Μέθοδοι olokl rwshc

Se autì to Kefˆlaio perigrˆfoume, qwrÐc idiaÐterh austhrìthta, tic basikèc mejìdouc

upologismoÔ oloklhrwmˆtwn. DÐnetai mia sunˆrthsh f kai jèloume na broÔme mia
antiparˆgwgo thc f , dhlad  mia sunˆrthsh F me thn idiìthta F 0 = f . Tìte,
Z
f (x)dx = F (x) + c.

6.1 Olokl rwsh me antikatˆstash

6.1aþ PÐnakac stoiqeiwd¸n oloklhrwmˆtwn
Kˆje tÔpoc parag¸gishc F 0 (x) = f (x) mac dÐnei ènan tÔpo olokl rwshc: h F eÐ-
nai antiparˆgwgoc thc f . MporoÔme ètsi na dhmiourg soume ènan pÐnaka basik¸n
oloklhrwmˆtwn, antistrèfontac touc tÔpouc parag¸gishc twn pio basik¸n sunart -
sewn:
xa+1
Z Z
a 1
x dx = , a 6= −1, dx = ln |x| + c
a+1 x
Z Z
ex dx = ex + c, sin x dx = − cos x + c
Z Z
1
cos x dx = sin x + c, dx = tan x + c
cos2 x
Z Z
1 1
dx = − cot x + c, √ dx = arcsin x + c
sin2 x 1 − x2
Z
1
dx = arctan x + c.
1 + x2

6.1bþ Upologismìc tou f (φ(x))φ0 (x) dx

R

H antikatˆstash u = φ(x), du = φ0 (x) dx mac dÐnei

Z Z
f (φ(x))φ0 (x) dx = f (u) du, u = φ(x).

An to olokl rwma dexiˆ upologÐzetai eukolìtera, jètontac ìpou u thn φ(x) up-

ologÐzoume to olokl rwma aristerˆ.
96 · Teqnikès olokl rwshs

ParadeÐgmata
(a) Gia ton upologismì tou Z
arctan x
dx
1 + x2
jètoume u = arctan x. Tìte, du = dx
1+x2 kai anagìmaste sto

u2
Z
u du = + c.
2
'Epetai ìti
(arctan x)2
Z
arctan x
2
dx = + c.
1+x 2
(b) Gia ton upologismì tou
Z Z
sin x
tan x dx = dx
cos x
jètoume u = cos x. Tìte, du = − sin x dx kai anagìmaste sto
Z
1
− du = − ln |u| + c.
u
'Epetai ìti Z
tan x dx = − ln | cos x| + c.

(g) Gia ton upologismì tou Z √

cos( x)
√ dx
x
√
jètoume u = x. Tìte, du = 2dx
√ kai anagìmaste sto
x
Z
2 cos u du = 2 sin u + c.

'Epetai ìti √
√
Z
cos( x)
√ dx = 2 sin( x) + c.
x

6.1gþ Trigwnometrikˆ oloklhr¸mata

Oloklhr¸mata pou perièqoun dunˆmeic   ginìmena trigwnometrik¸n sunart sewn m-
poroÔn na anaqjoÔn se aploÔstera an qrhsimopoi soume tic basikèc trigwnometrikèc
tautìthtec:
1
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, 1 + tan2 x =
cos2 x
1 1 + cos 2x
1 + cot2 x = , cos2 x =
sin2 x 2
1 − cos 2x
sin2 x = , sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
2
cos(a − b)x − cos(a + b)x sin(a + b)x + sin(a − b)x
sin ax sin bx = , sin ax cos bx =
2 2
cos(a + b)x + cos(a − b)x
cos ax cos bx = .
2
 6.1 Olokl rwsh me antikatˆstash · 97

ParadeÐgmata
(a) Gia ton upologismì tou Z
cos2 x dx

qrhsimopoioÔme thn cos2 x = 1+cos2

2x
: èqoume
Z Z Z Z
2 1 + cos 2x 1 1 x sin 2x
cos x dx = dx = dx + cos 2x dx = + + c.
2 2 2 2 4
Me ton Ðdio trìpo mporoÔme na uplogÐsoume to cos4 x dx, qrhsimopoi¸ntac thn
R

