Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Digital Photography
Digital Photography
FA Q
frequently
Frequently Asked Questions on
Digital Photography
©1999-2006 OLYMPUS IMAGING
EUROPA GMBH. All rights reserved.
Reproduction in whole or in part only
with permission. asked questions on
digital photography
The Olympus Digital Library – Volume 5
Dealer’s stamp
Printed in Germany - OIME - Id.No. E0469250 - Hab. - 09/2006
Frequently
Asked Questions
on
Digital Photography
Digital Library Vol. 5
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Contents
1. The fascinating world of digital photography 4
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3.13 Blackboard/Whiteboard 56
3.14 Movie mode 57
3.15 Sound recording 57
3.16 Underwater photography 57
3.17 General tips and hints for better photos 59
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¡Pixel:
Abbreviation
for “picture
element”.
It is the smallest The CCD chip is about as large as your fingernail
element of and has millions of photosensitive diodes
a raster display
or digital picture, arranged in columns and rows on its surface,
containing infor- much like the dots, or pixels, on a computer
mation about monitor.
brightness and
colour.
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Progressive CCD
Data read
in
one pass.
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Before buying a
digital camera you
should think about
what you intend to
use it for. If you are
looking for a model
for taking snapshots
at family gatherings
or on holiday, for
example, you would
be best served by a fully automatic compact or
compact zoom camera that takes care of all the
details.
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2.5 What role does the lens system play in a digital camera?
In the diagram on the left, the lens from the analogue camera is unable to
focus the light into a resolution fine enough to fit the individual sensors on
the CCD. Lenses used in digital cameras, as shown in the diagram on the
right, have to be of a higher quality to provide the lens resolution matching
the incredibly small sensors on the CCD.
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A:mode B:mode
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x-contact
Hot shoe connection cable
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By removing a significant
amount of noise, the noise
reduction feature dramati-
cally enhances the quality of
the shot, especially for
night-time scenes.
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Experiment with
shooting from
different, unusual
angles.
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But how can you be sure you get the prints you
want? The Digital Print Order Format (DPOF)
makes ordering photo prints much easier. The
user can pick out which images are to be printed
and select the number of copies – either when
the photos are shot or later on. This information
is saved in the DPOF format and used by the
printer – at home or in the processing lab –
to provide you with the print results you desire.
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4x 3x 2x
4 x White, 3 x Red, 2 x Yellow.
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RAW X
TIFF X
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6.4 How can the space needed for digital images be reduced
without file compression?
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A
Aberration Imperfections in the image formed by a lens.
These include spherical aberration, curvature of
field, coma, astigmatism, curvilinear distortion
(also known as barrel or pincushion distortion)
and chromatic aberration. Chromatic aberration,
for example, can be corrected by using special
¡ED lens elements.
AE Automatic exposure.
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AF ¡Autofocus. A
AF metering field Spot or area in the frame marking the position B
where the autofocus system takes readings to set C
the focus.
D
Algorithm A set of processing or working instructions that,
because of their high precision, can be carried
E
out independently by a mechanical or electronic F
device. Algorithms are, for example, the set rules
for addition and subtraction etc. However, they G
are also the instructions that are established H
in a programming language. Algorithms simply
allow the computer to solve particular problems. I
In image editing, algorithms are used to alter J
images, e.g. 3-D Cubic Algorithm. (¡TruePic
TURBO) K
Aliasing The step-like (pixel-shaped) appearance of curves
L
and diagonal edges of a subject in an image. This M
can sometimes occur since all graphics consist
of individual ¡pixels. Antialiasing reduces this N
unwelcome effect by recalculating the contrast O
values of the neighbouring pixels and matching
them up with each other. P
Q
Analogue Opposite of ¡digital. The components of analogue
data merge continuously into each other without R
clearly defined steps. (E.g. the colours of a rainbow
are not obviously separable from one another.)
