

5. GUTTENBERG He was a student of Plato who in turn

studied under Socrates. He was more
Johannes Gutenberg was a German
empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates
blacksmith known for inventing the
and is famous for rejecting Plato's theory of
mechanical movable type printing press.
forms.
The 42-line 'Gutenberg Bible', printed
Aristotle was the first to classify areas of
around 1455, was Gutenberg's most well-
human knowledge into distinct disciplines
known printed item. It is considered by
such as mathematics, biology, and ethics.
many to be the first 'modern' printed book.
He was the first to develop a formalized
MAIN CONTRIBUTION: Printing Press
system for reasoning.
Aristotle famously rejected Plato’s theory
6. NEWTON of forms, which states that properties such as
beauty are abstract universal entities that
Sir Isaac Newton is best known for his work
exist independent of the objects themselves.
on gravity, but he worked on and discovered
Instead, he argued that forms are intrinsic to
many other scientific wonders during his
the objects and cannot exist apart from
lifetime (1642-1727).
them, and so must be studied in relation to
Other Contributions: them.

Newton developed the three laws of motion Aristotle was the founder of the Lyceum, a
which form the basic principles of modern school of learning based in Athens, Greece.
physics.
TOP 10 CONTRIBUTIONS:
His discovery of calculus led the way to
1. Invented the logic of the categorical
more powerful methods of solving
syllogism
mathematical problems.
2. Classification of living beings
His work in optics included the study of
white light and the discovery of the color 3. Founder of zoology
spectrum. It was his experiments with light
4. Contributions in physics
that first made him famous.
5. Influences in history of psychology
6. Advances in meteorology

