Eight Days That Made Rome Part 1 Hannibals Last Stand 720p HDTV x264 AAC

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Ancient Rome, one of the greatest
superpowers in history
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whose far-reaching legacy continues
to shape our lives.
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For close on 1000 years, the Romans
dominated the known world.
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Theirs was an extraordinary empire
that heralded an age
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of unprecedented prosperity
and stability,
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but that also ruled through violence
and oppression.
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Rome's rise to greatness
wasn't inevitable.
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It's epic history was often decided
by single, critical moments.
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In this series, I'm exploring eight
key days that I believe help to
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explain Rome's remarkable success.
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To understand the full significance
of these eight days,
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I'm travelling across the
Roman world...
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I am incredibly lucky to get access
to this archaeological site.
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Examining remarkable finds...
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When you dig up something like this,
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how does it make you feel about the
Romans who were here at the time?
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We think it's a kind of genocide.
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..And investigating the complexities
of what it was to be Roman.
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This is the day when a Roman
general, Publius Cornelius Scipio,
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went head-to-head with the legendary
Hannibal and the mighty empire of
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Carthage in a battle that would
determine if Rome
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really had the muscle to
rule the ancient world.
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Forwards!
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On the 19th of October, 202 BC,
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the future of two great
civilisations was decided
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in the unforgiving deserts of
north Africa,
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at a place called Zama.
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For me, this was a momentous day in
the story of the ancient world.
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A winner-takes-all confrontation
between the majesty of Carthage
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and the upstart, that was Rome.
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Now, 500 years before this
titanic battle,
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Rome had been pretty much like any
other small-time Mediterranean
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settlement, in this case,
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a bunch of wooden houses around the
River Tiber surrounded by these
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protecting hills.
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But there seem to be something
special in the Roman DNA,
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something that drove her to the top
of the pile.
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A relentless ambition,
a delight in battle,
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that propelled Rome to the day she
would confront
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Hannibal's Carthaginian
army at Zama.
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And the Romans told themselves this
warrior ethos was there
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right at the city's birth.
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Rome's founders, Romulus and Remus
were, all good Romans believed,
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the actual sons of Mars,
the God of war.
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And it was said that when Romulus
infamously murdered his own brother
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to rule alone, the character of Rome
was set.
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Driven, bloody, ruthless
from day one.
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Even by ancient standards,
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the Romans fetishised violence and
aggression and ambition.
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It seems that this little state
had a hard,
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flinty determination to make their
mark on the world.
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2,5000 years ago, Rome occupied a
fraction of today's modern city.
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Just four tightly
packed square miles
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with a population of around 60,000.
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But Rome was in a prime location,
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the River Tiber offering access to
the possibilities
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of the wider world.
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The city was built as a
republic, a res publica,
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somewhere that people came together
to engage, literally,
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in public things.
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It was a super smart
political philosophy
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where every Roman was assured that
the state has their interests
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at heart, that we're all in
this together.
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So, every Roman citizen had a vested
interest to ensure that Rome
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didn't just survive, but thrived.
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In the sixth century BC, Rome spread
into central Italy,
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the lands of Latium, where Latin was
a common language.
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This city of Gabii, 11 miles
to the east,
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was one of the first to be absorbed
into the Roman project.
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Here, at the site of ancient Gabii,
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new excavations are revealing
exactly how Rome
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assimilated her neighbours.
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Turning outsiders, them, into Roman
allies, us,
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with threats of violence, but also
promises of protection
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and prosperity.
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Nicola Terrenato is director of
this remarkable project.
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Digging here, what does it tell you
about the relationship of a town
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and Gabii with Rome?
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This is a city that is
closest to Rome,
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and so this is where Rome is
testing its mettle.
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And we see, right after the alliance
with Rome starts,
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that all sorts of good
things happen.
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Great temples being built, elite
houses become bigger, more lavish,
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fabulous roads being laid.
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We're standing right on top of a
sequence of roads
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connecting the people of Gabii with
Rome, roads that the Roman army
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is going to protect, so that makes
it very easy to travel.
