Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Microwaves Note11
Microwaves Note11
14-1 微波電路講義
14.1 System aspects of antennas
• antenna characteristics
radiation pattern F (, ) r E (, ) H (, ) r S (, )
2 * 2
Discussion D(dB)
TA =Tb
0
10 1000 sin d
1
10 10 sin d
30
100 10 sin d
86.4 K
sidelobe
1 90
0
1000 sin d
1
10 sin d region
14-2 微波電路講義
14.2 Microwave communication systems
• Friis power transmission formula
Gt Gr
PG A PG G 2
Pr t t 2e t t r 2
4R (4R)
Pt R Pr
Discussion
1. Ex.14.4 a DBS satellite @12.45GHz, Pt =120W, Gt =34dB 2m dia.
=1.7º, slant range 39000km, ground receiving terminal Gr =33.5dB
18in dia. =6º, TA=50K, NF=0.7dB, BW=20MHz
(1)transmitter EIRP Pt G t 120 2512 54.8dBm
(2)receiver T e T A T LNB T A ( F 1)T o 50 (1.179 1) 290 100.8K
G 2239
receiver 13.5dB / K
T 100.8
Pt G t G r 2
(3) Pr 117.9dBW 87.9dBm
(4 R) 2
Pr G LNB
(4)CNR 17.7dB >system link m arg in
kT e BG LNB
14-3 微波電路講義
• noise analysis of a microwave receiver
Tb Ni, Si N o , So
TREC
14-4 微波電路講義
(3) receiver
TM T L
TREC TRF IF M TTL REC TTL LT TREC
GRF GRF
SG G
o/p signal power So i RF IF Si Gsys
LT LM
o/p noise power
N o ( N i kBTTL REC )Gsys
kB(TA TTL REC )Gsys
kB[Tb (1 )Tp ( LT 1)Tp LT TREC ]Gsys
kBTsys Gsys
So Si
SNRo
N o kBTsys
14-5 微波電路講義
Discussion
1. Ex14.5 a 4 GHz receiver with BW=1MHz, Si = -80dBm
0.9, Tb 200k , Tp 300k TA 210k
Ni kTA B 115dBm SNRi 35dB
LT 1.5dB 1.41 TTL ( LT 1)To 123k ,
LM 6dB 4, FM 7dB TM ( FM 1)To 1163k ,
FRF 3dB TRF ( FRF 1)To 289k
FIF 1.1dB TIF ( FIF 1)To 84k
GRF 20dB 100, GIF 30dB 1000
TM TIF LM
TREC TRF 304k
GRF GRF
Tsys TA TTL LT TREC 762k kBTsys = 110dBm
Si
SNRo 80 110 30dB
kBTsys
14-6 微波電路講義
• noise analysis of a digital communication receiver
Eb bit energy
Pb : BER( )
no noise power desity
Eb STb S S SB 1
, S : signal power, Tb : bit period, Rb :bit rate
no no no Rb N R NRb Rb
b
B
Ex14.6 a LEO communication satellite f=16GHz,,Pt=80W, Gt=20dB,
R=940km, a QPSK receiving handset Gr=1dB, Tsys=750K, Latm=2dB
BER=0.01, find Rb,min for 10dB link margin
Pt G t G r 2
Pr 49 20 1 176 2 108dBm
(4 R) 2
S min 108 10 118dBm 1.58 10 15W
Eb S min B
QPSK BER 0.01 5dB 3.16
no NR b ,max
n o S min B n o S min B n o S min 1 1.58 10 15
R b ,max 48kbps
Eb N E b kT sys B E b kT sys 3.16 1.38 10 23 750
14-7 微波電路講義
14.3 Radar systems
• radar (radio detection and ranging) equation
Pt G 1 Pt G 22 Pt G 22
Pr Ae Rmax 4
4R 2
4R 2
(4 ) R
3 4
(4 )3 Pmin
Discussion
1. Ex14.7 radar @10GHz, Pt=2kW, G=28dB, =12m2 , Pmin=-90dBm
Rmax = 8114km
2. pulse radar detect target range and direction
3. Doppler radar detect target radial velocity
4. radar cross section (p.696, Table 14.3)
e.g. bird 0.01m2, missile 0.5m2, person 1m2, fighter 3-8m2,
airplane 100m2, truck 200m2
14-8 微波電路講義
5. SIR-C (1994) microwave image of Taipei area
14-9 微波電路講義
14.4 Radiometry
• radiometer
T: physical temperature
TB: brightness temperature
e: emmisivity
T 0e1
P=kTBB=keTB
Discussion
1. radiometer measures the object noise powerTBobject
physical parameters (p.699)
e.g. soil moisture, ocean surface wind speed, target image,
mapping of galactic objects,…….
2. usually TB<TR receiver temperature, Vo=Gk(TB+TR )B,
TR can be derived from the Y-factor calibration
3. measurement errors due to
noise fluctuation increase integration time
receiver gain fluctuation Dicke radiometer
14-10 微波電路講義
4. SMA (sub-millimeter array) (1983, 1996~) 200GHz-900GHz
14-11 微波電路講義
5. AMiBA (Array for Microwave Background Anisotrophy)宇宙背
景輻射陣列望遠鏡(2001~) 85GHz-105GHz
Component Chain
Vacuum Window
Corrugated
Feed
Noise Coupler
Transition
OMT
Cryogenic
Environment
Isolator
RF
Pre-Amplifier
Isolator
RF Post-
Amplifier
From LO Sub-Harmonic
Mixer
Source
IF Amplifiers
14-13 微波電路講義
14.6 Other applications and topics
Discussion
1. microwave oven @ 2.45GHz
conduction loss for large tan of material
2. energy tansfer nonpilot airplane, solar power satellite station,
mobile phone, …
3. micrwave exposure thermal effects, IEEE Standard C95.1-2005
power density: 10W/m2~1mW/cm2
W/m2
100 6 min. exposure
30 min. exposure
10
1
0.1 1 10 100 f (GHz)
14-13 微波電路講義
4. Ex 14.8 a 18GHz microwave antenna 36dB gain and 10W radiation
power density at 20 m away
PinG 10 4000 8W m 2 @main lobe
S 10W m 2
14-14 微波電路講義