ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY

Analytical geometry AREA OF A POLYGON BY COORDINATES:

 It is a branch of mathematics which deals with the
properties, behaviors and solution of a points, lines,
angles, surfaces and solids by means of algebraic
methods in relationship with the coordinate systems.

CARTESIAN COORDINATES SYSTEM:

1 x xxx…x x
 A= |
2 y y y y… y y ||
1
 A= [(x2y1 + x3y2 + x4y3 + x1yn)-
2
(x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + xny1)]

x – abscissa INCLANATION AND SLOPE OF A LINE:

y – ordinate

DIRECTED LINE SEGMENT:

 Line that has direction.

 AB= (+)
 BA= (–)
 AB + BA = 0
 The angle of inclination, or simply inclination of a line is
the smallest possible angle (measured
counterclockwise) from the x-axis to the line. The slope
“m” of a line is defined as the tangent of its angle of
 AB + BC = AC inclination.
 AB +BC – AC = 0 xr-xl
 m= ---------- = tanβ
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS: ya-yb

SLOPE PARALLEL LINES:

 If L1 is parallel to L2
L1: 
therefore mL1 = mL2
L2:

SLOPE OF PERPENDICULAR:
Horizonta Vertical Slant
l
  d=x2-x1  d=y2-y1  d2=( x2-x1)2+( y2-y1)2
 If L1 is prependicular to L2
 d=xr-xl  d=ya-yb
Distance Formula therefore:
−1
 m L1 =
 d2= ( xr-xl)2+( ya-yb)2 m L2
−1
 m L2 =
m L1

ANGLE BETWEEN TWO INTERSECTING LINES:

PM y− y 1
⌊ r= = ⌋ y − y1
P2 N y 2 − y 1 2

Ө r ( y 2 − y 1)= y− y 1

y= y1 +r ( y 2− y 1 )

β  Alternative formula for internal point:

r 1 P1 M x−x1
β = 180 – Ө = =
r 2 P 1 N x 2−x 1
mt −mi
tanθ= r 1 (x 2−x )=r 2 ( x−x 1)
1+ mimt
Where:
r 1 x2 −r 1 x=r 2 x−r 2 x 1
mi = initial slope
mt = terminal slope
r 1 x2 +r 2 x 1=r 2 x +r 1 x
DIVISION OF LINE SEGMENT:
1. Internal point: any point between 2 points. r 1 x2 +r 2 x 1=x (r ¿ ¿ 2+r 1)¿

P2(x2,y2) r 1 x 2 +r 2 x1
r2 x=
P (x,y) r 2 +r 1

r1 r 1 y 2+ r 2 y 1
y=
r 2+ r 1
N (x2,y1)
P1(x1,y1) M (x,y1)
2. Midpoint:
P1 P 1
 Formula: r= =
P1 P 2 2
P1 P
r=
P1 P 2 1
 By ratio and proportion:
P 1 P P1 M PM
[ x=x 1+ (x2 −x1 ) 2
2 ]
r= = =
P1 P 2 P1 N P2 N 2 x=2 x 1 + x 2−x 1
 For x:
P1 M x−x 1 2 x=x+ x 2
⌊ r= = ⌋ x −x
P1 N x2 −x 1 2 1
x 1+ x 2
x=
r ( x 2 −x1 )=x−x 1 2

y1+ y2
x=x 1 +r ( x 2−x 1 ) y=
2
 For y:
 3. External Point:  P is always farther from P1 than P2.
 r is greater than 1.
P (x,y)

P2 (x2,y2)

P1 (x1,y1)

EQUATION OF THE LOCUS:

 That has series of points that form a geometric y− y1 =m( x−x 1)
figure.
2. Slope-intercept form:
STRAIGHT LINES FIRST DEGREE EQUATIONS:
 A straight line is a locus of a point that moves in
a plane with a constant slope. It may always be
referred to a simply as a line which contains at
least two distinct point.
1. Lines parallel to a Coordinate axis:

 y=k

k
y− y 1
 x=k [ m=
x −0
x]
k
mx= y−b
LINES NOT PARALLEL TO NEITHER AXES
y=mx+b

3. Two-point form:
Ax + By + C =0
−A
m= P2(x2,y2)
B
−C
y−intercept = P1(x1,y1)
B
STANDARD EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
1. Point slope form:
P (x,y)

P1 (x1,y1)
y 2− y 1
y− y1 = ( x−x 1)
m x2− x1
4. Intercept form:
P (x,y)
y− y 1
[ m=
x−x 1 ]
( x−x 1)
 −b
(0,b) [ y− y 1=
a ]
(x−x 1 ) a
P(x,y)
ay−ab −bx
(a,0) =
ab ab

y x
= =1
b a

b−0 −b Where:
m= = a = x-intercept
0−a a
b = y-intercept

PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES:

 The lines Ax + By + C = 0 and Ax + By + K = 0  The directed distance from point P(x,y) to the
are parallel lines. line Ax + By + C =0 is:
 If the lines Ax + By + C = 0 and Bx + Ay + K = Ax+ By+ C
d=
0 are perpendicular lines. ± √ A2 + B 2
The sign of B is taken into consideration for the
DIRECTED DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A
sign of the√ A 2 +B 2. If B>0 then it is positive (+)
LINE:
and if B<0 then it is negative (-). But if B=0 take
the sign of A.