2
1 cos 2x cos2 2x

4 1 + cos 2x 1 cos 2x 1 + cos 4x
cos x = = + + = + + .
2 4 2 4 4 2 8

(b) Gia ton upologismì tou

Z Z Z
5 4
sin x dx = sin x sin x dx = (1 − cos2 x)2 sin x dx

eÐnai protimìterh h antikatˆstash u = cos x. Tìte, du = − sin x dx kai anagìmaste

sto
2u3 u5
Z
− (1 − u2 )2 du = −u + − + c.
3 5
'Epetai ìti
2 cos3 x cos5 x
Z
sin5 x dx = − cos x + − + c.
3 5
Thn Ðdia mèjodo mporoÔme na qrhsimopoi soume gia opoiod pote olokl rwma thc
morf c Z
cosm x sinn x dx

an ènac apì touc ekjètec m, n eÐnai perittìc kai o ˆlloc ˆrtioc. Gia parˆdeigma, an
m = 3 kai n = 4, grˆfoume
Z Z
cos3 x sin4 x dx = (1 − sin2 x) sin4 x cos x dx

kai, me thn antikatˆstash u = sin x, anagìmaste sto aplì olokl rwma

Z
(1 − u2 )u4 du.

(g) DÔo qr sima oloklhr¸mata eÐnai ta

Z Z
tan x dx kai cot2 x dx.
2

Gia to pr¸to grˆfoume

Z Z   Z
1
2
tan x dx = − 1 dx = [(tan x)0 − 1] dx = tan x − x + c,
cos2 x
kai, ìmoia, gia to deÔtero grˆfoume
Z Z   Z
1
cot2 x dx = − 1 dx = [(− cot x)0 − 1] dx = − cot x − x + c.
sin2 x
98 · Teqnikès olokl rwshs

6.1dþ Upologismìc tou f (x) dx me thn antikatˆstash x = φ(t)

R

H antikatˆstash x = φ(t), dx = φ0 (t) dt ìpou φ antistrèyimh sunˆrthsh mac

dÐnei Z Z
f (x) dx = f (φ(t))φ0 (t) dt.

An to olokl rwma dexiˆ upologÐzetai eukolìtera, jètontac ìpou t thn φ−1 (x) up-
ologÐzoume to olokl rwma aristerˆ.
ParadeÐgmata: trigwnometrikèc antikatastˆseic
√
(a) Se oloklhr¸mata pou perièqoun thn a2 − x2 jètoume x = a sin t. Tìte,
p
a2 − x2 = a cos t kai dx = a cos t dt.

Gia parˆdeigma, gia ton upologismì tou

Z
dx
√ ,
x 9 − x2
2

√
an jèsoume x = 3 sin t, tìte dx = 3 cos t dt kai 9 − x2 = 3 cos t, kai anagìmaste
sto Z Z
3 cos t dt 1 dt 1
= = − cot t + c.
9 sin2 t(3 cos t) 9 sin2 t 9
Tìte, apì thn p √
cos t 1 − sin2 t 9 − x2
cot t = = = ,
sin t sin t x
paÐrnoume √
9 − x2
Z
dx
√ =− + c.
2
x 9−x 2 9x
√
(b) Se oloklhr¸mata pou perièqoun thn x2 − a2 jètoume x = a/ cos t. Tìte,
p a sin t
x2 − a2 = a tan t kai dx = dt.
cos2 t
Gia parˆdeigma, gia ton upologismì tou
Z √ 2
x −4
dx,
x
√
an jèsoume x = cos t ,
2
tìte dx = 2 sin t
cos2 t dt = 2 tan t
cos t dt kai x2 − 4 = 2 tan t, kai
anagìmaste sto
Z Z
2 tan t 2 tan t
dt = 2 tan2 t dt = 2 tan t − 2t + c.
2/ cos t cos t
√
AfoÔ t = arctan x2 −4
2 , paÐrnoume
Z √ √
x2 − 4 p x2 − 4
dx = x2 − 4 − 2 arctan + c.
x 2
 6.2 Olokl rwsh katˆ mèrh · 99

