9.

1 Minimum Polarity Principle 501

derivation relied on the assumption of magnetic long-range order, and

neglected local correlation effects completely. Now we want an answer
which is valid within the fully symmetrical, paramagnetic state, describ-
ing the suppression of nd as a pure correlation effect.
At exact half-filling, simple counting gives

nd = n, (9.7)
where ne is the density of empty sites. (On the average, there is one
electron per site. To put two electrons on a site, the second electron must
have been taken from somewhere else, leaving behind an empty site.) -
The densities of sites singly occupied by f-spin, or $-spin electrons will
be denoted by nt, and nl, respectively. Obviously

nt+nl+n,+nd= 1. (9.8)
Usually, we will assume a paramagnetic state for which nt = nl.
In equation (9.5), we defined nd as a global average, taken over the
whole lattice. In principle, (fijtfijl) could vary from site to site. How-
ever, here we are interested in a featureless paramagnetic state which has
the full translational symmetry of the underlying lattice. Thus the rele-
vant expectation values are site-independent, for instance (fijTfijjJ.) = nd
for allj, so the global average is the same as the local expectation value.
An alternative way to state the problem is to remember that (9.3)
is nothing but the simplest4 Hartree-Fock result for the ground state
energy. The true ground state energy can be represented as

where I\k) is the (normalized) exact ground state, and &,or, is the so-
called correlation energy. We have to find Ecorr. Simple reasoning tells
us that the correlation energy must be negative. By definition, Ec0l.r is
the energy due to inter-particle correlations, i.e., due to the fact that
electrons can avoid each other more effectively than it is predicted by
Hartree-Fock theory. The Hartree-Fock approximation grossly overes-
timates the interaction energy, and this is corrected by Ecorr.
4Derived on the assumption that there is no symmetry breaking, i.e., (fijjt) =
(fij4)= 1/2.