29 Earth as a Sphere

Paper 1 7. The position of M is (40°N, 35°W).

Answer: C
1. The longitude of P is 80°E.
Answer: B 8. A = (50°N, 180°E)
B = (50°N, 40°E)
2. Difference in longitude between P and Q C = (0°, 40°E)
= 105° – 10° D = (0°, 0°)
= 95°
Answer: B
Answer: C
9.
P(75°N) N 20°W
3. 0°
20°
75°
O
P(30°W) Q 0° O
30° O 160°
75°
150°
0°

S Q Q

The longitude of Q is 150°E.

The position of Q is (75°S, 160°E).
Answer: C
Answer: B
4. The latitude of X is 40°N.
Paper 2
Answer: B
1. (a), (b), (c)
5. Difference in latitude between P and Q Greenwich N
= 70° – 25° Meridian
= 45°
Answer: B 40°
Equator
6. N
20° 80°
J(40°N)
120°E

O 40° 60°W
0°
40° 20°W S 80°E

K
S

The latitude of K is 40°S.

Answer: A

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   Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 29

2. 5.
N
60°W 50°E
P 40°N
O
M(95°W) J(85°E)
85°
95° O
60° K(60°E) 0°
Q
10°

L(10°W) 0° R T
75°S

(a) Difference in longitude between J and K S

= 85° – 60°
= 25°
6. Position of H = (56°N, (180° – 135°)E)
(b) Difference in longitude between K and L = (56°N, 45°E)
= 60° + 10° Position of J = (0°, 135°W)
= 70° Position of K = (30°S, 0°)
Position of L = (30°S, 45°E)
(c) Difference in longitude between J and M
= 85° + 95°
= 180° 7. (a) ∠AOB = 50°
AB = 50 × 60
= 3000 nautical miles
3. (a) Latitude of point E
= 70°S (b) ∠BOC = 40° + 40°
= 80°
(b) Latitude of point F N
= 42°N B
C
(c) Latitude of point G 40° 40°
= (90° – 25°)N A
50°
0°
= 65°N O

4. N
P(65°N)
S

BNC = 80 × 60
65° K(10°N)
= 4800 nautical miles
O 10° 0°
28°
50°
8. (a) Difference in longitude between P and Q = 180°
M(28°S) PQ = 180 × 60
N(50°S) = 10 800 nautical miles
S
(b) TR = PQ × cos 60°
(a) Difference in latitude between P and K = 10 800 × cos 60°
= 65° – 10° = 5400 nautical miles
= 55°
(b) Difference in latitude between K and M 9. (a) PQ = x × 60
= 10° + 28° 3600
x = –––––
= 38° 60
= 60
(c) Difference in latitude between P and N
= 65° + 50° (b) RQ = y × 60
= 115° 1500
y = –––––
60
= 25

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  Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 29 

7. Latitude of Q = (70° – 60°)N

= 10°N
Longitude of Q = (20° + 100°)E
Paper 1 = 120°E
Hence, the position of Q is (10°N, 120°E).
1. Longitude of K
= (180° – 65°)W Answer: A
= 115°W
Answer: D
Paper 2

2. N 1. N
20° B A(58°N, 20°E)

F 32°
G 58°
O 40° O
0° Equator

H(20°S, 15°E)

C
S S

Latitude of G = (40° – 20°)N (a) Longitude of B

= 20°N = (180° – 20°)W
Longitude of G = (20° – 15°)W = 160°W
= 5°W (b) Position of C
Hence, the position of G is (20°N, 5°W). = (58°S, 160°W)
Answer: D (c) Distance from A to B via N
= (32 × 2) × 60
= 3840 nautical miles
3. Longitude of G = (180° – 70°)E
= 110°E (d) (i) AD = 600 × 5.5
Answer: C = 3300 nautical miles

D 3300 nm

4. Longitude of L = (180° – 65°)W

= 115°W y°

Answer: C O A(20°E)