S
T
Aperture Mechanism within the lens that controls the
amount of light entering the camera. The aperture U
not only influences image brightness but also V
regulates ¡depth of field. Most cameras are
equipped with an iris aperture that can be freely W
adjusted or set according to pre-selected values. X
Y
Z
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Aperture Priority In this mode, the user can adjust the aperture and
the camera automatically selects the best shutter
speed for the exposure. In most cameras, the
Aperture Priority mode is denoted by the letter
“A”. ¡Shutter Priority.
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B
Banding Depiction error often occurring in dark sections
of an image when shooting with a high sensitivity
setting. Smooth lines of brightness or colour look
like bands of brightness or colour.
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C
Calendar view A function found in certain camera models.
This automatically saves the pictures according
to their capture date and then shows them in
a virtual calendar.
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A
D
Data security A collective term used for any measure to protect
B
C
and store files as well as programs for an
extended period of time. D
Data The exchange of digital information between
E
transmission two or more computers. Data is usually F
transmitted via a direct cable connection, a
computer network or telephone lines. G
H
DCF Design Rule for Camera File System – an industry
standard for saving digital images. This not only I
determines the file type, but also sets the rule for J
naming the folder and file structure. It allows
the conversion of uncompressed ¡TIFF files into K
compressed ¡JPEG files. This JPEG file is of the
¡Exif type and can contain camera information
L
such as the date and shooting parameters. M
(¡DPOF)
N
Dead pixels Dead ¡pixels do not react at all (unlike ¡hot O
pixels) and can be seen in the resulting image
as black spots. P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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E
ED lens Lens made of special glass with extra low
dispersion characteristics.
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F
FAQ Frequently Asked Questions.
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Flash duration The period for which the flash tube emits light.
This can be from around 1/250 to 1/40,000 of a
second depending on the amount of light
required.
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Full automatic In this mode, the camera not only controls the
¡aperture and ¡shutter but all other settings,
too. (e.g. ¡flash).
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A
G
Gamma A process whereby contrast values are optimised.
B
C
correction
D
GB ¡Gigabyte.
E
GIF Graphic Interchange Format. A compressed F
image ¡file format with a maximum of 256
colours. Often used on the ¡internet, especially G
for simple graphics and animation. H
Gigabyte 1 gigabyte = 1,024 ¡megabytes. I
J
Glass lens ¡Lens
K
Google Well-known ¡internet search engine.
L
GPS Global Positioning System. The GPS receiver uses M
satellites allowing you to determine the exact
longitude, latitude, and height above sea level N
anywhere on earth. O
Graphics card Component of a computer that is necessary to P
display an image on the monitor screen. Q
Grey scale A scale of shades ranging from white to black. R
Devices that can only display data in black and
white translate colour differences into various
S
shades of grey. T
Guide Number Value for the maximum power of a camera U
¡flash based on a film with an ¡ISO of 100. V
Built-in camera flashes have a guide number
(GN) of approx. 10 – 20, compact flashes W
between 20 – 40, and the GN for grip-type X
flashes is between 45 – 60.
Y
Z
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H
Hand-held External ¡exposure meter. (¡reflected-light
exposure meter metering, ¡incident-light metering)
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I
ICC profile An ICC (International Color Consortium) profile
describes the colour range of a device that
processes colour (like ¡scanners), displays
colours (such as monitors), or produces colours
(¡printers). The ICC profiles for each of these
devices help ensure that colour reproduction is
consistent. (¡Colour management)
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A
J
Jaggies Slang term for the stair-stepped appearance of
B
C
a curved or angled line in digital imaging. The
smaller the pixels, and the greater their number, D
the less apparent the “jaggies”. Also known as
pixelisation.
E
F
JAVA A programming language developed by SUN.
Among its features is the possibility to program G
interactive software for the ¡internet. H
JEIDA Japan Electronics Industry Development Associa- I
tion. Japanese standards committee for storage J
cards.
K
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group. The de facto
standard for image compression in digital imag-
L
ing devices, which enables different levels of M
compression to be selected. Because brightness
information is more important than colour data, N
most pixels only store the brightness information. O
When the JPEG file is opened, the missing colour
data is automatically calculated from the existing P
information. (¡MPEG) Q
JPG File ending for ¡JPEG files. R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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K
KB ¡kilobyte.
