Nearly 100 million people now depend on upland rice as their daily staple food.

Almost two-
thirds of the upland rice area is in Asia. Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia,
Myanmar, Thailand, Nepal, and Vietnam are important producers.[1]
Upland rice is grown in rainfed fields prepared and seeded when dry, much
like wheat or maize. The ecosystem is extremely diverse, including fields that are level,
gently rolling or steep, at altitudes up to 2,000 metres and with rainfall ranging from 1,000 to
4,500 mm annually.
Soils range from highly fertile to highly weathered, infertile and acidic, but only 15 percent of
total upland rice grows where soils are fertile and the growing season is long.
Many upland farmers plant local rices that do not respond well to improved management
practices—but these are well adapted to their environments and produce grains that meet
local needs.[2]
Although the rice technology of the 1960s and 70s focused on irrigated rice, farmers in the
uplands were not forgotten. Researchers produced cultivars adapted to poor soils, and with
improved blast resistance and drought tolerance.[3] Some have outyielded traditional rices
by more than 100 percent in evaluations. Scientists at national agricultural research
systems have crossed these improved rices with local cultivars and farmers are now
beginning to grow the progeny. But more improvements are needed to meet the new
challenges.

Upland rice farmers' challenges[edit]

New challenges are emerging in the world's upland rice farming areas, where already some
of the world's poorest farmers try to wrest a living from fragile soils that are fast being
degraded.

Upland rice field near Sundarbazaar Lamjung, Nepal

Population growth, the demands of urbanism and industry, and the increasing adoption of
high value cash crop farming in the surrounding lowlands are leading to strong competition
for upland terrain.
The uplands have traditionally suffered from drought and infertile soils, weeds and plant
diseases. Soils there have been badly eroded and degraded as a result of the slash-and-
burn agriculture that for many years followed logging. This, in turn, destroys the watershed,
producing problems in the lands below.
Already the new upward pressures are resulting in a movement toward permanent
agriculture and intensification of land use in upland areas. Those involved find themselves
faced—in addition to the usual upland problems—with an urgent need to conserve the soil
and the diversity of plant species, and to cope with increasingly frequent and severe weed
and disease infestations.

Fighting the Blast fungus[edit]

Recently, scientists have been improving their knowledge of the genetics of resistance to
the Blast fungus, one of the most damaging diseases of rice, and are using the techniques
of biotechnology to develop cultivars with more durable disease resistance.
In the uplands, blast is particularly important because the environment favors its
proliferation. Although many traditional upland cultivars show stable resistance to this
disease under low-input cropping practices, they have other characteristics that make them
difficult to use in intensified systems. So the risk from blast increases as cropping practices
intensify and improved varieties are introduced.
IRRI scientists have been working with colleagues in the Upland Rice Research Consortium
to better understand pathogen populations and to identify resistance genes found in some
cultivars. Armed with this knowledge, they are working with IRRI's upland rice breeder to
combine such genes with other desirable traits for incorporation into new upland varieties.
Consortium scientists are also trying to understand how upland rice farmers' cropping
systems contribute to soil erosion, with the aim of proposing possible erosion control
techniques. Studies in the Philippines have shown, for example, that hedgerows of trees,
shrubs and grasses along hill contours can help reduce soil erosion up to 90 percent. Rice
or other crops are planted between these strips of permanent ground cover.
Leguminous plants in hedgerows make substantial amounts of
atmospheric nitrogen available to both riceplants and annual crops and recycle other
nutrients and organic matter.
Such legumes can simultaneously increase farmers' incomes and contribute to
sustainability of the farming system.
Drought stress tolerance screening using Minolta Chlorophyll meter

The importance of weeds[edit]

