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Lecture21 PDF
Lecture21 PDF
Lecture21 PDF
Physics 15c
Lecture 21
Geometrical Optics
(H&L Chapter 12)
What We Did Last Time
I (θ ) sin nx
2
! Snell’s law θ1
n sin θ1 = sin θ 2 θ2
y θ 2 − θ1 θ1
ny
sin θ 2 =
R −f
! For small angles R
y R
sign! −f = ≈
tan(θ 2 − θ1 ) n − 1
! Same formula, just a negative sign
=0 f
! Easy enough to solve
f + nx( y ) = ( f + x( y ) ) + y 2
2
( + ) (= + ) +
2 2
f nx ( y ) f x ( y ) y 2 d
(n 2 − 1) x 2 + 2(n − 1) fx − y 2 = 0 hyperbola
Spherical Aberration
! Spherical aberration can be reduced by
! High-index glass (flint glass)
! Aspherical (hyperbolic) lens shape
! Not a perfect solution: doesn’t work for off-axis light
crown glass
companies
! G. Bass, a subcontractor of the two lens companies
Good
lens Spherical
aberration
r R
Rainbow
! You’ve probably heard of how rainbows are made
! But the scattering angle depends on
where the light enters the drop
! If you add up all possible positions,
rainbow will be washed out They lied
! Real rainbow is made by θ
1
the light that reflected
internally r θ2 θ
2
! Total deflection is θ2
θ = 2θ1 − 4θ 2 + π θ2 θ
θ1
Rainbow
r
θ = 2θ1 − 4θ 2 + π sin θ1 = sin θ1 = n sin θ 2
R
n = 1.33
! θ has a minimum around 137.5° π θ
! Illuminate a water droplet
with uniform light
! What is the distribution of θ min = 2.40
light intensity in θ ? r R
! A bit difficult problem
! Covered in Physics 143a and 151
r dr
! The answer: I (θ ) ∝ This goes to infinity
sin θ dθ at the turning point there
Rainbow
! Minimum of θ " Sharp peak of intensity I(θ)
θ I (θ ) ∞