Saint Augustine of Hippo (/ɔːˈɡʌstɪn/; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430)[1] was a Roman

African, early Christian theologian and philosopher from Numidia whose writings influenced the
development of Western Christianity and Western philosophy. He was the bishop of Hippo
Regius in north Africa and is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers in Western
Christianity for his writings in the Patristic Period. Among his most important works are The
City of God, On Christian Doctrine and Confessions.

According to his contemporary Jerome, Augustine "established anew the ancient Faith".[a] In his
youth he was drawn to Manichaeism and later to neo-Platonism. After his baptism and
conversion to Christianity in 386, Augustine developed his own approach to philosophy and
theology, accommodating a variety of methods and perspectives.[2] Believing that the grace of
Christ was indispensable to human freedom, he helped formulate the doctrine of original sin and
made seminal contributions to the development of just war theory. When the Western Roman
Empire began to disintegrate, Augustine imagined the Church as a spiritual City of God, distinct
from the material Earthly City.[3] His thoughts profoundly influenced the medieval worldview.
The segment of the Church that adhered to the concept of the Trinity as defined by the Council
of Nicaea and the Council of Constantinople[4] closely identified with Augustine's On the Trinity.

Augustine is recognized as a saint in the Catholic Church, the Eastern Christian Church, and the
Anglican Communion and as a preeminent Doctor of the Church. He is also the patron of the
Augustinians. His memorial is celebrated on 28 August, the day of his death. Augustine is the
patron saint of brewers, printers, theologians, the alleviation of sore eyes, and a number of cities
and dioceses.[5] Many Protestants, especially Calvinists and Lutherans, consider him to be one of
the theological fathers of the Protestant Reformation due to his teachings on salvation and divine
grace.[6][7][8] Protestant Reformers generally, and Martin Luther in particular, held Augustine in
preeminence among early Church Fathers. Luther himself was, from 1505 to 1521, a member of
the Order of the Augustinian Eremites.

In the East, his teachings are more disputed, and were notably attacked by John Romanides.[9]
But other theologians and figures of the Eastern Orthodox Church have shown significant
appropriation of his writings, chiefly Georges Florovsky.[10] The most controversial doctrine
associated with him, the filioque,[11] was rejected by the Orthodox Church.[12] Other disputed
teachings include his views on original sin, the doctrine of grace, and predestination.[11]
Nevertheless, though considered to be mistaken on some points, he is still considered a saint, and
has even had influence on some Eastern Church Fathers, most notably Saint Gregory Palamas.[13]
In the Orthodox Church his feast day is celebrated on 15 June.[11][14] Historian Diarmaid
MacCulloch has written: "[Augustine's] impact on Western Christian thought can hardly be
overstated; only his beloved example Paul of Tarsus, has been more influential, and Westerners
have generally seen Paul through Augustine's eyes.