√
(g) Se oloklhr¸mata pou perièqoun thn x2 + a2 jètoume x = a tan t. Tìte,
p a a
x2 + a2 = kai dx = dt.
cos t cos2 t
Gia parˆdeigma, gia ton upologismì tou
Z √ 2
x +1
dx,
x4
√
an jèsoume x = tan t, tìte dx = cos12 t dt kai x2 + 1 = cos 1
t , kai anagìmaste sto
Z Z
1 1 1 cos t 2
dt = dt = − + c.
cos t tan4 t cos2 t sin4 t 3 sin3 t
AfoÔ t = arctan x, blèpoume ìti sin t = tan t cos t = √ x
x2 +1
kai telikˆ paÐrnoume
Z √
x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)3/2
dx = − + c.
x4 3x3

6.2 Olokl rwsh katˆ mèrh

O tÔpoc thc olokl rwshc katˆ mèrh eÐnai:
Z Z
f (x)g 0 (x) dx = f (x)g(x) − f 0 (x)g(x) dx,

kai prokÔptei ˆmesa apì thn (f g)0 = f g 0 + f 0 g , an oloklhr¸soume ta dÔo mèlh thc.
Suqnˆ, eÐnai eukolìtero na upologÐsoume to olokl rwma sto dexiì mèloc.
ParadeÐgmata
(a) Gia ton upologismì tou x log x dx grˆfoume
R

x2 log x 1 x2 log x x2
Z Z Z
1
x log x dx = (x2 )0 log x dx = − x dx = − + c.
2 2 2 2 4

(b) Gia ton upologismì tou x cos x dx grˆfoume

R

Z Z Z
x cos x dx = x(sin x)0 dx = x sin x − sin x dx = x sin x + cos x + c.

(g) Gia ton upologismì tou ex sin x dx grˆfoume

R

Z Z Z
x x 0
I = e sin x dx = (e ) sin x dx = e sin x − ex cos x dx
x

Z Z
= ex sin x − (ex )0 cos x dx = ex sin x − ex cos x + ex (cos x)0 dx
Z
= e (sin x − cos x) − ex sin x dx = ex (sin x − cos x) − I.
x

'Epetai ìti
ex (sin x − cos x)
Z
ex sin x dx = + c.
2
100 · Teqnikès olokl rwshs

(d) Gia ton upologismì tou x sin2 x dx qrhsimopoi¸ntac thn tautìthta sin2 x =
R
1−cos(2x)
2 grˆfoume
Z Z Z
2 x cos(2x)
x sin x dx = dx − x dx.
2 2

Gia to deÔtero olokl rwma, qrhsimopoioÔme thn antikatˆstash u = 2x kai olok-

l rwsh katˆ mèrh ìpwc sto (b).
√
(e) Gia ton upologismì tou log(x + x) dx grˆfoume
R

√ √ √
Z Z Z  
0 x 1
log(x+ x) dx = (x) log(x+ x) dx = x log(x+ x)− √ 1+ √ dx.
x+ x 2 x
√
Katìpin, efarmìzoume thn antikatˆstash u = x.

6.3 Olokl rwsh rht¸n sunart sewn

Se aut  thn parˆgrafo perigrˆfoume mia mèjodo me thn opoÐa mporeÐ kaneÐc na
upologÐsei to aìristo olokl rwma opoiasd pote rht c sunˆrthshc

p(x) an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0

(6.3.1) f (x) = = .
q(x) bm xm + bm−1 xm−1 + · · · + b1 x + b0

H pr¸th parat rhsh eÐnai ìti mporoÔme pˆnta na upojètoume ìti n < m. An o

bajmìc n tou arijmht  p(x) eÐnai megalÔteroc   Ðsoc apì ton bajmì m tou parono-
mast  q(x), tìte diairoÔme to p(x) me to q(x): upˆrqoun polu¸numa π(x) kai υ(x)
¸ste o bajmìc tou υ(x) na eÐnai mikrìteroc apì m kai

(6.3.2) p(x) = π(x)q(x) + υ(x).

Tìte,

π(x)q(x) + υ(x) υ(x)

(6.3.3) f (x) = = π(x) + .
q(x) q(x)

Sunep¸c, gia ton upologismì tou f (x) dx mporoÔme t¸ra na upologÐsoume qwristˆ
R

to π(x) dx (aplì olokl rwma poluwnumik c sunˆrthshc) kai to υ(x) q(x) dx (rht 

R R

sunˆrthsh me thn prìsjeth idiìthta ìti deg(υ) < deg(q)).