P (x,y)
d>0 Ax + By + C =0

P (x,y)
d>0
 ALGEBRAIC CURVES
Properties of Curves:
I. EXTENT:
 The extent of the graph of an algebraic
cur involves its domain and range. The
domain is the set of the permissible
values for x and the range is the set of
permissible value for y-axis.
II. SYMMETRY
 Two points with A and B are said to be
symmetric with respect to a line L 1, if the
line segment AB.
 Two points A and B are symmetric to a
point O if O is the midpoint of the segment
AB.
 TEST OF SYMMETRY:
 Symmetry with respect to (wrt) the x-
axis:
A curve us symmetric wrt the x-axis,
if the equation does not change upon
changing y to –y.
 Symmetry with respect to the y-axis:
A curve us symmetric wrt the y-axis,
if the equation does not change upon
changing x to –x.
 Symmetry with respect to the Origin:
A curve us symmetric wrt the origin, if
the equation does not change upon
changing x to –x and y to –y
simultaneously.
III. INTERCEPTS
 Two types of interception:
 X-intercepts
The abscissa of a point where a
curve crosses the x-axis is called x-
intercept. To find the x- intercepts,
set y=0 and solve for x.
 Y-intercepts
The coordinate of a point where the
curve crosses the y-axis is called y-
intercept. To find the y-intercepts, set
x=0 and solve for y.
IV. ASYMPTOTES
 A straight line said to be an asymptotes of
a curve if the curve approaches such a
line more and closer but never really
touches it except as a limiting position at
infinity. Not all curves have asymptotes.
 TYPES OF ASYMPTOTES:
 Vertical Asymptotes
The vertical asymptote and a rational
N (x)
function y=
D (x)
Corresponds to the zeroes of the
denominatore D(x). Hence, if D(a)=0,
then x=a is a vertical asymptote.
 Horizontal Asymptotes
Divide all the terms to the highest
degree of x. Simplify then substitute
infinity to (∞) to x. Point of
Intersection with Horizontal
Asymptotes substitute the horizontal
asymptote to the equation.
 Slant Slope Asymptotes
The numerator should be exactly
more than 1 on the exponent.
 x 3−x 2−2 x
Example: y=
x2 −2 x−8

POLAR COORDINATES

 The polar coordinate system is a

coordinate system in which the r
coordinates of a point in a plane are its y
distances from a fixed point and its
direction from a fixed line. The fixed point Polar axis
is called the origin or the pole and the
fixed line is called the polar axes. The
coordinate given in this way are called
polar coordinates.
y x
sin θ= cos θ=
r r

r sin θ= y r cos θ=x

Where:
O: is the origin or pole
OA: polar axis r 2=x 2 + y 2 y
tanθ=
r: radius vector x
Ө: polar angle
P(r, Ө): polar coordinates
r =√ x 2 + y 2 y
θ ¿ tan −1
SIGN CONVENTIONS: x
 For polar angle (Ө):
 Positive – if it is measured
counterclockwise from the polar axis. GRAPH OF A POLAR EQUATION:
 Negative – if it is measured clockwise  The graph of an equation r=f(Ө) in polar
from the polar axis. coordinates is the set of all points (r, Ө)
 For Radius Vector (r): whose coordinates satisfy the equation.
 Positive – if it is measured from the  Special Type of Polar Curves:
pole along the terminal side of polar  ROSE CURVES: r = a sin n Ө or r =
angle (Ө). a cos n Ө
 Negative – if it is measured along the If n is odd, there are n leaves.
terminal side extended through the If n is even, there are 2n leaves.
pole.

RELATIONS BETWEEN RECTANGULAR AND

POLAR COORDINATES:
P(x,y)
(r,Ө)
  LIMACON: r = b + a sin Ө or r = b +
a sin Ө
a. If a = b, the limacon is called
cardioid.
b. If |b|>|a|, the graph is a curve
surrounding the origin
c. If |b|<|a|, the graph has an inner
loop

 LEMNISCATE: r2 = a2 cos2 Ө or r2 =
a2 sin2 Ө
 SPIRALS:
r = aӨ, spiral of Archimedes

r = eaӨ, logarithmic spiral

PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS:
 Ref: if there are functions f and g with a
and y=g(t), for t in T, are parametric
equations of the curves consisting of all
points (f(t), g(t)), for t in T. the variable t is
the parameter.