58°N
5. B is due east of P.
The difference in longitude between P and B
= 10° + 20° (ii) y × 60 × cos 58° = 3300
= 30° 3300
y = –––––––––––
60 × cos 58°
Answer: B
= 103.79
Longitude of D
6. Latitude of X = (90° – 70°)N = (103.79° + 20°)E
= 20°N = (123.79°)E
Longitude of X = 105°W = 123°47′E
Hence, the position of X is (20°N, 105°W). Hence, the position of D is (58°N, 123°47′E).
Answer: D

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   Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 29

2. (a) N 3. (a) N

F(55°N, 108°W) H
G
H
G(p°N, 12°E)
0° O
O 0°
32°
F(32°S, 12°E)
J
D (32°S, 65°W)

62°W
S S

Longitude of H = (180° – 108°)E Latitude of H = 32°N

= 72°E Longitude of H = (180° – 12°)W
= 168°W
(b) N Hence, the location of H is (32°N, 168°W)
F H
(b) N
35° 35°
55° 55°
0° G
O
p°
0° 3480 nm
O 32°

S F

Shortest distance from F to H

S
= FNH
= (35 + 35) × 60 3480
∠GOF =
= 4200 nautical miles 60

p° + 32° = 58°
(c) Distance from F to G p° = 58° – 32°
= (108° – 62°) × 60 × cos 55° p = 26
= 1583.07 nautical miles
(c) Distance from D to F
= (65 + 12) × 60 × cos 32°
(d) (i) Distance = Speed × Time = 3917.98 nautical miles
= 640 × 8 1
2 (d) Total distance travelled from D to F and to G
= 5440 nautical miles = 3917.98 + 3480
= 7397.98 nautical miles
(ii) N
G 7397.98
Average speed =
12
55° = 616.5 knots
0°
90°40ʹ O
4. N
J

S
40°N D F
5440
∠GOJ = –––––
60 O
= 90°409 40°
0°

Latitude of J G H 100°E
= (90°409 – 55°)S
= 35°409S
40°E
S

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  Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 29 

(a) Latitude of G = 40°S (b) (i) AB = 4800

Longitude of G = (180° – 100°)W (30 + x) × 60 = 4800
= 80°W 4800
30 + x = –––––
Position of G = (40°S, 80°W) 60
30 + x = 80
(b) Distance from D to N x = 80 – 30
= (90 – 40) × 60 = 50
= 3000 nautical miles (ii) BD = 3857
(40 + y) × 60 × cos 50° = 3857
4320
(c) ∠DOH = 3857
60 (40 + y) = –––––––––
60 cos 50°
= 72°
y = 100 – 40
= 60
D(40°N)
(c) Total distance travelled from A to D
O 72° 0° = AB + BD
= 4800 + 3857
H = 8657 nautical miles
8657
Average speed = –––––
10.5
Latitude of H = 824 knots
= (72° – 40°)S
= 32°S
6. (a) Position of H = (58°N, (95 – 90)°W)
(d) Distance from D to F = (58°N, 5°W)
= (100 – 40) × 60 × cos 40°
= 2757.76 nautical miles
(b) N
Time of flight 1800 nm
H
2757.76
= K
500 x°
= 5.52 hours O

5. N S
B
1800
x = –––––
40° + y ° D
X
60
= 30
4800 nm
x° O 30° Latitude of K = (58° – 30°)N
30°
0°
= 28°N

(c) JH = 95 × 60 × cos 58°

A(30°S, 40°W)
C = 3021 nautical miles

S y°E (d) Average speed

1800
= –––––
4
(a) Longitude of X = (180° – 40°)E
= 140°E = 450 knots
Position of X = (30°N, 140°E)

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   Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 29

7. (a) Longitude of E = (35° – 30°)E 2. N

= 5°E
L(35°N)
Hence, longitude of F = (180° – 5°)W
= 175°W 35°
0°
O 40°
(b) N
F E M(40°S)