Upojètoume loipìn sth sunèqeia ìti f = p/q kai deg(p) < deg(q). MporoÔme
epÐshc na upojèsoume ìti an = bm = 1. QrhsimopoioÔme t¸ra to gegonìc ìti
kˆje polu¸numo analÔetai se ginìmeno prwtobˆjmiwn kai deuterobˆjmiwn ìrwn.
To q(x) = xm + · · · + b1 x + b0 grˆfetai sth morf 

(6.3.4) q(x) = (x − α1 )r1 · · · (x − αk )rk (x2 + β1 x + γ1 )s1 · · · (x2 + βl x + γl )sl .

Oi α1 , . . . , αk eÐnai oi pragmatikèc rÐzec tou q(x) (kai rj eÐnai h pollaplìthta thc

rÐzac αj ) en¸ oi ìroi x2 + βi x + γi eÐnai ta ginìmena (x − zi )(x − zi ) ìpou zi oi
migadikèc rÐzec tou q(x) (kai si eÐnai h pollaplìthta thc rÐzac zi ). Parathr ste ìti
kˆje ìroc thc morf c x2 + βi x + γi èqei arnhtik  diakrÐnousa. EpÐshc, oi k, s ≥ 0
kai r1 + · · · + rk + 2s1 + · · · + 2sl = m (o bajmìc tou q(x)).
 6.3 Olokl rwsh rht¸n sunart sewn · 101

Grˆfoume thn f (x) sth morf 

xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0
(6.3.5) f (x) = ,
(x − α1 )r1 · · · (x − αk )rk (x2 + β1 x + γ1 )s1 · · · (x2 + βl x + γl )sl

kai thn {analÔoume se aplˆ klˆsmata}: upˆrqoun suntelestèc Ajt , Bit , Γit ¸ste

A11 A12 A1r1

f (x) = + 2
+ ··· +
x − α1 (x − α1 ) (x − α1 )r1
+···
Ak1 Ak2 Akr1
+ + + ··· +
x − αk (x − αk )2 (x − αk )rk
B11 x + Γ11 B12 x + Γ12 B1s x + Γ1s1
+ 2 + 2 2
+ ··· + 2 1
x + β1 x + γ1 (x + β1 x + γ1 ) (x + β1 x + γ1 )s1
+···
Bl1 x + Γl1 Bl2 x + Γl2 Bls x + Γlsl
+ 2 + 2 + ··· + 2 1 .
x + βl x + γl (x + βl x + γl )2 (x + βl x + γl )sl

H eÔresh twn suntelest¸n gÐnetai wc ex c: pollaplasiˆzoume ta dÔo mèlh thc

isìthtac me to q(x) (parathr ste ìti isoÔtai me to elˆqisto koinì pollaplˆsio
twn paronomast¸n tou dexioÔ mèlouc). ProkÔptei tìte mia isìthta poluwnÔmwn.
Exis¸nontac touc suntelestèc touc, paÐrnoume èna sÔsthma m exis¸sewn me m ag-
n¸stouc: touc Aj1 , . . . , Ajrj , Bi1 , . . . , Bisi , Γi1 , . . . , Γisi , j = 1, . . . , k , i = 1, . . . , l.
Metˆ apì autì to b ma, qrhsimopoi¸ntac thn grammikìthta tou oloklhr¸matoc,
anagìmaste ston upologismì oloklhrwmˆtwn twn ex c dÔo morf¸n:
(a) Oloklhr¸mata thc morf c (x−α) 1
k dx. Autˆ upologÐzontai ˆmesa: an
R

k ≥ 2 tìte
Z
1 1
(6.3.6) k
dx = − + c,
(x − α) (k − 1)(x − α)k−1

kai an k = 1 tìte
Z
1
(6.3.7) dx = ln |x − α| + c.
x−α

(b) Oloklhr¸mata thc morf c Bx+Γ

dx, ìpou to x2 + bx + γ èqei arn-
R
(x2 +bx+γ)k
htik  diakrÐnousa. Grˆfontac Bx + anagìmaste sta
Γ = B2 (2x + b) + Γ − Bb 2 ,

