Related Studies:Foreign Oli

Removal of crude oil from aqueous medium by sorption on hydrophobic

corncobs: Equilibrium and kinetic studies

J.O. Nwadiogbu, V.I.E. Ajiwe and P.A.C. Okoye (2018)

Crude oil released to the marine environment through accidenetal spillage or

drainage from land causes serious damage to the environment and marine life.
Sorption is a popular technique for clean-up of oil spills. In this study, corncobs,
which are an abundant agricultural waste, were treated with acetic anhydride to
increase their hydrophobic properties and improve their sorption effectiveness.
The employed kinetic models suggest that the sorption process occurs via a
surface reaction and intraparticle diffusion mechanism. Equilibrium isotherm data
were analysed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Based on the
regression coefficients, the Langmuir isotherm provided the best fit to the
experimental data. The maximum monolayer sorption capacities were
0.0768 mg/g and 0.0043 mg/g for the acetylated and raw corncobs, respectively.
The results presented and discussed in this study indicated that acetylated
corncobs are suitable sorbents with the potential for further development for oil
spill treatment.

Adsorption characters of ammonium-nitrogen in aqueous solution by modified

corn cob biochars

Z. Yang, L. Zifu, Z. Lin, Z. Ruixue 2014

Biochars produced by pyrolysis of corn cob (600℃) which is agricultural waste,

and modified with hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid
separately. Elemental analysis, BET-N2 surface area(SA), scanning electron
microscopy, Boehm titration and FTIR spectra were used to characterized their
physicochemical properties. Batch experiments were conducted. The results
revealed that acid modification can significantly improve biochars' specific surface
area, which were 17.74, 212.89, 208.74 and 209.15 m2·g?1 for without modified
and modified with HCl, HNO3 and H2 O2 samples, respectively; while the
amounts of acidic functional groups were 0.11, 0.95, 5.73 and 2.15 mmol·g?1,
respectively. The results for fitting experimental data of adsorption process with
isotherm models showed that it is better for Freundlich isotherm model than
Langmuir isotherm model. Moreover, the adsorption process can be well
described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results obtained
demonstrated that biochars modified with nitric acid have the highest adsorption
capacity because of more acidic functional groups.

Preparation of activated carbon from corn cob and its adsorption behavior on
Cr(VI) removal

S. Tang, Y. Chen, R. Xie, Wenju Jiang, Yanxin Jiang 2016

Operation experiments were conducted to optimize the preparation of activated

carbons from corn cob. The Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of the produced activated
carbons was also evaluated. The impact of the adsorbent dosage, contact time,
initial solution pH and temperature was studied. The results showed that the
produced corn cob activated carbon had a good Cr(VI) adsorptive capacity; the
theoretical maximum adsorption was 34.48 mg g−1 at 298 K. The Brunauer–
Emmett–Teller and iodine adsorption value of the produced activated carbon
could be 924.9 m2 g−1 and 1,188 mg g−1, respectively. Under the initial Cr(VI)
concentration of 10 mg L−1 and the original solution pH of 5.8, an adsorption
equilibrium was reached after 4 h, and Cr(VI) removal rate was from 78.9 to 100%
with an adsorbent's dosage increased from 0.5 to 0.7 g L−1. The kinetics and
equilibrium data agreed well with the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and
the Langmuir isotherm model. The equilibrium adsorption capacity improved with
the increment of the temperature.

Ultrasound-assisted adsorption of 4-dodecylbenze sulfonate from aqueous

solutions by corn cob activated carbon
D. D. Milenkovic, A. Lj. Bojic, V. B. Veljkovic 2013