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7. Ethics
8. Aristotelianism
9. Politics
10. Poetics
8. EINSTEIN
Albert Einstein was a German-born
physicist who developed the general theory
of relativity. He is considered one of the
most influential physicists of the 20th
century.
Inventions list, theories, and findings that
highlight some of his key contributions:
1. Quantum Theory of Light
Einstein’s quantum theory of light proposed
that light is composed of small packets of
energy called photons that have wave-like
properties. In this theory he also explained
the emission of electrons from some metals
they’re struck by lightning – this was called
the photoelectric effect.
2. E=mc2
He demonstrated the link between mass and
energy that led to the nuclear energy today.
3. Brownian Movement
This could by far be the best Albert Einstein
discoveries, where his observation of the
zigzag movement particles in suspension,
helped to prove the existence of atoms and
molecules. And we all know how
fundamental this discovery is to almost every
branch of science today.
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
4. Special Theory of Relativity
This Einstein theory helped to explain that
time and motion are relative to their
observers, as long as the speed of light
remains constant and natural laws are the
same throughout the universe.
5. General Theory of Relativity
Einstein proposed that gravity is a curved
field in the space-time continuum created by
the existence of mass.
6. Manhattan Project
Albert Einstein created the Manhattan
Project, a research supported by the U.S. that
led to the development of the atomic bomb in
1945.
7. Einstein’s Refrigerator
This may be one of the least known
inventions that Einstein is famous for today.
Einstein developed a refrigerator design that
used ammonia, water, and butane, and
required almost no energy to work.
8. Sky is Blue
Though this seems to be a simple
explanation, however, Einstein help put this
argument to rest.
9. GALEN
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus often
anglicized as Galen and better known as
Galen of Pergamon, arguably the most
accomplished of all medical researchers of
antiquity, influenced the development of
various scientific disciplines, including
anatomy, physiology,
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pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as
well as philosophy and logic.
Galen was a master of medical philosophy,
and considered the study of philosophy to be
essential to a physician's training.
Galen's chief contributions to the theory of
Greek Medicine were his theories of the
three varieties of pneuma, or vital energy,
and the Four Faculties of the organism. He
also developed and expanded the humoral
physiology and pathology of Hippocrates.
In pharmacology, Galen developed a system
of Galenic degrees, which enabled
physicians and pharmacists to gauge more
precisely the effects of a medicinal substance.
Galen's most famous medicinal formula
was Theriac, an herbal jam or electuary with
some 64 different ingredients that was a
virtual panacea or cure-all for many diseases,
and an antidote to many poisons.
MAIN CONTRIBUTION: Greek Medicine
10. PASTEUR
Louis Pasteur is regarded as one of the
greatest saviors of humanity, and was
responsible of the discovery of
pasteurization.
Pasteur's scientific and medical
accomplishments include cure for rabies,
anthrax, chicken cholera, and silkworm
diseases.
He also contributed towards developing the
first vaccines and provided logical grounds
for fermentation and brewing.
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
1847 to 1862 (Pasteur As a Physicist and a
Chemist)
Crystallography
Louis Pasteur launched his remarkable
scientific career as a chemist studying
organic crystals.
Alcoholic Fermentation
He discovered that under polarized light,
inactive substance became active due to
fermentation. Based on his experiments, he
associated fermentation with life which led
him from studying molecular asymmetry to
contagious diseases through fermentation.
1862 to 1877 (Pasteur as a Biologist)
Spontaneous Generation
In his paper in 1862, he explained that
airborne dust carried the germs of yeasts and
microorganisms present during the
fermentation process. And even the most
perishable liquids could be preserved if they
were kept away from these germs. Through
different innovative yet simple experiments
involving grapes, fermentable solutions and
swan-neck flask he clinched the spontaneous
generation argument.
Pasteurization: (Wine & Beer Diseases)
His pasteurization process concluded that all
fermentable liquid could be prevented
from a spoiling with a special heating
treatment. This method was particularly
implemented to save wines and beers from
diseases by heating at 55ºC.
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Silk Worm Diseases
His study of silkworm diseases laid
foundation for prophylaxis rules and
provided solution for hereditary and
contagious problems, and also inspired him
to discover germs theory.
1877 to 1887 (Pasteur as a Microbiologist)
Germ Theory of Disease
With his analysis and treatment methods for
infectious diseases, Pasteur established the
immunology branch of science.
Rabies
Development of vaccine against rabies or
hydrophobia was the last and the most
famous success in the long career of Pasteur's
research.
11. PTOLEMY
Claudius Ptolemaeus, (born c. 100 CE—
died c. 170 CE), an Egyptian astronomer,
mathematician, and geographer of Greek
descent who flourished in Alexandria during
the 2nd century.
The earliest, and perhaps most important of
Ptolemy's work that has survived is the
Almagest, a treatise in 13 books. It gives in
detail the mathematical theory of the
motions of the Sun, Moon, and planets.
Ptolemy used geometric models to predict
the positions of the sun, moon, and planets,
using combinations of circular motion
known as epicycles.
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
Ptolemy published a major work Geography,
written in 8 books, which attempts to map the
known world giving coordinates of the
major places in terms of latitude and
longitude.
His writings represent the culminating
achievement of Greco-Roman science,
particularly his geocentric (Earth-centered)
model of the universe now known as the
Ptolemaic system.
His first major astronomical work, the
Almagest, was completed about 150 CE and
contains reports of astronomical observations
that Ptolemy had made over the preceding
quarter of a century.
12. KEPLER
Johannes Kepler, German astronomer who
discovered three major laws of planetary
motion, conventionally designated as
follows:
(1) The planets move in elliptical orbits with
the Sun at one focus;
(2) The time necessary to traverse any arc of
a planetary orbit is proportional to the area of
the sector between the central body and that
arc (the “area law”)
(3) There is an exact relationship between the
squares of the planets’ periodic times and the
cubes of the radii of their orbits (the
“harmonic law”).
10 MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS:
1. He was the first to publish a defense of the
heliocentric model of Copernicus.
ZYRILLE CORRINE O. GIRON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY

2. He discovered that a planet moved at He is known for his formulation of a

different speeds according to its distance hydrostatic principle (known as
from the sun. Archimedes’ principle) and a device for
raising water, still used in developing
3. Johannes Kepler discovered that planets
countries, known as the Archimedes screw.
move in elliptical orbits around the sun.
In antiquity Archimedes was also known as
4. His work Astronomia nova is considered
an outstanding astronomer: his
one of the most important books in
observations of solstices were used by
astronomy.
Hipparchus (flourished c. 140 BCE), the
5. He discovered his third law of planetary foremost ancient astronomer.
motion while writing Harmonices Mundi.

6. His book Epitome became a highly

influential work in astronomy.
7. He laid the foundation of modern optics.

8. Kepler was the first to correctly explain

the working of a human eye.
9. He invented the Keplerian telescope, an
improved refracting telescope.

10. Johannes Kepler was a key figure of the

scientific revolution.

13. ARCHIMEDES
Archimedes of Syracuse, the greatest
mathematician of antiquity, made his greatest
contributions in geometry. His methods
anticipated the integral calculus 2,000 years
before Newton and Leibniz.

His famous work is Measurement of the

Circle, in which he determined the exact
value of pi.

Archimedes is especially important for his

discovery of the relation between the
surface and volume of a sphere and its
circumscribing cylinder.