Solutions to the Problems 49 1

First, we reconsider the U = U 3 = 00 case when the Hilbert space is restricted

to IA) and JB).The lowermost singlet energy is

(8.68)

Though it is not quite obvious, it can be checked that &:in, < &kin.if t 2 > 0,
which confirms our previous result.
For finite Hubbard interaction, deciding the nature of the ground state re-
quires the numerical solution of the full 4 x 4 problem. Fig. 8.19 gives a sample
of the results, showing that (for tl # t 2 ) the singlet-triplet transition occurs
at a finite U. The occurence of ferromagnetic ordering is a non-perturbative,
intermediate-coupling phenomenon.

dit t

- &kin.as a function of U (in units of t l )

Figure 8.19: The energy difference &gin.
for €3 = 3t1, 0 and - %?I. We have chosen Us = U and t 2 = t l f 2 . Increasing €3
favours ferromagnetism.

We have performed the calculation for three different values of €3: 63=3tl,
0, and -3tl. It strikes the eye that increasing €3 favours ferromagnetism.