Weeds are the most serious biological constraint to upland rice production. IRRI scientists
are pursuing projects on managing weeds with less herbicide use. One approach is to
search for rice plant species that exhibit a characteristic known as allelopathy. Allelopathic
plants can affect the growth of nearby plants through the production of biological
compounds they release into the environment. If an allelopathic rice—or other plant
species—could be found that could inhibit the growth of weeds important in rice production,
it might be possible through genetic engineering to develop rice cultivars that would provide
their own weed control.
Most weed species also are victims of their own diseases. Purposeful application of the
agents of such diseases to weed pests among rice crops could constitute another approach
to weed control.
Researchers from IRRI, Maejo University and Chiang Mai University launched a study in
1993 of the interactions between weeds, crop environmental conditions, and farmers'
practices in upper northern Thailand. The goals are to understand the diversity of farmers'
practices and decisionmaking processes and to grade the factors that limit rice crop yields.
IRRI scientists are also studying how fertilizer and cultural practices influence weed
communities. In one project on phosphorus management, they are investigating how weed
communities change as soil fertility is improved over time in the Philippines, Indonesia, and
Thailand.
Riceplant cultivars differ in their ability to compete with weeds in the field. Scientists in the
Philippines tested the competitiveness of a dozen cultivars against weeds to help farmers
choose the most highly competitive one. By planting this cultivar and enhancing its
competitive ability through good management practices, farmers should be able to reduce
the number of handweedings necessary while achieving maximum yields.
Difference in establishment A). drought tolerant variety Pakhejhinuwa vs B). drought sensitive
Mansuli

Improving soil fertility[edit]

Research on farms in Thailand, Laos and the Philippines has confirmed what scientists had
long suspected: that a lack of phosphorus in upland farms is limiting rice crop yields. Their
suspicions arose from the fact that many highly weathered upland soils are inherently low in
phosphorus and are acidic.
But the scientists found that the lack of phosphorus will limit production even if calcium is
added to the soil to overcome the acidity, or if acid-tolerant cultivars are planted. Rotations
of rice and legumes could lead to stable, higher value production, they concluded. But first it
is necessary to ensure by adding phosphorus that soil quality does not degrade over time.
Eventually, the investment in soil inputs should pay off as added phosphorus exceeds crop
needs and as other nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen are better cycled and used.

Breaking the acid barrier[edit]

The acidity present in the subsoil of many upland areas prevents plant roots from reaching
the moisture and nutrients therein, thus reducing crop yield. Adding lime to the subsoil is not
practical, but in 1994 IRRI and Indonesian scientists began experiments to see if
components of lime applied to the soil surface could be leached down into the subsoil. This
would be done by manipulating soil chemistry and using deep-rooted, acid-tolerant rice
cultivars to help capture the leached components.
At present they are studying the processes that govern the rate of leaching of lime
components and their accumulation in the subsoil. They plan then to construct
mathematical models that will be used to develop practical technologies and to indicate
under what conditions the technologies might be effective.
The experiments began at the Upland Rice Research Consortium site at Sitiung, Indonesia.
French collaborators from l'Institut francais de recherche scientifique pour le developpement
en cooperation are planning similar experiments in Thailand and Vietnam.

A perennial upland rice plant?[edit]

A rice plant that would not have to be planted annually could help reduce erosion by
providing a permanent ground cover. Perenniality exists in several wild species of rice from
Southeast Asia, but their yields are low. These species, however, can be crossed with
cultivated rice.
The challenge facing scientists is to produce a high-yielding perennial plant adapted to the
poor soils of the uplands, and one that is highly responsive to low amounts of purchased
inputs, and that resists diseases and insect pests.
It's a challenge IRRI scientists are currently working on. New biotechnology tools will be
used to transfer the perennial characters into cultivated rice, and new knowledge of genetic
diversity will be applied to develop pest resistance.
See: Developing Perennial Upland Rice I: Field Performance of Oryza sativa/O. rufipogon
F1, F4, and BC1F4 Progeny. Crop Sci. 43:120–128

Participatory crop improvement[edit]

Upland rice is being partially replaced by other crops such as maize on one hand, on the
other hand the land-races are gradually disappearing from farmers' fields. Diversity of
upland rice can be maintained while at the same time levels of production can be increased
using participatory techniques.

Farmer managed participatory varietal selection trial at Sundarbazaar, Lamjung, Nepal

See also[edit]
 Rice
 Blast fungus
 Deepwater rice
 IRRI
 Wild rice