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There is a very strong Roman
strategy, isn't there,
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to come to towns like this and offer
protection in return for men
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who will then fight for Rome.
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Absolutely. It's a cheap
way of expanding.
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But they also have the ability
to be ruthless.
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When the city is opposing Roman
expansion, they will attack,
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they will siege, they will pillage,
and in exceptional instances,
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they will eliminate the city, so it
is a carrot and stick approach.
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I tell you what is brilliant about
being here,
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is that you can almost smell
Rome's determination.
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This is Rome learning how to do what
it will then do across the whole
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Mediterranean. This is
the laboratory,
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and they will repeat this with
hundreds of other urban communities
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throughout the Mediterranean,
but they start here.
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250 years after Gabii's takeover,
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most of Italy had fallen under
Roman control.
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This was a vast protection racket in
all but name.
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Now, the only thing standing in the
way of Rome's insatiable ambition
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was Carthage.
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Carthage had what Rome wanted,
a glorious Empire.
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With trading networks and colonies
stretching from Lebanon
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in the east to Spain in the west,
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it was the sophisticated superpower
of the Mediterranean.
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These two powers were about to come
head-to-head.
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Carthage, the dominant force in the
ancient world versus Rome,
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the new kid on the block.
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The fields of Europe and North
Africa were to be
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giant battlegrounds, with one man
emerging to block
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Rome's overweening ambition.
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His name was Hannibal Barca,
the legendary Carthaginian general.
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And he threatened to be
Rome's nemesis.
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In 218 BC, Hannibal launched one of
the most famous and daring military
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manoeuvres in history.
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At the head of a huge
multiethnic army,
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he marched from Spain with 38 war
elephants across the frozen Alps
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and into Italy.
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Pushing south, Hannibal won
victory after victory.
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Rome was facing disaster.
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Mike Loads is an expert in
ancient warfare.
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What an exceptional man Hannibal
must have been.
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Hannibal is such a legend because he
was both a strategic genius
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and a tactical genius.
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He led a polyglot army.
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He had Numidians from North Africa,
he had his Liby-Phoenician
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from North Africa, he had Iberian
troops from his Spanish campaigns,
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and he supposedly spoke to all these
people in their own languages.
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He was a soldier's general.
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What greater testament could there
be to his character?
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These men willingly followed him on
this great and dangerous adventure.
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Rome was in a desperate fight
against Hannibal
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and his armies as they rampaged
through the Italian homeland.
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Eventually, in August 216 BC, at
Cannae in southern Italy,
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a huge Roman army was assembled.
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The largest force ever put
in the field.
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It was 80,000 strong, twice the
size of Hannibal's,
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and the Roman generals were
confident of victory.
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But what happened next
would become known
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as one of Rome's darkest hours.
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More than 40,000 men,
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over half of Rome's fighting force,
were massacred.
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Hannibal's victory at Cannae stands
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as one of the most memorable
military feats of all time.
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A sight to behold, general.
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But, according to one of Rome's most
celebrated historians, Livy,
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from the shameful bloodbath of
Cannae emerged a true Roman hero,
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Publius Cornelius Scipio.
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This was the man who would confront
Hannibal at Zama,
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and show the world by Rome was
the exception.
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Born to rule.
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216 BC, immediately after Rome's
crushing defeat
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at the hands of Hannibal.
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The Roman historian Livy records
that the young army officer, Scipio,
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was on the run in enemy territory
with a fellow soldier.
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Now, after the slaughter at Cannae,
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Scipio's companion was one of many
ready to desert the Roman army.
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I'm done hiding in ditches.
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I'm heading to the coast.
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Are you with me?
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I swear that I will never
desert Rome.
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If I break my vow,
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may Jupiter himself bring to me a
shameful death.
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Now you!
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Take the sword from my throat and
I'll swear it.
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Swear it!
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I swear never to desert Rome.
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If I break my oath...
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May Jupiter bring me to a
shameful death.
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Scipio's refusal to abandon Rome at
this critical time...
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Rome's this way.
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..would become part of
Roman folklore.
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In a war that was going badly,
Scipio's bravado stood out.