Kbyte ¡kilobyte.
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A
L
LAB LAB colours consist of a luminance or brightness
B
C
component and two chromatic components.
D
Laser printer A printer that uses a laser beam to project
characters and graphics onto a drum, which then
E
electrographically transfers the image, using F
toner, onto paper. Laser printers are known for
their high quality reproduction and printing G
speed. H
LCD Liquid Crystal Display. LCDs are commonly used I
in calculators, watches, digital cameras, notebook J
computers, flat-panel monitors and projectors.
K
LED A Light Emitting Diode is often used as an
indicator lamp.
L
M
LED printer As opposed to ¡laser printers, the printed image
is not brought on to a drum by a laser beam, but N
by a row of densely located light diodes. O
Lens Transparent glass or plastic that has been formed P
and polished to form a certain shape, usually Q
spherical. When a beam of light reaches the area
between the air and the lens, a part of this light R
is always reflected. The remaining light passes
into the lens and alters its propagation direction,
S
i.e. the light is refracted. The incorporation of T
various lenses (converging and diverging lenses)
creates a ¡lens system. When optimally arranged, U
they allow the subject to be presented correctly V
on the ¡image plane.
W
X
Y
Z
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A
M
Mac Abbreviated name of the Apple Macintosh
B
C
computer. This computer is often used for
graphics applications and ¡image processing. D
Mac OS The Apple Macintosh computer’s operating system.
E
F
Macro converter Lens attachment that permits fascinating detailed
close-up shots. (¡Tele converter, ¡wide-angle G
converter) H
Macro lens A lens (usually for SLRs) that is designed to be I
highly optically corrected especially for close- J
focusing and reproduction work. A macro lens
will normally give a maximum reproduction ratio K
of the subject of around 1:10 to 1:1 on the focal
plane (without additional extension).
L
M
Macro mode A special camera setting allowing the camera to
focus closer than normal, giving detailed close-up N
photographs of small objects. O
Mass Storage ¡USB Mass Storage Class. P
Class Q
MB ¡megabyte. R
Megabyte 1 MB = 1,024 ¡kilobytes.
S
T
Megapixel 1 megapixel = 1 million ¡pixels.
U
Memory effect A problem with ¡NiCd rechargeable batteries V
where, if the battery is repeatedly charged when
not fully empty, the battery just remembers its W
capacity when it was “topped up” and not its X
actual capacity. The result: the battery loses
power over time. Y
Z
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MF Manual Focus.
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N
Negative Film coated with a light-sensitive emulsion that
after exposure and processing produces the
image in tones that are reversed relative to the
original subject.
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O
Offline Describes the state when no data connection
G
H
exists. (¡Online) I
J
OLE Object Linking and Embedding: Enables “objects”
(graphics, tables, etc.) to be embedded into K
different files/documents in order to create, for
example, a report.
L
M
Olympus Olympus is a leading international provider of
professional opto-digital products and a pioneer N
in key technologies in the area of imaging and O
voice products, endoscopy, microscopy,
bioanalysis and diagnostics. P
Q
Olympus Based on the FourThirds Standard, the Olympus
E-System E-System sets new standards in the areas of both R
professional image quality and performance.
All components and the complete range of
S
accessories – body, interchangeable lenses and T
flash system – have expressly been designed to
meet the needs of digital photography. This U
ensures the camera is able to achieve the full V
potential of the digital medium.
W
X
Y
Z
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Outdoor cases These are special cases that protect your camera
when you go snorkelling or from the sand while
playing on the beach. They are designed for a
water depth of about 3m, so are not suitable for
scuba diving. For this you need special
¡ underwater cases. Make sure you have a case
designed especially for your camera.
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PageMaker
P
Popular ¡DTP program.
