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Stealth Planes
Stealth Planes
PRESENTED BY:
A.BHARATH KUMAR C.BHARGAV
4th B.Tech, EEE 4th B.Tech, ECE
andalam6@gmail.com cbg2008@gmail.com
Abstract History
Stealth planes refer to planes The term RADAR was coined in
that are not visible to the radar system. 1941 as an acronym for Radio
Many steps involved to hide the Detection And Ranging. The oldest
identity of planes from radar. Few are known precursor to in bat millions of
using Iron ball paint, Foam absorber, years ago, and is known to us today as
Jaumann absorber, applying AR 1 sonar. Bats emit a short cry from their
Paint (Anti Radar), Designing in the noses, receiving the echo with a set of
Stealth model. two antennae, which happen to be ears.
This invisible plane technology Bat's radar doesn't use electromagnetic
helps the plane in penetration of rays, but the working principle is the
heavily defended airspace; it enables same as that of modern radar.
single aircraft to carry out attacks in a German engineers played a
manner impossible for conventional vital role to the initial development of
aircraft, which require a large number the Radar Absorbent Material (RAM)
of support aircraft to conduct similar which has less RADAR reflection
missions. A conventional aircraft ability. During the Second
‘package’ may employ up to 40 World War they developed the earliest
aircraft, while a stealth aircraft can forms of RAM, known as Sumpf. They
conduct the mission by itself. used graphite layered special type
This paper explains existing structure to lower the reflect-ability of
stealth detecting techniques and the planes to the new top 20-centimeter
methods to make a plane invisible to radar band technology of the Allied
radar and how effectively they can be forces.
combined to get better results.
Principle
Introduction
There are three approaches to
Radar is an object detection
making a craft invisible to radar. They
system that uses electromagnetic
are
waves to identify the range, altitude,
direction, or speed of both moving and
1) Absorbing the beam: The
fixed objects such as aircraft, ships,
surfaces of the plane are designed in
motor vehicles, weather formations.
such a way that they absorb the radar
Radar system generate the pulses of
beam which is incident on its surface.
radio waves with all waves in same
phase, when these waves came into
2) Deflecting the beam: If reflecting
contact with the material with
surfaces don't allow the radar beam to
significant change in atomic density to
return to the receiver. They can't detect
surrounding medium they will scatter.
the airplane. It means plane surface
Scattered waves have different phase
will send the radar beam in the
from transmitted signal, by knowing
direction other than received direction.
the phase and incoming frequency of
radio waves, it can detect the planes.
3) Passing the beam: Some materials
Invisible planes are designed in order
just pass microwaves with little
to achieve minimum RCS (Radar
reflection. This is not practical for
Cross Sectional Area).
large structures.
Any approach should come under this paint alternating magnetic field
any one of the 2 following methods induces molecular oscillations which
• When Radar transmitting and leads to convert radar energy to heat,
receiving signals are in same which is transferred to vehicle and then
phase and same frequency, dissipates.
radar system confirms there is
no aircraft in the space, so by 2. Foam absorber:
achieving this we can hide our
aircraft from radar system. Foam absorber is used as lining
• When microwave is incident on of anechoic chambers. This material
our plane if it is completely typically consists of fireproofed
absorbed by our plane, then no urethane foam loaded with carbon
wave is reflected back, so there black, and cut into long pyramids. The
is no chance for radar to detect length from base to tip of the pyramid
our plane. structure is chosen based on the lowest
expected frequency and the amount of
Existing methods to make absorption required. Panels of RAM
are installed with the tips pointing
invisible plane
inward to the chamber. Pyramidal
RAM attenuates signal by two effects:
There are several real time scattering and absorption.
methods existed for to make things Scattering can occur both
invisible to the radar. Few are coherently, when reflected waves are
1. Using RAM (Radar absorbent in-phase but directed away from the
material) in the manufacturization of receiver, and incoherently where
aircrafts waves are picked up by the receiver
2. Building aircraft in stealth model but are out of phase and thus have
lower signal strength. This incoherent
RAM scattering also occurs within the foam
structure, with the suspended carbon
RAM is a material, which is particles promoting destructive
used to disguise a structure from Radar interference.
detection. A material’s absorbance at a
given frequency of Radar wave 3. Jaumann absorber
depends on composition of material.
RAM cannot absorb radar perfectly at A Jaumann absorber or
any frequency but for given Jaumann layer is a radar absorbent
composition its absorbency may be device. It was first introduced in 1943.
higher than at other frequencies, but Jaumann absorber meaning that the
there is no one RAM which is suited to incoming radar waves are reflected in
absorb all radar frequencies. such a way that interference cancels
them out.
Types of RAM
The Jaumann layer consisted
1. Iron ball paint: of two equally-spaced reflective
surfaces and a conductive ground
This is one of the mostly used plane. Being a resonant absorber (i.e. it
types of RAM. This paint contains tiny uses wave interfering to cancel the
spheres coated with carbonyl iron or reflected wave), the Jaumann layer is
fernite. When pulses of dependent upon the λ/4 spacing
electromagnetic wave is incident on between the first reflective surface and
the ground plane and between the two received signal strength at
reflective surfaces (a total of λ/4 + the receiver is very much less
λ/4). • Stealth planes coated with
Because the wave can resonate at two RAM, so that maximum of
frequencies, the Jaumann layer incident wave energy gets
produces two absorption maxima absorbed
across a band of wavelengths (if using
the two layers configuration). These
absorbers must have all of the layers
parallel to each other and the ground
plane that they conceal.
TYPES OF STEALTH
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