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In fact, he was made to embody all
the qualities
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that the Romans valued.
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In particular, virtus.
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And now, virtus comes from the word
vir, which means man,
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and if you possessed virtus,
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then you were brave and strong on
behalf of Rome and in return,
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that bestowed on you gloria
and dignitas,
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a kind of glorious fame and a
dignified reputation.
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These qualities would mark Scipio
out as a textbook Roman hero.
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But immediately after the
defeat at Cannae,
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ideas of glory seemed a
long way off.
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When news of the slaughter finally
arrived in Rome,
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one emotion swept through the
city, fear.
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Hannibal could arrive at the gates
at any moment.
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Panic was threatening to take hold
of the city.
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Almost every household had
lost someone,
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and the sound of wailing mourners
filled the streets.
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The politicians had to get a grip on
the situation.
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At the time of Cannae, the Roman
Senate was in charge of the
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administration of the city,
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and they called an emergency meeting
in a building
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that is now buried right
underneath this church.
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At a loss as to what to do,
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the Senate sought out the guidance
of an establishment figure
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from one of Rome's most
distinguished families.
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Quintus Fabius Maximus was an elder
statesman and celebrated general,
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who'd advised against fighting
Hannibal at Cannae.
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Senator...
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He now took control of the city.
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One of Fabius Maximus's first
actions was to ban female mourners
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from the streets in an effort to
restore calm.
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In effect, weeping was outlawed,
but that wasn't enough.
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The Roman historian Livy tells us
what happens next,
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and it is an extraordinary, and for
us, appalling measure.
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A priestess, known as a
vestal virgin,
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was accused of having had sex,
breaking her vow of chastity.
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Fabius Maximus declared that she had
angered the gods,
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who punished Rome with the
devastating defeat at Cannae.
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To appease the gods, he ordered that
the vestal virgin be condemned
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to a horrific fate...
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..human sacrifice.
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Any news of your son?
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No, senator.
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May the gods in their majesty
let him be living.
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Is this spectacle really necessary?
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Rome is nothing without the favour
of the gods.
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If this whore and others like her
had not desecrated their office,
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perhaps your son would be at
your side today.
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This was ritual murder carried out
by a people desperate to overcome
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the trauma of defeat.
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When we think about the Romans,
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we shouldn't just imagine men and
women like us dressed in togas.
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This was often a very primitive and
deeply superstitious society.
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There were gods and goddesses and a
demigods and spirits all around.
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It was somewhere both of
extraordinary sophistication
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and also sometimes of
chilling savagery.
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And Rome was also an achingly
macho society,
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where girls were married off from
the age of ten
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with mythic rapes re-enacted as part
of the marriage rituals.
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The Romans hoped that burying a
woman alive would help to purify
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the state, restoring Rome's
confidence and vigour.
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Alexander Evers is an expert on the
culture of ancient Rome.
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Cannae was a huge psychological blow
to the Roman mind,
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and clearly the relationship with
the gods must have been,
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at the time, must have
been disturbed,
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and so the Romans looked for
a scapegoat.
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It was absolutely horrific.
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Gruesome as it may seem to us,
burying someone alive,
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it does work for the Romans.
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It unites everyone.
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It unites them all back together
again behind the common cause,
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which is the war against Hannibal.
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The Romans were rediscovering their
unrelenting drive.
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In the intervening years after the
defeat at Cannae,
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the war with Carthage spread across
the ancient world,
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an intercontinental game of
cat and mouse,
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with bitter fighting on land
and sea.
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While Rome fought a desperate
guerrilla war in Italy,
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preventing Hannibal attacking
the city itself,
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they Roman generals made a
plan to destabilise
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the wider Carthaginian Empire.
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In 210 BC, they launched a
counterattack
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in Carthage's main power
base, Spain.
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For Scipio, this was an opportunity
to rise through the ranks.
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A singular man brave enough to take
on a job
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most considered a death sentence...
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..To lead Rome's forces here
in Spain.
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Scipio was just 25 when he took
command of the Roman armies
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in Spain, and almost immediately he
turned the war in Rome's favour
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by capturing Carthaginian
forces and cities.