oloklhr¸mata
Z Z
2x + b 1
(6.3.8) dx kai dx.
(x2 + bx + γ)k (x2 + bx + γ)k

To pr¸to upologÐzetai me thn antikatˆstash y = x2 + bx + γ (exhg ste giatÐ). Gia

2 2
to deÔtero, grˆfoume pr¸ta x2 +bx+γ = x + 2b + 4γ−b kai me thn antikatˆstash
√ 2
4
4γ−b
x + 2b = 2 y anagìmaste (exhg ste giatÐ) ston upologismì oloklhrwmˆtwn
thc morf c
Z
1
(6.3.9) Ik = dy.
(y 2 + 1)k
102 · Teqnikès olokl rwshs

O upologismìc tou Ik basÐzetai sthn anadromik  sqèsh

1 y 2k − 1
(6.3.10) Ik+1 = 2 k
+ Ik .
2k (y + 1) 2k

Gia thn apìdeixh thc (6.3.10) qrhsimopoioÔme olokl rwsh katˆ mèrh. Grˆfoume

y2
Z Z Z
dx 1 y
Ik = = (y)0 dy = + 2k dy
(y 2 + 1)k 2
(y + 1)k 2
(y + 1) k (y + 1)k+1
2

y2 + 1 − 1
Z
y
= + 2k dy
(y 2 + 1)k (y 2 + 1)k+1
Z Z
y 1 1
= + 2k dy − 2k dy
(y 2 + 1)k (y 2 + 1)k (y 2 + 1)k+1
y
= + 2kIk − 2kIk+1 .
(y 2 + 1)k

'Epetai to zhtoÔmeno. GnwrÐzoume ìti

Z
1
(6.3.11) I1 = dy = arctan y + c,
y2 + 1

ˆra, qrhsimopoi¸ntac thn (6.3.10), mporoÔme diadoqikˆ na broÔme ta I2 , I3 , . . ..

ParadeÐgmata
(a) Gia ton upologismì tou oloklhr¸matoc

3x2 + 6 3x2 + 6
Z Z
dx = dx,
x + x2 − 2x
3 x(x − 1)(x + 2)

zhtˆme a, b, c ∈ R ¸ste

3x2 + 6 a b c
= + + .
x(x − 1)(x + 2) x x−1 x+2

Grˆfoume

3x2 + 6 a(x − 1)(x + 2) + bx(x + 2) + cx(x − 1)

=
x(x − 1)(x + 2) x(x − 1)(x + 2)
(a + b + c)x2 + (a + 2b − c)x − 2a
= ,
x(x − 1)(x + 2)

kai lÔnoume to sÔsthma

a + b + c = 3, a + 2b − c = 0, −2a = 6.

H lÔsh eÐnai: a = −3, b = 3 kai c = 3. Sunep¸c,

3x2 + 6
Z Z Z Z
dx dx dx
dx = −3 +3 +3
x(x − 1)(x + 2) x x−1 x+2
= −3 ln |x| + 3 ln |x − 1| + 3 ln |x + 2| + c.
 6.3 Olokl rwsh rht¸n sunart sewn · 103

(b) Gia ton upologismì tou oloklhr¸matoc

5x2 + 12x + 1 5x2 + 12x + 1
Z Z
3 2
dx = dx,
x + 3x − 4 (x − 1)(x + 2)2
zhtˆme a, b, c ∈ R ¸ste
5x2 + 12x + 1 a b c
= + + .
(x − 1)(x + 2)2 x − 1 x + 2 (x + 2)2
Grˆfoume
5x2 + 12x + 1 a(x + 2)2 + b(x − 1)(x + 2) + c(x − 1)
=
(x − 1)(x + 2)2 (x − 1)(x + 2)2
2
(a + b)x + (4a + b + c)x + (4a − 2b − c)
= ,
(x − 1)(x + 2)2
kai lÔnoume to sÔsthma
a + b = 5, 4a + b + c = 12, 4a − 2b − c = 1.
H lÔsh eÐnai: a = 2, b = 3 kai c = 1. Sunep¸c,
5x2 + 12x + 1
Z Z Z Z
dx dx dx
dx = 2 + 3 +
(x − 1)(x + 2)2 x−1 x+2 (x + 2)2
1
= 2 ln |x − 1| + 3 ln |x + 2| − + c.
x+2

