Kathleen Z.

Ruperez Introduction to Linguistic

CED-02-101P Monday-Thursday 1:30 to 3:00 PM

Features in Semantics
 Sense (Properties)
 Synonymy is the state or phenomenon in which the words that sound different (different in
pronunciation) but have the same or identical meaning as another word or phrase.
For examples:

 The word Hardworking, we could use the words diligent, determined, industrious, enterprising to
represent the word “Hardworking” because it shares only one meaning at all;
 the word Strong could mean also the following words stable, secure, solid, tough;
 and Valid means also authorized and legitimate.

 Antonymy is the state or phenomenon in which the words have the sense relation which involve the
opposite of meaning.

For examples:

 The word Passive(without active response or resistance) means differently as the word Active(producing
or involving action or movement);
 same as Private(restricted to the use) to Public(exposed to general view);
 and Profit (a valuable return) to Loss (the act of losing possession).

 Hyponymy is the state or phenomenon that shows the relationship between more general term (lexical
representation) and the more specific instances of it.

For examples:
 diamond, emerald, and ruby are hyponyms of the word gemstone
 poker, roulette, and craps are hyponyms of game
 fork, knife, and spoon are hyponyms of utensil

 Homonymy is two words that are spelled the same and sound the same but have different meanings.

For examples:
 The word Match could have two meanings it’s either the one to pair like items or a stick in making a fire;
 same as Kind also have two different meaning it could be type and caring;
 and the word Address has also had two meanings to speak to someone or referring to a location.

 Polysemy refers to a word having multiple meanings that are usually related to each other.

For Examples:
 The word Arms bend at elbow and Germany sells arms to Saudi Arabia;
 same as The key broke in the lock and The key problem was not one of quality but of quantity; and the
word
 There are many non-native pupils in the class and Pupils' size changes according to the brightness of light.
Kathleen Z. Ruperez Introduction to Linguistic
CED-02-101P Monday-Thursday 1:30 to 3:00 PM

 Overlap simply means that a one word and another word shares same characteristic.

For-example:
 Sister and Mother;
 Employee and Assistant; and the word
 Student and Teacher.

 Referent
 Referent is the concrete object or concept that is designated by a word or expression. A referent is an
object, action, state, relationship, or attribute.

For examples:
 Mammals can produce milk. It has mammary gland;
 the word cat 'refers to' a feline domestic animal.

 Extension to come up into an extension we must have a referent because basically our extension is a
type of our referent.

For examples:
 Mammals can produce milk. It has mammary gland;
 and the word cat 'refers to' a feline domestic animal.

 Prototype is a cognitive reference point. The prototype of any category is the member or set of members
of a category that best represents the category as a whole.

For examples:
 The referent: mammals the prototype will be polar bear, lion, and monkey;
 The referent is utensils and the prototype will be knife, spoon, and fork.

 Stereotype both involve a description of typical characteristics

For examples:
 Mammals can produce milk. It has mammary gland;
 and the word cat 'refers to' a feline domestic animal.

 Co-reference talks about the rank or the state of an subject

For examples:
 The 1st president of the United States of America was George Washington;
 The 1st female president of the republic of the Philippines was Corazon Aquino.

 Anaphora is the use of a pronoun or other linguistic unit to refer back to another word or phrase.

For examples:
 Mike loves to create artworks;
 He’s an Artist.
Kathleen Z. Ruperez Introduction to Linguistic
CED-02-101P Monday-Thursday 1:30 to 3:00 PM

 Cataphora is the use of a pronoun or other linguistic unit to refer ahead to another word in a sentence

For example:

 A few weeks before he died, my father gave me an old cigar box filled with faded letters;

 A month ago before she gone, my mom left a bunch of memorabilia to us.

 Deixis The term deixis refers to all linguistic means that have mainly to do with pointing at
extralinguistic contexts

For examples:
 Mika should come here;
 The whole will be having a quiz tomorrow.

Truth Condition (2 ex)

 Contradictory has a technical definition or based on dictionaries.

For examples:

 Beauty (Adj.) possessing qualities that give great pleasure or satisfaction to see, hear, think about, etc.;
delighting the senses or mind;
 Generous (Adj.) liberal in giving or sharing; unselfish.

 Synthetic you will know only the real definition by your own self.

For examples:

 Annually the government of QC displays a different fireworks display so I’ve watch;

 Joshua owns luxurious cars, so I visit his place.

 Entailment is the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one (A) requires the truth of
the other (B). (after-result)

For examples:

 Ricky study hard for his upcoming quiz. He passed the quiz;
 Mr. Benigno Aquino Jr. assassinated. He is dead.

 Presupposition compare to entailment, the before come first the next one is cause.

For example:

 Kaye already dropped one of her class, because of numerous absents;

 According to research the ozone layer was already destroyed, because of unending production and emission
of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
Kathleen Z. Ruperez Introduction to Linguistic
CED-02-101P Monday-Thursday 1:30 to 3:00 PM

Account Error and Mistake

Error Mistake

Grammatical +/- +

Technology + -

Intentional - -/+