B
C
PAL Phase Alternating Line. A colour television standard D
developed in Germany in 1967 and used in many
European and non-European countries. The image
E
size is 720 x 576 pixels with a frequency of 50 Hz F
interlaced (2 x 25 half images are generated each
second). (¡NTSC, ¡SECAM) G
H
Panorama Special function that allows the stitching together
function of numerous pictures to create a panorama effect. I
¡SmartMedia and ¡xD-Picture Cards from J
¡Olympus make it particularly easy to create such
compositions when used in conjunction with a K
compatible Olympus digital camera.
L
Pantone A colour scale consisting of about 3,000 gradations M
in tone that is used in editing digital images.
N
Parallax error When the image seen through the camera’s O
viewfinder does not correspond with what will be
captured by the lens due to the different viewing P
positions of the two. When shooting close up, Q
the degree of error can lead to incorrectly framed
images. Some cameras feature a viewfinder with R
correction markings to prevent this while others
automatically compensate for the parallax effect.
S
In digital cameras, the parallax error can be T
avoided by framing shots with the LCD
(if available). U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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A
PSD ¡Photoshop file.
B
PTP Picture Transfer Protocol is an image data transfer C
¡protocol (like the ¡TCP/IP protocol for the
¡internet) that is intended to do away with D
the need for special digital camera drivers. PTP
compatible devices, such as digital cameras,
E
computers, mobile phones, printers, etc., should F
be able to transfer data among themselves with-
out the user needing to install any drivers. G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Q
Quark Xpress Popular ¡DTP program.
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A
R
RAM Random Access Memory. The user can read and
B
C
write data from/onto this type of memory. RAM is
used to temporarily store both data and programs. D
As opposed to ¡ROM, all memory stored in
RAM is lost when the power is turned off and is
E
therefore called volatile memory. F
Raster The regular arrangement of addressable points G
within, for example, printers, scanners, monitors H
and digital cameras.
I
RAW Some cameras allow files to be saved in RAW J
format. These contain the image information as
it is sent directly from the ¡CCD, i.e. before the K
camera has carried out any processing at all. The
RAW files are usually smaller than if saved in
L
¡TIFF format because the colour information M
has not been processed at that point. To see
and edit the files and then save them in a more N
conventional format, a special program or O
¡plug-in is required.
P
Real image ¡Optical real image viewfinder. Q
viewfinder
R
Rechargeable Type of battery that once empty can be recharged
battery using a charger. The most common types of
S
rechargeable batteries are nickel metal hydride T
(¡Ni-MH) nickel cadmium (¡NiCd), lithium ion
(¡lithium) and lithium polymer (¡li-po) batteries. U
(¡Battery pack) V
W
X
Y
Z
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S
Scanner A device used to ¡digitise printed information
(pictures, graphics, and text).
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Shutter time lag Time between the instant the release is fully
depressed and the actual moment of capture.
This does not include the time when the release
is half depressed to activate (if available) the
¡autofocus system, etc.
Shutter Priority In this mode, the user can adjust the ¡shutter
speed manually and the camera then selects the
¡aperture setting for the best exposure. Often
described as “S” mode on the camera.
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A
T
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol over Internet
B
C
Protocol. Standard ¡protocol for sending data
packets over the internet or network. The data D
is automatically broken up into small packets.
An error correction procedure takes place
E
automatically. F
Tele Short for telephoto lens. A lens that offers a G
narrower angle of view than the standard lens for H
a given format, e.g. focal lengths above 50mm for
the 35mm format, or above 25mm for the I
FourThirds format. Typical characteristics include J
a narrow field of view (around 30° or less
depending on focal length), short depth of field K
and the flattening of perspective between objects
(i.e. near and distant objects appear closer
L
together) (¡Wide angle, ¡zoom.) M
Tele converter Lens attachment that extends the focal length. N
(¡Macro converter, ¡wide-angle converter) O
TFT Thin Film Transistor. TFT displays are used in P
notebooks as well as in digital cameras from Q
OLYMPUS.
R
Thumbnail The miniature representation of a digital image
that usually serves as a preview in ¡image
S
editing programs. T
TIFF Tagged Image File Format. A specific, high quality U
¡file format used for the storage of ¡digitised V
images.