(g) Gia ton upologismì tou oloklhr¸matoc

Z Z
x+1 x+1
dx = dx,
x5 − x4 + 2x3 − 2x2 + x − 1 (x − 1)(x2 + 1)2
zhtˆme a, b, c, d, e ∈ R ¸ste
x+1 a bx + c dx + e
= + + .
(x − 1)(x2 + 1)2 x − 1 x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)2
Katal goume sthn
x + 1 = a(x2 + 1)2 + (bx + c)(x − 1)(x2 + 1) + (dx + e)(x − 1)
kai lÔnoume to sÔsthma
a + b = 0, −b + c = 0, 2a + b − c + d = 0, −b + c − d + e = 1, a − c − e = 1.
H lÔsh eÐnai: a = 1/2, b = −1/2, c = −1/2, d = −1 kai e = 0. Sunep¸c,
Z
x+1
dx
x − x + 2x3 − 2x2 + x − 1
5 4

Z Z Z
1 dx 1 x+1 x
= − 2
dx − dx
2 x−1 2 x +1 (x + 1)2
2

(x2 + 1)0
Z Z Z Z
1 dx 1 2x 1 dx 1
= − 2
dx − 2
− dx
2 x−1 4 x +1 2 x +1 2 (x2 + 1)2
1 1 1 1 1
= ln |x − 1| − ln |x2 + 1| − arctan x + + c.
2 4 2 2 x2 + 1
104 · Teqnikès olokl rwshs

6.4 Kˆpoiec qr simec antikatastˆseic

6.4aþ Rhtèc sunart seic twn cos x kai sin x
Gia ton upologismì oloklhrwmˆtwn thc morf c
Z
R(cos x, sin x) dx

ìpou R(u, v) eÐnai phlÐko poluwnÔmwn me metablhtèc u kai v , suqnˆ qrhsimopoioÔme

thn antikatˆstash
x
u = tan .
2
Parathr ste ìti

cos2 x
2 − sin2 x
2 1 − tan2 x
2 1 − u2
cos x = = x =
cos2 x
2 + sin2 x
2
1 + tan2 2
1 + u2
kai
x x x x 2 tan x2 2u
sin x = 2 sin cos = 2 tan cos2 = = .
2 2 2 2 1 + tan2 x2 1 + u2
1+tan2 x
EpÐshc, du
dx = 1
2 cos2 x = 2
2
, dhlad 
2

2du
dx = .
1 + u2
'Etsi, anagìmaste sto olokl rwma

1 − u2
Z  
2u 2
R 2
, 2
du.
1+u 1+u 1 + u2
 2

Dedomènou ìti h sunˆrthsh F (u) = R 1−u 1+u 2 , 2u
1+u 2 1+u2 eÐnai rht  sunˆrthsh tou
2

u, to teleutaÐo olokl rwma upologÐzetai me th mèjodo pou perigrˆyame sthn Parˆ-

grafo 6.3.
ParadeÐgmata.
(a) Gia ton upologismì tou oloklhr¸matoc
Z
1 + sin x
dx
1 − cos x
1−u2
jètoume u = tan x2 . AfoÔ dx = 1+u2 du,
2
cos x = 1+u2 kai sin x = 1+u2 ,
2u
anagìmaste
sto olokl rwma
(1 + u)2
Z
du,
u2 (1 + u2 )
to opoÐo upologÐzetai me anˆlush se aplˆ klˆsmata.
(a) Gia ton upologismì tou oloklhr¸matoc
Z
x
dx
1 + sin x
 6.4 Kˆpoies qr simes antikatastˆseis · 105

jètoume u = tan x2 . AfoÔ dx = 1+u2

2 du kai sin x = 1+u2 , anagìmaste sto olok-
2u

l rwma
Z Z
1 2 1
2 arctan u 2u 1 + u2 du = 4 arctan u du
1 + 1+u 2 (1 + u)2
Z  0
1
= 4 arctan u − du
1+u
Z
arctan u 1
= −4 +4 2
du.
1+u (1 + u )(1 + u)
To teleutaÐo olokl rwma upologÐzetai me anˆlush se aplˆ klˆsmata.

