WORKING OF L293D MOTOR DRIVER

USAGE:-Mostly all microprocessors works at low voltages

but our dc motors works at high voltages so we use
motor driver to power our dc motors.

This is an IC on l293d motor driver.

PINS IN L293D
It has 16 pins.
1.ENABLE PINS:- 1st and 9th pins are enable
pins.Basically if we give power ie 5v to 1st pin then
left sige gets activated/enabled and if we give 5v volt
to 9th pin then right side of IC gets activated.

2.INPUT PINS:-There are 4 input pins in a l293d motor

driver.These are connected to microcontrollers (for
example arduino).Here in our diagram 2,15,10,7 are
input pins.

3.OUTPUT PINS:-There are 4 out pins.These goes to our

motor driver.Here in our diagram 3,14,11,6 are output
pins.

4.GROUND PINS:- 4,5,12,13 are ground pins in l293d.

5.POWERING PINS:- Pin 16 is used to power our l293d and

it should not exeed 5v and pin 8 is used to power the
motor through IC

WORKING:-
If we are powering our microcontroller and motor driver
separately then we have to do common grounding between
both.

We can short enable pins with ic power pin instead af

powering them separately.

If we give HIGH through arduino pin to the l293d pin

no.2 and LOW to l293d pin no.7 then left motor
connected at pin no. 3 and 6 will rotate say
anticlockwise(this we have to check).and if we give LOW
to pin no.2 and 7 then motor will rotate clockwise that
is opposite to the previous one.Similarly we can
control right side motor also.
The same is applicable for pins 10 and 15.

MECHANISM:-

Through this l293d motor driver we can run two

motors.This works on principle of h bridge. H-bridge is given
this name because it can be modelled as four switches on the corners of ‘H’. The
basic diagram of H-bridge is given below :

In the given diagram, the arrow on the left points to the higher potential side of the
input voltage of the circuit. Now if the switches S1 & S4 are kept in a closed
position while the switches S2 & S3 are kept in a open position meaning that the
circuit gets shorted across the switches S1 & S4. This creates a path for the current
to flow, starting from the V input to switch S1 to the motor, then to switch S4 and
then the exiting from the circuit. This flow of the current would make the motor
turn in one direction. The direction of motion of the motor can be clockwise or
anti-clockwise, this is because the rotation of the motor depends upon the
connection of the terminals of the motor with the switches.
For simplicity, lets assume that in this condition the motor rotates in a clockwise
direction.
Now, when S3 and S2 are closed then and S1 and S4 are kept open then the current
flows from the other direction and the motor will now definitely rotates in counter-
clockwise direction
When S1 and S3 are closed and S2 and S4 are open then the ‘STALL’ condition
will occur(The motor will break).
Stall Condition:
When the motor is applied positive voltage on both sides then the voltage from
both the sides brings the motor shaft to a halt

In this we are also using a concept that is transistors

as a switch.
 b.motors rotating in
clockwise and aticockwise direction

c.short circuit condition

Why 4 grounds in the IC?

The motor driver IC deals with heavy currents. Due to so much current flow the IC
gets heated. So, we need a heat sink to reduce the heating. Therefore, there are 4
ground pins
Why Capacitors?
The DC motor is an inductive load. So, it develops a back EMF when supplied by
a voltage. There can be fluctuations of voltage while using the motor say when
suddenly we take a reverse while the motor was moving in some direction. At this
point the fluctuation in voltage is quite high and this can damage the IC. Thus, we
use four capacitors that help to dampen the extreme variation in current.