S
30° 30°
60° 60°
O
0° Difference in latitude between L and M
= 35° + 40°
= 75°
S Answer: D
The shortest distance from E to F
= ENF
= (30 + 30) × 60 3. Position of D = (25°N, (180° – 40°)E)
= 3600 nautical miles = (25°N, 140°E)
Answer: D
(c)
N G

4320 nm
4. N
60° M(50°N, 110°E)
O x° 0°

H 50°
0°
50° O
S

GH = 4320 N(50°S, 70°W)

S
(60 + x) × 60 = 4320
4320
60 + x = ––––– Answer: C
60
= 72
x = 72 − 60
= 12 5.
Latitude of H = 12°S N G(80°N, 138°E)
Hence, position of H = (12°S, 35°E)
(d) GF = (180 − 30) × 60 × cos 60°
O
= 4500 nautical miles 0°
80°
4500
Time of flight = –––––
600
= 7.5 hours F(80°S, 42°W) S

Answer: A

6. Latitude of H = (90° − 20°)N

Paper 1 = 70°N
Position of H = (70°N, 100°W)
1. Difference in longitude between M and N
= 20° + 60° Answer: D
= 80°
Answer: C

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  Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 29 

7. N 12. Difference in longitude between P and Q

= 20° + 80°
= 100°
Answer: D
O
U(0°, 0°E) 0°
40°
V
13. Latitude of P = (80° − 45°)N
= 35°N
S Longitude of R = (180° − 60°)W
= 120°W
Position of V = (0°, 40°E)
Hence, position of R = (35°N, 120°W)
Answer: B
Answer: D

8. Latitude of R = (90° – 40°)S

= 50°S Paper 2
Longitude of R = (95° − 80°)E
1. (a) N
= 15°E
P(55°N, 80°W) R
Hence, position of R is (50°S, 15°E).
Q
Answer: C

0°
O
9. N
J(50°N, 80°E)

30° K
20° 0°
O S 10°E

Longitude of R = (180° − 80°)E

= 100°E
S

(b) N
Position of K = (20°N, 80°E) P R

Answer: A 35° 35°

55° 55°
0°
O
10. N
P(50°N, 15°W)
S
50° O 0°
30°
PNR 35 × 2 × 60
––––– = –––––––––––––––––––
Q PSR [360 − (35 × 2)] × 60
70
S = ––––
290
Position of Q = (30°S, 15°W) 7
= –––
Answer: C 29

(c) QP = (80 + 10) × 60 × cos 55°

11. Position of Q = (65°N, (180° – 110°)W) = 3097 nautical miles
= (65°N, 70°W)
Answer: B

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   Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 29

(d) N (c) N
Q P
1980 nm

55° R x°
0° O
O 0°
x° 56°

T
S S

Let the latitude of the final location, T = x°S PR = 1980

QT = 6480 x × 60 = 1980
(55 + x) × 60 = 6480 1980
x = –––––
6480 60
55 + x = –––––
60 = 33
x = 108 − 55 Hence, latitude of R = (56° − 33°)N
= 53 = 23°N
Hence, the latitude of the final location is 53°S.
(d) 56°N

2. (a) N
P(30°W) O
P(56°N, 30°W) 30°
26°
0°

V(26°E)
56° O
0°
Difference in longitude between P and V
= 30° + 26°
= 56°
Q(56°S, 150°E) Time of flight
S PV
= –––––
speed
Longitude of Q = (180° − 30°)E 56 × 60 × cos 56°
= ––––––––––––––––
= 150°E 600
Hence, position of Q = (56°S, 150°E) = 3.13 hours

(b) N 3. N
P

A(34°N, 28°W) B(34°N, 152°E)