6.4bþ Oloklhr¸mata algebrik¸n sunart sewn eidik c morf c

Perigrˆfoume ed¸ kˆpoiec antikatastˆseic pou qrhsimopoioÔntai gia ton upologis-
mì oloklhrwmˆtwn thc morf c
Z p Z p Z p
2
R(x, 1 − x ) dx, 2
R(x, x − 1) dx, R(x, x2 + 1) dx,

ìpou R(u, v) eÐnai phlÐko poluwnÔmwn me metablhtèc u kai v .

√
(a) Gia to olokl rwma R(x, 1 − x2 ) dx, kˆnoume pr¸ta thn allag  metablht c
R
√
x = sin t. AfoÔ 1 − x2 = cos t kai dx = cos t dt, anagìmaste sto olokl rwma
Z
R(sin t, cos t) cos t dt,

to opoÐo upologÐzetai me thn antikatˆstash thc prohgoÔmenhc upoparagrˆfou (rht 

sunˆrthsh twn cos t kai sin t).
√
(b) Gia to olokl rwma R(x, x2 −√1) dx, mia idèa eÐnai na qrhsimopoi soume thn
R

allag  metablht c x = cos 1

t . Tìte, t kai dx = cos2 t dt. Anagìmaste
sin t
x2 − 1 = cos sin t

ètsi sto olokl rwma

Z   Z
1 sin t sin t
R , dt = R1 (cos t, sin t) dt
sin t cos t cos2 t

gia kˆpoia rht  sunˆrthsh R1 (u, v), to opoÐo upologÐzetai me thn antikatˆstash
thc prohgoÔmenhc upoparagrˆfou (rht  sunˆrthsh twn cos t kai sin t).
EÐnai ìmwc protimìtero na qrhsimopoi soume thn ex c allag  metablht c:
p
u = x + x2 − 1.

Tìte,
u2 + 1 p u2 − 1 u2 − 1
x= , x2 − 1 = , dx = du.
2u 2u 2u2
Anagìmaste ètsi sto rhtì olokl rwma
 2
u + 1 u2 − 1 u2 − 1
Z 
R , du
2u 2u 2u2
to opoÐo upologÐzetai me anˆlush se aplˆ klˆsmata.
106 · Teqnikès olokl rwshs

√
(b) Gia to olokl rwma R(x, x2 + 1) √ dx, mia idèa eÐnai na qrhsimopoi soume thn
R

allag  metablht c x = − cot t. Tìte, x2 − 1 = sin1 t kai dx = sin12 t dt. Anagì-

maste ètsi sto olokl rwma
Z   Z
cos t 1 1
R − , dt = R1 (cos t, sin t) dt
sin t sin t sin2 t

gia kˆpoia rht  sunˆrthsh R1 (u, v), to opoÐo upologÐzetai me thn antikatˆstash
thc prohgoÔmenhc upoparagrˆfou (rht  sunˆrthsh twn cos t kai sin t).
EÐnai ìmwc protimìtero na qrhsimopoi soume thn ex c allag  metablht c:
p
u = x + x2 + 1.

Tìte,
u2 − 1 p u2 + 1 u2 + 1
x= , x2 − 1 = , dx = du.
2u 2u 2u2
Anagìmaste ètsi sto rhtì olokl rwma
 2
u − 1 u2 + 1 u2 + 1
Z 
R , du
2u 2u 2u2

to opoÐo upologÐzetai me anˆlush se aplˆ klˆsmata.

ParadeÐgmata
(a) Gia ton upologismì tou oloklhr¸matoc
Z p
x2 − 1 dx

2
u2 −1
jètoume x2 − 1 = (x − u)2 . IsodÔnama, x = u2u +1
. Tìte, dx = 2u2 du kai
2
x − u = 2u , opìte anagìmaste ston upologismì tou
1−u

−(u2 − 1)2
Z
du.
4u3

(b) Gia ton upologismì tou oloklhr¸matoc

Z
1
√ dx
x x2 + 1
√
jètoume u = x + x2 + 1. Tìte,

u2 − 1 p u2 + 1 u2 + 1
x= , x2 − 1 = , dx = du.
2u 2u 2u2
Anagìmaste ètsi sto olokl rwma
Z
2
du
u2 −1
to opoÐo upologÐzetai me anˆlush se aplˆ klˆsmata.