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But he did so with a combination of
cunning and downright cruelty
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that would come to be a hallmark
of Roman warfare.
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This is Illiturgis, Andalusia, the
site of a city attacked
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by Scipio in 206 BC.
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There are some remarkable finds here
that are transforming
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our understanding of how the Romans
clawed back control
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at the expense of the Carthaginians.
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A group of Spanish archaeologists,
led by Juan Pedro Belon,
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have just discovered fascinating new
evidence directly linking Scipio
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to an act of mass murder against the
civilian population of Illiturgis.
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And do you have evidence of
conflict here?
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Yes, of course.
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Gosh.
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Illiturgis was once
a flourishing town,
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but the inhabitants made the mistake
of taking the Carthaginian's side
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in the war.
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For Scipio, this betrayal deserved
the ultimate punishment.
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Juan Pedro's team had been
uncovering signs
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of a savage Roman attack.
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So, talk me through what you got on
the table.
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Hobnails from the Roman boots?
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That's really significant, isn't it,
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because the hobnailed boot is a real
emblem of the Romans.
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Yes, and...
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Yes.
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Amazing, and this is a very typical,
horrible, ferocious Roman weapon,
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isn't it?Yes.
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Yeah, because this is from a
ballista bolt isn't it?
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Yes, yes, yes.
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I probably shouldn't ask this, but I
can see that there's a ring there.
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Is there any chance I could try
it on?Yes, try it.Gosh, thank you.
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What is it made of?
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Oh, that's amazing.
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So, this will be the first time that
this has been worn in 2200 years?
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Yes.
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I mean, it is just a little thing,
but it speaks volumes, doesn't it?
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Because it talks about the local
people here who are just suffering
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invasion from foreign armies,
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who are using their territory as a
battle ground.
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So, the population here is
pretty much wiped out, then?Yes.
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The evidence found by Juan Pedro and
his team is compelling.
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At the exact historical moment that
Roman weapons appeared in this
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landscape, nearly all signs of life
in Illiturgis disappear
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from the archaeological record.
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It's sobering to think that Scipio,
one of Rome's greatest heroes,
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was capable of the cold-blooded
massacre of men and women
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who dared to defy Rome.
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Just listen to what the Roman author
Livy wrote about the battle here.
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'No one thought of taking
prisoners alive.
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No one thought of plunder.
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They slaughtered the unarmed and the
armed alike,
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the women besides the men.
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Driven on by a cruel rage, they
butchered at the infants too.'
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'They delighted in destroying all
traces of the city,
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and in blotting out the very memory
of the enemy's home.'
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It's a very powerful bit of writing,
but up until now,
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we haven't been able to verify it.
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The find here, though, tell us that
this was the site of an atrocity.
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Word of the massacre spread
incredibly fast,
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and this actually became one of the
Roman's most powerful tools, fear.
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The message was clear.
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You don't mess with Rome.
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You are either with them,
or against them.
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It's an early form of
state-sponsored terrorism.
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Scipio's bloody victories in Spain
established him
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as Rome's greatest hope for
defeating Hannibal
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and the armies of Carthage.
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Now this ferocious battle for power
was about to reach its climax,
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in a confrontation between the
two generals,
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not in Italy or Spain,
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but on the plains of north Africa.
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206 BC.
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After five years of bloody fighting,
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Scipio had defeated the
Carthaginian forces in Spain,
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securing land and
critical resources,
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including Spanish silver mines,
for his mother city.
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Scipio returned to Rome a hero,
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determined to win the war
against Hannibal, who,
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12 years after crossing the Alps,
was still at large
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in southern Italy.
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Rome's leaders had avoided launching
another large-scale attack against
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Hannibal, terrified of repeating the
mistakes of Cannae.
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Scipio, emboldened by his
victories in Spain,
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now proposed a radical
and daring plan.
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He would draw Hannibal out of Italy
by sailing with an army
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to North Africa and attacking
Carthage itself.
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First, Scipio had to win the
approval of the Senate.
