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Dispersion Compensating Radio over Fiber (RoF) for 5G Radio Access Network
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Dispersion Compensating Radio over Fiber (RoF) for 5G Radio Access Network
Article History: The new developments and generations of mobile systems needs new
Received: 17/07/2017 radio access networks, this is because of higher frequency spectrum and
Accepted: 24/01/2018 lower coverage of base stations and then higher number of base stations,
Published: 21/05/2018 causes higher impairments and the signal quality will be decreased, this is
Keywords: because of the increase of interference. In this paper a new proposed radio
5G mobile system access network has been presented for the Fifth Generation (5 G) mobile
Radio over fiber system with the use of radio over fiber (RoF) system instead of microwave
link and a mesh topology. Because of the dispersion effect in optical fibers,
Radio Access Network data rate transmission will be decreased, in this paper using radio over fiber
Dispersion Compensation means minimization of this problem has been studied. Moreover, a new
technique to compensate the dispersion effect presented, the results shows
*Corresponding Author: that the proposed work will decrease the effect of dispersion and then higher
Jalal J. Hamad Ameen data rate and better signal quality between the base stations in the mobile
system as shown in the results.
Jalal.hamadameen@su.edu.krd
others about the channel assignment, cell for example the RAN architecture shall support
planning, …etc. the questions are; when will tight interworking between the new RAT and
5G be deployed? What will characterize LTE, considering high performing inter-RAT
networks in 2020 and beyond? What are the mobility and aggregation of data flows via at
likely solutions and technologies that will come least dual connectivity between LTE and new
in to play? These are some questions currently
RAT. This shall be supported for both
being discussed among operators, the supplier
community, research institutions, standards collocated and non-collocated site
bodies, trade organizations and governments deployments, the RAN architecture shall
(4G Americas, white paper, 2015). support connectivity through multiple
Examination of 5G requirements and transmission points, either collocated or non-
solutions is basically an exercise in planning a collocated, the RAN architecture shall enable
network evolution plan that spans six to seven the separation of control plane signaling and
years. While past generations have been user plane data from different sites, RAN-CN
identified by a major new technology step, interfaces and RAN internal interfaces (both
such as the definition of a new air interface, the between new RAT logical nodes/functions and
expectation is that 5G will be approached from between new RAT and LTE logical
an end-to-end system perspective and include
nodes/functions) shall be open for multi-vendor
major technology steps both in the radio access
network and core network. These steps can interoperability, and the RAN architecture shall
be evolutionary or revolutionary by support operator-controlled side link (device-to
introducing a completely new concept (4G device) operation, both in coverage and out of
Americas, white paper, 2015). coverage. 5G networks are expected to hugely
In this paper, the radio access network part increase network densification, The large
has been designed with a new proposed number of small cells, together with the
topology using Radio over Fiber (RoF) system, growing coexistence of multiple radio access
challenges of RoF like dispersion has been technologies (RATs) like global system for
studied that how can be minimized and then mobile communications (GSM), Universal
compensated for the proposed radio access Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS),
network, finally, some test and examined
Long Term Evolution (LTE), etc., leads to an
results presented with conclusions.
increasing complexity in the Operations,
Administration, and Management (OAM) of
2. 5G MOBILE SYSTEM cellular networks (Sergio Fortes, et. al, 2016).
In this system, the costs of BSs will be Frequency (IF) transmission over fiber and
decreased because most of signal processing digitized IF transmission over fiber(John M.
including coding, multiplexing, RF generation Senior, 2009).
and modulation, etc. is made in CSs rather than
in the BSs. The signal to and from these is Optical fiber system like other communication
transmitted in the optical band, via a fiber optic channels has many impairments for example,
network. The design of BSs really be simple, in attenuation, linear and non linear scattering
the simplest case a BS doesn’t comprise else losses, fiber bend loss, and dispersion, this
than optical-to-electrical (O/E) and electrical- work focused on dispersion effect because it
to-optical (E/O) converters, an antenna and has a great effect on the data rate as given in
some microwave circuitry (two amplifiers and equation (1) (John M. Senior, 2009) :
a diplexer).
Data rate = 0.2 / (1)
In the last decade or so significant research
work was done in this field with significant
Where, is the total dispersion given in
results, the number of publications is abundant,
some problems to be solved and there will be
some benefits in the new architecture using equation (2) with chromatic and modal
RoF, but there are still special problems like dispersion :
resource management, channel allocation,
= (2)
interference, data rate improvement. RoF
technology allows a micro cellular network
system to be implemented by using a fiber-fed Where,
distribution antenna network.