This study was aimed at removal of 4-dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS) ions from
aqueous solutions by ultrasound-assisted adsorption onto the carbonized corn
cob (AC). The main attention was focused on modeling the equilibrium and
kinetics of adsorption of DBS onto the AC. The AC was prepared from ground
dried corn cob by carbonization and activation by carbon dioxide at 880 °C for 2 h
in a rotary furnace. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted by the Langmuir
model in both the absence and the presence of ultrasound (US). The maximum
adsorption capacities of the adsorbent for DBS, calculated from the Langmuir
isotherms, were 29.41 mg/g and 27.78 mg/g in the presence of US and its
absence, respectively. The adsorption process in the absence and the presence of
US obeyed the pseudo second-order kinetics. The intraparticular diffusion model
indicated that the adsorption of DBS ions on the AC was diffusion controlled as
well as that US promoted intraparticular diffusion. The ΔG° values, −24.03 kJ/mol,
−25.78 kJ/mol and −27.78 kJ/mol, were negative at all operating temperatures,
verifying that the adsorption of DBS ions was spontaneous and
thermodynamically favorable. The positive value of ΔS° = 187 J/mol K indicated
the increased randomness at the adsorbent–adsorbate interface during the
adsorption of DBS ions by the AC.

Removal of copper ions from electroplating effluent solutions with native corn
cob and corn stalk and chemically modified corn stalk

S. Valafakhah, M.E. Bahrololoom, R. Bazarganlan, M. Saeedikhani (2014)

Rapid industrialization throughout the world has generated huge volumes of

wastes containing toxic materials such as metal ions. The presence of heavy
metals in wastewater and surface water is the major concern of the public health
and the environment. The aim of this research was to remove the Cu ions from
electroplating effluent solutions using biosorbents: corn cob and corn stalk. In
addition to use the natural biosorbent, modification of corn stalk by nitric acid
was also studied. The surface morphology of adsorbents was observed using a
scanning electron microscope. The porous and tubular structure of the corncob
and corn stalk indicated their capability in adsorption of metal ions from the
solution. In order to study the equilibrium adsorption extent, Langmuir &
Freundlich models were used. It was found that the maximum sorption capacity
of corn cob was higher than the corn stalk. On the other hand, the modified corn
stalk showed higher capacity than both corncob and corn stalk without
modification.

Related Studies: Local

ACTICON(maliit na TM parang squared), effective control of Fusarium wilt in

banana(musa acuminata)

R. Argana, O. Domingo 2017

ACTICon ™, a product, is an effective control over the Fusarium wilt or "Panama

disease" of bananas.

It was discovered by researchers through the project funded by the Department

of Science and Technology of the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and
Natural Resources Research and Development (DOST-PCAARRD). The Fusarium
wilt or the decaying of banana is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cubense
(Foc), a fatty backstroke attacking the kind of banana Cavendish. This backbone is
named Tropical race 4 (TR4). Like the different types of stumps, TR4 cannot
control fungicide and not get rid of fumigation, according to scientist’s reports. he
ACTICon ™ formula analysis was conducted, after a series of laboratory tests and
farms. They filtered 577 microbial isolates, of which 259 were Actinomycetes, 305
were Bacillus, and 13 were bones that lived between "cells" of an organism or
"Endophytic." Of Actinomycetes filtered, 81 in those who demonstrated the
ability against F. oxysporum. They are fully evaluated in the laboratory. In plants
with ACTICon ™, only 33.33 percent died in Sto. Tomas and 24.24 percent in
Asuncion. All bananas are killed in places where ACTICon ™ is not available.
Researchers recommend the continued testing of other banana plantations in
other parts of Mindanao, to validate the effectiveness of ACTICon ™ as an
effective control of the Fusarium wilt or "Panama disease."
In vitro Evaluation of Different Elicitors against Fusarium Wilt of Musa textilis
Nee (Abaca) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

E. Parac, R. Gapasin 2016

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is one of the
most important diseases of abaca. The induction of systemic acquired resistance
(SAR) in abaca plants offers a long lasting and sustainable approach in managing
this disease. Pure culture of Foc isolates is inoculated into the 3-month old tissue
cultured plants for pathogenicity test. Different elicitors
are tested in vitro and in vivo against Foc for induction of SAR in abaca. This study
was conducted in order to: evaluate the antifungal property of different potential
elicitors of resistance against abaca wilt disease in vitro and determine the
efficacy of each elicitor for inducing SAR in abaca for the control of abaca wilt
disease. The elicitors used such as irradiated chitosan (shrimp), nonirradiated
chitosan (shrimp and crabs), Salicylic acid (SA), Silicon dioxide (SiO2), G-
aminobutyric acid (GABA), and Benzothiadiazole (BTH Boost) have no antifungal
property against the Foc. Both the phosphonate and benlate treatments have
antifungal activity in vitro. The use of these elictors to induce SAR in abaca may be
used as an alternative to the use of fungicides in
Fusarium wilt disease.