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But his high-stakes strategy flew in
the face of everything the old
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Senator, Fabius Maximus, stood for.
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Your strategy of avoidance
and restraint
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will never rid us of Hannibal.
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I will strike him where he is most
vulnerable, in his homeland.
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Hannibal isn't in his homeland.
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He's here in Italy.
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It is where the Roman army
should be also,
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not in Africa on some vainglorious
plundering trip.
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I've no time for this, old man.
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The Senate asked me to speak with
you, and we have spoken.
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Now is the time for Romans to be
Romans again.
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It's Africa's turn to be put to
fire and sword.
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Finally, two years after his return
from Spain, the Senate relented.
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Scipio set sail for Africa.
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With Carthage itself now
under direct threat,
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Hannibal was forced to return to
his homeland.
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So far, Scipio's audacious plan
appeared to be working.
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And in October, 202 BC, in the
plains of Zama,
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about 80 miles inland from Carthage,
the two armies came face-to-face.
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Scipio had got Hannibal exactly
where he wanted him.
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The stage was set for a critical
clash between Rome
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and the ancient power of Carthage.
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The battle of Zama was an enormously
personal grudge match between
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Hannibal and Scipio.
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Both of these men had history,
and they met.
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The allegedly met before the
Battle of Zama.
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It plays into romantic ideals of
ancient warfare.
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It's like two team captains having a
handshake before a sporting match.
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And even if they are doing this for
their own individual civilisations,
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this is an age where personal glory
counts for a huge amount.
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Absolutely. The warrior culture for
these two giants of the generals
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now to come face to face.
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Maybe it's because they just wanted
to look each other in the eye once,
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who knows? But it is a remarkable
thing that they had a private,
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solo meeting before this
final, decisive battle.
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Certain peace, or uncertain hope
of victory.
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The first...
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..I offer you now.
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The second will be in the
hands of the gods.
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Here are my terms.
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You must put yourself and your
country entirely at my mercy.
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So be it.
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The battle that followed this
legendary meeting
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would be a single day of combat to
decide if Rome had the wit and will
401
to achieve its boldest ambitions,
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to defeat the power that had taught
Rome how a great empire operated.
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As Livy makes clear, the stakes
could not have been higher.
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'If they were successful, they'd be
victors not only for a day,
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but for all time.
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They would know before the next day
ended whether Rome or Carthage
407
was to give laws to the nations, for
not only Africa and Italy,
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the whole world would be the
prize of victory.
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Great as is the prize, the peril of
defeat will be as great'.
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This was written 200 years
after Zama,
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so we know then that the battle
loomed large
412
in the Roman imagination, but I am
absolutely sure that people
413
at the time realised how critically
important it was.
414
This was the culmination of 50 years
of on and off conflicts
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between the greatest powers in
the Mediterranean.
416
This really was winner takes all.
417
The two great armies faced
one another.
418
Hannibal had 36,000 troops.
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Scipio, 30,000.
420
But Scipio had one advantage, thanks
to a political masterstroke.
421
One of the things that Scipio learns
from Hannibal is to use troops
422
from other nations, to
use specialists.
423
You have got the Numidians with this
vastly superior cavalry force
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from North Africa,
with their javelins
425
and their fast, agile horses, who
had been crucial
426
in all of Hannibal's campaigns for
16 years through Italy,
427
now fighting for Scipio.
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And the critical thing about this
battle is that it reminds us
429
it's not just brawn but brain that
the Romans used,
430
because they've been wooing the
Numidians for years,
431
that diplomacy is as important as
sheer military strength.
432
Absolutely. The tables have turned,
433
they had been Hannibal's
secret weapon,
434
now they're Rome's secret weapon.
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Courtesy of the historian Polybius
we have an account of the speech
436
each general gave to his troops.
437
If you overcome your enemies, you
will gain for yourselves,
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and your country, the undisputed,
command and sovereignty
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of the rest of the world.
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00:33:57,320 --> 00:33:59,000 line:90% position:30% align:start
CHEERING
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This is the day to confirm your
reputation for invincibility.