56° O
0°
34°
0°
O

Shortest distance from P to S

= (56 + 90) × 60 S

= 8760 nautical miles

(a) (i) Distance from A to B along the common
parallel of latitude
= 180 × 60 × cos 34°
= 8954 nautical miles
(ii) ANB = 2(90 − 34) × 60
= 2 × 56 × 60
= 6720 nautical miles

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  Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 29 

(b) (i)
Time of flight of aeroplane P (d) Time of flight from P to R
6720 PSR
= ––––– = ––––––
600 speed
= 11.2 hours 180 × 60
= ––––––––
750
(ii) 34°N = 14.4 hours

O 5. 20°E 60°E
A B N
x°
V
C R

Let aeroplane Q reached point C when

4740 nm
aeroplane P reached point B. 0°
O
y°
AC = 6720
x × 60 × cos 34° = 6720 P
6720 35°S
x = –––––––––––
60 × cos 34° Q
= 135.1 S

Longitude of point C
(a) Longitude of R
= (135.1° − 28°)E
= (180° − 60°)W
= 107.1°E
= 120°W

4. (b) QP = (60 − 20) × 60 × cos 35°

55°W 10°W N = 1966 nautical miles
(c) Let ∠POV = y°
P 36°N PV = 4740
Q 60 × y = 4740
4740
5220 nm O y = –––––
x° 0° 60
= 79
R Hence, latitude of V
T
= (79° − 35°)N
S
= 44°N

(a) Longitude of R = (180° − 55°)E (d) Time of flight from P to R

= 125°E PNR
= ––––––
speed
(b) QP = (55 − 10) × 60 × cos 36° 180 × 60
= 2184 nautical miles = ––––––––
864
= 12.5 hours
(c) Let ∠POT = x°
PT = 5220
60 × x = 5220 6. N
5220
x = ––––– D(40°N, 120°E)
60
= 87
Hence, latitude of T O 40°
= (87° − 36°)S 0°
30°
= 51°S

G F

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   Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 29

(a) (i) Latitude of F 8. 37°W N

= (70° − 40°)S
= 30°S P 67°N

(ii) Longitude of G Q
= (180° − 120°)W
O
= 60°W R x° 0°
4800 nm T
(b) DF = 70 × 60
= 4200 nautical miles
FG = 180 × 60 × cos 30°
= 9353 nautical miles S
Hence, total distance travelled (a) PR = 67 × 60
= 4200 + 9353 = 4020 nautical miles
= 13 553 nautical miles
(b) Let ∠ROT = x°
7. RT = 4800
N
79°N T
x × 60 = 4800
4800
x = –––––
42°N R 60
P Q = 80
0° Hence, the longitude of T
O
= (80° − 37°)E
= 43°E
F
(c) (i) PQ = 4800 × cos 67°
105°E
= 1876 nautical miles
S
35°E
1876
(ii) Time of flight = –––––
600
(a) 42°N
= 3.13 hours

9.
N
50°E
O
R(105°E) 30°W
70°
35°
35°
P
O
0° Q(35°E) 0°
40°

Given PQ = QR, C
hence, longitude of P = 35°W A 40°S
B
(b) (i) RQ = 70 × 60 × cos 42° S
= 3121 nautical miles
(a) Longitude of C = (180° − 30°)E
(ii) Shortest distance from R to T
= 150°E
= (79 − 42) × 60
= 2220 nautical miles (b) (i) AB = (30 + 50) × 60 × cos 40°
= 3677 nautical miles
(c) Time of flight (ii) ∠AOC = 180° − (2 × 40°)
total distance = 100°
= ––––––––––––
speed ASC = 100 × 60
3121 + 2220 = 6000 nautical miles
= –––––––––––
500
= 10.68 hours

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  Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 29 

(c) Distance travelled 11. N

= 10 × 570
= 5700 nautical miles
N
D

O
0°
5700 nm
θ
O 0° 10°W
40°
P
Q R x°S
A
S S
5°E

Let the difference in latitude between A and the

new point, D, be θ. (a) Difference in longitude between P and R
AD = 5700 = 10° + 5°
θ × 60 = 5700 = 15°
5700
θ = ––––– (b)
60
= 95 x°S