is the chromatic dispersion, is the modal
Simplified RoF system block diagram is given
in Figure 1. The RF part is between the input dispersion
signal and Electrical to Optical conversion
(E/O), and the received signal with that in And the chromatic dispersion is given in
Optical to Electrical Conversion (O/E). equation (3) while the modal dispersion
depends on the fiber type step index or graded
index, equation (4) is the modal dispersion for
the step index and (5) for the graded index
fiber :
(3)
4. DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY Figure 2 shows the relation between data rate
and the fiber length using multimode graded
index fiber optics because dispersion affecting
The proposed topology for the 5G Radio on them more than single mode with different
Access Network (RAN) in this paper is that the relative refractive index differences (Delta). It
connections between Base Transceiver Stations is shown that fiber length is until about 6km,
(BTS) and Central Base Station (CBS) will be but for 4 G the coverage radius is about 2km
using RoF instead of microwave (MA Zheng1 and for 5 G about 1 km because of higher
et. al, 2015). This is because of many frequency bandwidth. Thus, relative refractive
disadvantages of microwave link like index difference must be less than 0.04 for a
maintenance, interference, atmosphere effects, higher data rate.
etc. therefore, RoF will be the alternative for
the microwave link because these 900
Delta=0.04
800
disadvantages will be solved by RoF, the Delta=0.05
Delta=0.06
700
topology is mesh topology because in this 600
Delta=0.07
Data rate (Mbps)
Delta=0.08
400
the data transmission because there will be
300
other path links even as a disadvantage of mesh 200
topology the cost of the fiber used. All the Base 100
(BSC) like that used in 3G or GSM or even 4G Figure 3 shows the relationship between fiber
mobile systems, this will facilitate the cell length and data rate with different numerical
planning procedure also and channel apertures (Na), using multimode step index
assignment. fiber optics, it is found that for higher data rate
and fiber length about 2km for 4 G and about 5
After the design of RAN is proposed, the G, numerical aperture must be less than 0.028.
800
dispersion effect has been studied, first, using 700
Na=0.028
Na=0.03
Na=0.038
500
relations between dispersion and other fiber 400
200
using MATLAB package, and then the data 100
connection between each BTs and CBS Figure 3 : Data Rate Versus Fiber Length for Step Index
depends on the fiber length. Fiber.
12 Ameen.J /ZJPAS: 2018, 30(2): 8-16
Figure 4 shows the relationship between data the base stations will not be uniform, and using
rate and relative refractive index difference N=7, the base station numbers will be
(Delta) for different cluster sizes (N) using increased, but carriers will be decreased.
multimode step index fiber optics. It is shown Again, using N=3, the number of base stations
that without clustering (N=1), the data rate is decreased, but the carrier frequencies used
higher, but this causes higher Co-channel increased. Thus the two cluster sizes N =3 and
interference (CCI) and Adjacent Channel N=7 are used. For graded index multimode
Interference (ACI), and hence Signal to fiber, the relative refractive index difference
Interference Ratio (SIR) will be decreased. must be less than 0.04 for a higher data rate, as
Therefore, N=3 and N=7 clustering would be shown in Figure 5:
more optimal because these cluster sizes has
1000
less CCI and ACI specially where N = 7 during N=1
cell planning procedure. Using the cluster size 800
N=3
N=4
N=4, the distribution for the base stations will N=7
N=12
Data Rate(Mbps)
not be uniform, and using N=7, base station 600
numbers will be increased, but the number of
carriers will be decreased. On the other hand, 400
N=12
Grating (FBG), and the Dispersion
300
Compensating Fiber (DCF) to minimize the
200 dispersion and then higher data rate, In addition
100
the optical amplifier Erbium Doped Fiber
Amplifier (EDFA) to attenuation compensation
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 by amplifying the signal and increasing the
Relative reffractive index difference for step index fiber -3
x 10
signal quality by minimizing the dispersion
has been used as shown in Figures 6-8. Figure
Figure 4 : Data Rate Versus Relative Refractive Index
Difference for Step Index Fiber. 6 is the basic dispersion compensation using
FBG for each BTs. Considered by user defined
Figure 5 shows the relation between data rate bit sequence and O/E by RoF.
and relative refractive index difference (Delta)
for different cluster sizes (N) with graded index
multimode fiber optics. It is demonstrated that
without clustering (N=1), the data rate is
increased, but this causes higher CCI and ACI,
and hence SIR will be decreased. Therefore,
again, N=3 and N=7 were deemed better.
Using the cluster size N=4, the distribution for
13 Ameen.J /ZJPAS: 2018, 30(2): 8-16
5. RESULTS
4. CONCLUSIONS
11 Ameen.J /ZJPAS: 2018, 30(2): 8-16
In this paper a new proposed radio access Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar
network for 5G mobile system has been University, Patiala, 2016.
presented, radio over fiber system proposed to Vimala Reddy and Lochan Jolly, “ Simulation and
be the link between base stations and a central Analysis of Radio over Fiber (RoF) Systems using
station with a mesh topology. The main Frequency Up-Conversion Technique”, International
Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
impairment of fiber system which is dispersion
Volume 133 – No.12, January 2016.
has been studied with the main methods of this
effect compensation. A new model proposed Vikas Kumar Pandey, Sanjeev Gupta,andBharti
radio access network with minimum dispersion Chaurasiya, “Radio-Over-Fiber (ROF) Technology
With WDM PON System”, International Journal of
has been presented, the new model is a
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