Philippine Fungal Diversity: Benefits and Threats to Food Security

C. Cumagun (2015)

Fungal diversity plays a vital role in sustaining human life, either benefiting or
threatening food security. Benefits derive from fungi range from food, medicine,
to decomposition of organic matter, recycling of nutrients and plant growth
promoter, including biological control of fungal plant pathogens. Fungal threats as
pathogens of agricultural crops and mycotoxin producers may be generally less as
compared with the benefits they provide to mankind. The paper briefly describes
the beginnings and development of mycology as a science in the Philippines and
presents the main repositories of fungal cultures in the Philippines. The four case
studies generated from my research are highlighted, namely: biological control of
plant pathogens; microbial gifts from the rainforests for agriculture; breeding for
resistance against cereal blast and sheath blight pathogen including population
genetic studies; and Fusarium diseases and mycotoxins. In view of habitat loss
and climate change threatening fungi, there is an urgent need to promote fungal
conservation for a sustainable agriculture and healthy planet.

Potential of Vasicular-Arbuscular Mychorrhiza Supplemented With Vermi Tea

against Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium Oxysporum F. Sp. Cubense Tr4) On
‘Cavendish’Banana

L. Ubaub, R. Martin (2016)

The study was conducted to determine the effects of the different rates of
Vasicular-Arbuscular Mychorrhiza (VAM) and Vermi Tea on the incidence of
Fusarium wilt on ‘Cavendish’banana and to determine the growth performance of
‘Cavendish’banana seedlings as affected by VAM and Vermi Tea. Based on the
results, plantlets treated with VAM alone, Vermi Tea alone and different rates of
VAM in combination with Vermi Tea delayed symptoms appearance of Foc TR4 up
to 10.7 days compared to positive control. Different rates of VAM supplemented
with Vermi tea showed comparable result with each other indicating that
different rates do not statistically varied in its effect to control or reduced the
incidence of Fusarium wilt on ‘Cavendish’banana plantlets. However, numerical
data showed that among these treatments, 7g of VAM with Vermi Tea reduced
incidence of Foc TR4 up to 50% compared to Positive control …

Pathologic Reaction of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L) Cultivars/ Advanced

Breeding Lines to Fusarium oxysporum f sp pisi (Linford) Synder and Hansen

JR P. Dimaguiba, L. Villanueva, J. Luis (2014)

Pot experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the
resistance of eight garden pea cultivars/ advanced breeding lines to Fusarium
oxysporum f. sp. pisi (FOP). The effect of FOP inoculation on plant height, fresh
and dry weights of shoots and roots and number and weight of pods were
assessed 60 days after planting. Stems were examined for necrotic lesion scores.
Based on the necrotic lesion score and pathologic reaction of plants at 60 days
after inoculation, Betag, CGP 110 and 154 were rated as resistant; CGP 59, 11, and
34 as intermediate; and CLG and CGP 13 as susceptible to Fusarium wilt.

Related Literature: Local

Fusarium Wilt – Panama Disease

Peedbroscorp (2018)

To begin with, Fusarium wilt found in bananas best known by the popular name
Panama Disease. This is a soil-borne disease known as Fusarium oxysporum. The
fungus enters the banana plant through the root system and colonizes the xylem
vessels thereby blocking the flow of needed water and nutrients to the plant. With
many years of experience traveling to many countries working on projects from
requests by farmers and companies needing help with various problems, we have
made a few key observations when seeing serious infections and their
patterns. Many times, farmers budgets or cash restraints have forced them to
make cutbacks of inputs causing a crash course of unhealthy agronomy practices.
This has a significant long-lasting effect on the long-term success of a plantation or
small farmer. In addition, it is of vital importance to maintain the land and soil
reducing the risk of infections and increasing our profitability as a farmer or
plantation owner. Most farms or plantations visited have several commonalities.
Severely compacted soils, poor drainage, ph off the charts, and nutrient
deficiencies. The noted issues are usually from lack of understanding.

