1.2 TRUTH TABLES; TAUTOLOGY; LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE: EVALUATING A COMPOUND STATEMENT Truth Tables A TRUTH TABLE for a compound statement is built upon the truth values o imple components. Example Construct a truth table for the compound statement (p A @) V (p ~ q). Solution’ Beginning with pand g,enter the parts ofthe statement a) @) @) ® to build up to the complete compound statement, which is esten- [p |g [pag] pa] @Aavipra tially a disjunction, ‘The truth table is completed as follows: Columns 1 and 2: Insert the four combinations for p and q. Column 8: ‘The conjunction p A q is true only when and g are both true, Column 4: ‘The conditional p + q is false only when is true and q is false. Column 5: The disjunction “Column 3 v Column 4” is false only when both a value in Column 3 and the corresponding value in Column 4 are false Answer: o eral o paalp-a|@aavip=@ rp? 7 F T i Tautology A compound statement that is always true, rill TED regardless of the truth values of its components, is called a ravtonocy. t ait z For example, since the statement (p Aq) ~+ pis FTF 5 always true, it is a tautology. way’ tautology. FLFICF i Logical Equivalence ‘Two statements that always have the same truth values are LOGICALLY EQUIVALENT. The biconditional of two logically equivalent statements is a tautology. Evaluating a Compound Statement When the truth values of the simple statements are known, the truth value of compound sentence can be determined without constructing a truth table. Example Determine the truth value of the compound sentence (p -+ q) V ~p when p is true and q is fale. Solution: Insert the given values for p and q into the sentence. (av ~p Evaluate, following an order of operations: work within parentheses first; (T+ F) v ~T. ‘work from left to right. Pov ® F Answer: The statement (p ~ g) V ~p is false when p is true and q is false. rea ore |i |e 7 Fle[> rl or (tl) F 7Copy and complete the truth table for the statement [p A(p ~* @ll-> 4 E a [pra] pao | Ap alaa b. Is[pA(p~ gil + qa tautology? Copy and complete the truth table for the statement (p -> g) ~ (qv ~p). av —p [ea av—p — |o a[pra b. Is(p 4) + (gv ~p)a tautology? ¢. In (p~ 4) » (qv ~p), let p represent “We pollute the water” and let q represent "The fish will die.” Which statement is logically equivalent to "If we pollute the water, then the fish will die"? (1) The fish will die or we do not pollute the water. @) We pollute the water and the fish will die. (8) If we do not pollute the water, then the fish will not (4) Ifthe fish die, then we pollute the water. 8. a, Copy and complete the truth table for the statement (~p ~ q) + (pv 4). pias =a] va] Cro ovo, . Is (=p 9) + (pv g) a tautology? Let p represent “I do my homework.” Let q represent "I get into trouble.” Which sentence is equivalent to(p v 4)? () IfT do not do my homework, 1 will get into trouble. (8) If 1 do my homework, I get into trouble, @) Ido my homework or I do not get into trouble. @) Tdo my homework and I get into trouble. og In6-9: a, Construct a truth table for the statement. b. Determine if the statement is a tautology. BPVOA~PI>q — DIPA~(PYGIAq = &(PAM>~(P4g —-WL~qA(p—>gl~>~P In 11-16, without constructing a truth table, determine the truth value of the compound sentence under the given conditions for p and 4. 11. (pa ~q) * (~pv g)when pis Tand qis F. F and q is 7. 18. (pA ~@V(p > gil + ~p when pand gare both T. 12. (~pvg)~(~pAq)when 14, [ip + ~q) A(q > ~p)} + [lq > ~p) v(~q ~ p)] when p and q are both F. 15. {((~pVq) + ((q > p)v pl} > ~q when pis T and q is F.