Solutions to the Problems 253

The one-dimensional Hubbard model has a ground state without magnetic

long-rangeorder. It is known [175]that
1
(\klsl. s Z l \ k ) = - ln2. (5.99)

Replacing this in (5.45),we get

(*E(A~,IQ)w
1
[ +5
1
8t
a In 2 . cos k
1. (5.100)

This gives a characteristic example for the smooth k-dependence of the band
state occupation number in a correlated insulator.
Problem 6.3. Let us consider first two electrons described by ax.It is clear
that the electrons cannot hop unless they are at nearest neighbour sites, or on
the same site. Since the hopping creates or destroys double occupation, only
the singlet state is mobile. We can envisage tweelectron propagation in the
following manner
1000 tJ000) * (0000d000) - (00003-t00)
Thus 3tx "wants" to create mobile bound singlets which move with hopping
.. .
amplitude X. One may wish to discuss this observation in connection with
superconductivity [167,431.
Switching on U ,the pair propagation rate is slowed down to X2/U. N

Problem 5.4. 3cy can be rewritten as

3cY =y C (XftOXOtd + XdtOXOtd
j i 1. (5.101)
(i3)
As for 3tx, we decompose it like we did with ?ifCband in (5.9).Let us gather the
processes which increase the number of doubly occupied sites by creating one
at i. They arise from
X(CftCj+Ail+ cipjs&t)
= x [ ( x y+ xp+l)(x:'l+ x y ) ( x ; + t + ,:td)
+(X/'O - Xd++
i )(Xl't + xf+d)(x;+l- Xl+d)
* X(Xp+lXjott - Xp+'Xf+d
3 ).
These are the same processes as in ?it,
only -t has to be replaced by X. The
same holds for 31.; Thus the decomposition of 3cx is
X
3cx=--(7q+3t,)+?&, (5.102)
t