Technology and ways to fight Fusarium wilt of the ‘Cavendish’ banana in

Mindanao

R. Argana (2017)

The Fusarium wilt is a kind of banana disease in the soil. This is caused by Fusarium
oxysporum f. sp. Cubense (Foc) that kills bananas with plant slumps. It continues to
be a threat to the popular 'Grand Nain,' a kind of Cavendish exported to overseas
companies in Mindanao. The program "S & T management approaches against
Fusarium wilt [Fusarium oxysporum f. Cubense (Foc)] on Cavendish in Mindanao"
aims to address the problem of Cavendish growers by exploring the solution with
the help of science and technology that is immediate available to farmers. Among
the important accomplishments of the project are the selection of 'Giant Cavendish
tissue-cultured variant (GCTCV)' of 218 and 219 with resistance to Foc TR4 as an
alternative to planting in Grand Nain. The program also identified useful
microwaves that could be used to control Foc TR4 in greenhouse and farm fields.
Foc TR4 is considered the most violent of the four types of Foc. A study on the
distribution of Fusarium wilt incidents in Mindanao has also provided information
through a program developed by the program. The study found that "S & T
management approaches against Fusarium wilt [Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
Cubense (Foc)] on Cavendish in Mindanao "is the first place in the category of
research conducted by National Symposium on Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural
Resources Research and Development (NSAARRD) this year.

Disease could wipe out cavendish bananas – PBGEA

M. Padin (2016)

The infestation of Panama disease or fusarium wilt in banana plantations, if not

immediately controlled, could wipe out local cavendish bananas, banana growers and
exporters said on Tuesday. “The industry is definitely worried that the cavendish variety
might become obsolete,” Antig told the BusinessMirror in an interview. Citing data from
the Department of Agriculture (DA), Antig said about 15,500 hectares of banana
plantations, mostly in Region 11, have already been affected by the disease. Panama
disease is a fungal disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense that leads to the
yellowing and wilting of banana leaves and, eventually, the death of the plant. A deadly
strain of Panama disease in the 1950s left the banana variety called Gros Michel virtually
extinct. Growers shifted to planting the cavendish variety, which is considered inferior
but resistant to the disease. However, a new strain of the disease has surfaced and again
poses a threat to banana plantations around the world. Antig said local growers want to
contain the spread of the disease via quarantine measures. Connie Sugillon, supervising
agriculturist of the Bureau of Plant Industry in Region 11, said in an interview that
quarantine plays an important role in controlling the movement of infected bananas and
keeping other trees healthy. “There are microorganisms used to control the disease in
affected trees,” she added.
Germs vs. germs: new biopesticides help control deadly plant diseases

J. Calub-Bautista (2017)

A handful of dirt may not look like much, but to the millions of microbes that live
in it, soil is a battleground of bacteria, fungi, algae, nematodes, and protozoans
who compete for resources and space in ways that would rival the Lannisters, the
Starks, and the Targaryens. Who wins or loses these battles also determine the
fate of the plants that live in those soils – and by extension, the fate of the
humans who grow these plants. Fusarium oxysporum is a common fungus that
lives in soil. It can enter plants through the roots and restrict their ability to take
in water. The disease, known as Fusarium wilt or Panama wilt, causes plants to
shrivel and die. There are various forms of the fungi, which affect different types
of plants. The disease is difficult to control, as the fungi can live in soil for
decades, spreads rapidly, and is resistant to chemical fungicides. Fusarium has
caused serious problems for producers of bananas, one of the Philippines’ top
dollar earners. In 2015, bananas contributed 13 percent of the country’s total
agricultural exports. In 2016, Fusarium wilt damaged 15,500 hectares of banana
plantations and affected at least 700 farmers in Southern Mindanao, the
country’s largest producer of bananas.