W
X
Y
Z
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TTL flash With ¡TTL flash metering, the flash light and
metering ambient light is measured through the lens so the
intensity of the flash can be set. All work is done
by the camera so the flash does not need any
metering cells or control circuits. Also, no
manual adjustments are necessary.
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A
U
Underexposure When a shot does not receive enough light with
B
C
the result that the picture is too dark.
D
Underwater These are special cases that let you take your
cases camera diving with you. Make sure you have a
E
case designed especially for your camera and that F
you look after the case, especially its seals, as
described in the manual. For ¡DSLR underwater G
photography additional ¡underwater lens ports H
as well as underwater housings for external flash
units are required. I
J
Underwater lens Water-tight cases for ¡DSLR interchangeable
ports lenses used in combination with DLSR K
¡underwater cases for underwater photography.
L
Unsharp Often abbreviated to USM. Describes an image M
Masking sharpening process. The quality of the result
depends on the characteristics of the ¡algorithm N
used. O
Update An updated version of a ¡software program or P
the ¡firmware (e.g. of a camera). Q
Upgrade A new improved version of ¡hardware or R
¡software that is already available.
S
Upload Process of copying a file from a computer to a T
remote computer. Opposite of download.
U
USB Universal Serial Bus (USB) enables the effortless V
connection of ¡peripheral devices without the
need to install cards into the computer or W
reconfigure parts of the operating system. The X
most important advantages are: the support of
¡Plug and Play, ¡hot plugging, automatic Y
configuration of external devices upon
Z
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V
VGA Video Graphics Array. Refers to a display screen
A
B
with a resolution of 640 x 480 ¡pixels. C
(¡QXGA, ¡SVGA, ¡SXGA, ¡UXGA, ¡XGA)
D
Video output Interface that connects a digital camera with
a TV or video recorder.
E
F
Video CCD Describes a ¡CCD specially developed for
television and video, also used in digital still G
cameras. (¡Progressive CCD) H
Vignetting Fading off the sides of a picture into plain white I
or black instead of having abrupt edges. Also J
unintentional loss of brightness at the edge of
the image. ¡Wide-angle lenses are particularly K
susceptible. However, the problem can be
more or less avoided by removing the elements
L
causing the effect, such as a filter with a frame M
that is too large or an ill-fitting ¡lens hood.
N
Virtual Dial The image of a dial displayed in a camera’s O
¡LCD monitor. By pressing the control buttons,
the user is able to turn this virtual dial to select P
the different shooting modes. Q
Virus Describes a computer ¡program that usually R
causes damage or destruction of ¡software
and/or data.
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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W
Weatherproof Weatherproof cameras can be used on rainy
days without any danger of water entering the
camera. However, they are not waterproof and
should not be immersed in water.
Wide angle A lens that offers a wider angle of view than the
standard lens for a given format, e.g. focal lengths
below 50mm for the 35mm format, or less than
25mm for the FourThirds format. Typical
characteristics include a wide field of view, from
around 60° and up to 180° (¡fisheye lens)
depending on focal length, large depth of field
and the deepening of perspective between
objects (i.e. near and distant objects appear farther
apart.) (¡Tele, ¡zoom.)
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A
X
xD-Picture Card An innovative memory card standard developed
B
C
by Olympus and Fujifilm, launched in 2002.
Particularly small digital memory medium for D
digital cameras that is very durable and robust,
and allows speedy data transfer rates. Capacities
E
of up to 8 ¡GB will be possible in the future. F
(Max. available capacity 2006: 2 GB.)
G
XGA Extended Graphics Array. A graphics standard H
developed by IBM, which allows the display of
1,024 x 768 ¡pixels with up to 65,535 colours. I
(¡QXGA, ¡SVGA, ¡SXGA, ¡UXGA, ¡VGA) J
X-synch cable Cable for connecting a non-dedicated K
¡flash or ¡studio flash. The cable only passes
the command to fire and no other instructions.
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Z
ZIP ¡File format used for data compression.
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A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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