Hence, latitude of the new point 7.5°

= (95° − 40°)N P(10°W) O
= 55°N Q

R(5°E)
10. N
65°N
G Longitude of Q
F = (10° − 7.5°)W
4800 nm = 2.5°W
65° = 2°30′W
x°
0°
O (c) PQ = 7.5 × 60 × cos 40°
P = 344.7 nautical miles

20°E (d) Time of flight

344.7
S = –––––
400
(a) Longitude of G = 52 minutes
= (180° − 20°)W The time when the aeroplane landed at Q is 1252.
= 160°W
(b) Let ∠FOP = x°
FP = 4800 12. (a)
N
x × 60 = 4800 P(60°N, 40°W)
Q(60°N, 140°E)
4800
x = –––––
60
= 80 60°
0°
Hence, latitude of P O
= (80° − 65°)S
= 15°S
(c) (i) FG = 180 × 60 × cos 65° S
= 4564 nautical miles
(ii) ∠GOF = 180° − (2 × 65°) (b) Shortest distance from P to Q
= 50° = PNQ
Distance GNF = (180 − 60 × 2) × 60
= 50 × 60 = 3600 nautical miles
= 3000 nautical miles

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   Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 29

(c) Let the two aeroplanes meet at X after t hours. (b) (i) Difference in latitude between X and Y
60°N 2400
= –––––
60
= 40°
O
P(40°W) Q(140°E) (ii) Let ∠XCZ = q°
180° – x°
x°
XZ = 2100
q × 60 × cos 60° = 2100
2100
X q = –––––––––––
60 × cos 60°
PX x = 70
––– = –––––––
XQ 180 − x Longitude of X
600t x = (70° − 15°)W
––––– = –––––––
400t 180 − x = 55°W
x
3 = ––––––– Hence, the position of X is (60°S, 55°W).
—
2 180 − x
3(180 − x) = 2x (iii) Total distance from Z to X and to Y
540 − 3x = 2x = 2100 + 2400
540 = 5x = 4500 nautical miles
x = 108
Average speed of the flight
PX = 108 × 60 × cos 60° 4500
= –––––
= 3240 nautical miles 10
600t = 3240 = 450 knots
3240
t = –––––
600 14. N
= 5.4 60°N
D C
Hence, longitude of X
= (108° − 40°)E
= 68°E O 60°
0°
30°

13. N
30°S
40°E A B
140°W

Q P x°N S
20°W 40°E

y°
(a) (i) Distance from B to C
0°
O = (60 + 30) × 60
Y
= 5400 nautical miles
C (ii) Distance from A to B
X
q° Z(60°S, 15°E) = (20 + 40) × 60 × cos 30°
S = 3118 nautical miles

(a) Let ∠POQ = y° (b) Time of flight of aeroplane X from B to A

PNQ = 3000 3118
= –––––
y × 60 = 3000 400
3000 = 7.795 hours
y = –––––
60 Distance travelled by aeroplane Y from D when
= 50 aeroplane X reached A
Common latitude of P and Q = 600 × 7.795
= 4677 nautical miles
180° − 50°
= ––––––––– N
2 Hence, distance of aeroplane Y from A when
= 65°N aeroplane X reached A
Hence, the value of x is 65. = 5400 − 4677
= 723 nautical miles

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  Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 29 

15. N 40°W

56°N
D
C

O
0° B

50°E

(a) (i) Distance from A to B

= (40 + 50) × 60
= 5400 nautical miles
(ii) Distance from C to D
= 5400 × cos 56°
= 3020 nautical miles
(b) (i) Total distance from A to C and to D
= (56 × 60) + 3020
= 6380 nautical miles
(ii) Average speed of the flight
6380
= –––––
12
= 531.7 knots

13 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.