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Fight bravely,
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and uphold your proud reputation
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as an army, that has never
known defeat.
445
Forwards!
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Scipio's Numidian cavalry
immediately attacked
447
Hannibal's smaller cavalry force,
pursuing them into the desert.
448
But as they charged from
the battlefield,
449
Scipio had temporarily lost his
one advantage.
450
Now, the two armies clashed.
451
The Roman infantry had the edge in
discipline and training,
452
but the Carthaginians fought
desperately to save their city.
453
Now, Hannibal ordered some of his
troops to move out to the wings,
454
hoping to envelop the Romans, just
as he'd done at Cannae.
455
So far, Scipio's forces had held out
against the larger army,
456
but suddenly they were outflanked by
the Carthaginians,
457
facing Hannibal's elite,
battle-hardened veterans
458
who he'd held back to deliver
a killer blow.
459
Scipio's decision over the next few
moments would decide the fate
460
of two great empires.
461
As the battle of Zama raged...
462
Rome's infantry were
bloodied and exhausted.
463
But Scipio held fast.
464
Forwards!
465
Come on, come on!
466
For victory!
467
With Rome's superior cavalry still
out of sight,
468
Scipio rushed reinforcements to the
centre of the battlefield...
469
Come on, forwards!
470
In your formations, now!
471
..where Hannibal's elite veterans
threatened to punch through
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the Roman lines.
473
Come on, come on, the
centre must hold!
474
Push!
475
Scipio's forces were on the brink
of collapse.
476
But the tide was about to turn.
477
The battle had been raging
since daybreak.
478
By early afternoon, the Numidian
cavalry returned to the fray,
479
attacking Hannibal's forces from the
rear and encircling his troops.
480
Just as, 14 years before at Cannae,
481
Hannibal had encircled the
forces of Rome.
482
Scipio had won a stunning victory.
483
20,000 Carthaginian troops lay dead.
484
Hannibal's army had been
completely destroyed.
485
Victory for Rome!
486
Hannibal himself escaped
the slaughter,
487
riding straight for Carthage, a city
he'd not seen for 36 years.
488
He'd survive to see Rome humble his
once proud homeland.
489
Scipio knew what this victory meant.
490
He'd established himself as Rome's
most successful general
491
and had changed the balance of power
in the Mediterranean.
492
The Carthaginians had no choice but
to beg for peace,
493
they knew that the alternative
was annihilation.
494
Carthage was made to pay a massive
indemnity, 10,000 talents,
495
about 250 tonnes of silver, and hand
over all but ten of her warships.
496
Rome's terms ensured the mighty city
of Carthage
497
would never be a great power again.
498
Finally, in 146 BC, Roman forces,
499
led by none other than
Scipio's grandson,
500
razed Carthage to the ground.
501
The entire population was
massacred or enslaved.
502
The suffering must have
been hideous.
503
Men and women were strung up,
disembowelled, raped, beheaded.
504
Meanwhile, the Romans set about
rewriting history,
505
portraying the civilised
Carthaginians as rank barbarians
506
who deserved no mercy in defeat.
507
The very same year, Rome also sacked
the Greek city of Corinth,
508
making Greek culture their own.
509
Such stomach churning ferocity and
cynical myth-making was essential.
510
The triumphalism of a
people embarking
511
on a massive imperial project.
512
And that's what, for me, makes this
day so crucial.
513
Scipio's victory over Hannibal marks
a tipping point in Rome's history,
514
when an influential city state
515
becomes an unstoppable
imperial power.
516
In their defeat of Carthage, one
pitiless day on the plains of Zama,
517
we also see key features of the
Roman Empire starting to emerge,
518
an irrepressible belief in their
right to rule.
519
A ruthless determination to win
at any cost,
520
and a complex identity lionising
honour and decency,
521
as well as instigating campaigns of
violence and terror.
522
Welcome to the brave new
Roman world.
523
Next time:
524
Rome's new empire is
under threat....
525
..From within.
526
On the day when a slave escaped, and
went on to lead a bloody rebellion,
527
that threatened to destroy
Scipio's legacy.
528
My name is Spartacus.
529
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