PRT 2008

AGRICULTURE AND MAN

LECTURE TOPICS
& COURSE ASSESSMENT
 Course Assessment
No final exam
No Semester Test

1.Quiz 1 20%
2.Quiz 2 20%
3.Quiz 3 20%
Group assignment
- Group Oral Presentation 10%
- Paper submission on special topics 10%
- Team work 5%
- Attendance( can be in the form of pop quiz) 15%
(http://learninghub.upm.edu.my/)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rg-VEi4TxqM
https://www.openlearning.com/courses/agricultureandman
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9OGzCed-9Ao
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXo2yDm0LtA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2lVfLiqiHg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuqboTbIwT8
 REMINDER FOR ASSIGNMENT
• Write your own essay on a selected topic,
prepare your own powerpoint slides
• Type written, Times new roman (size 12) or
Arial (size 11)
• 10-15 pages and inclusiveof any illustrations
• Facts and figures, statistics must be cited and
references n links must be included
• NO CUT AND PASTE FROM ANY SOURCE!
• SUBMIT HARDCOPY AND SOFTCOPY TO
j_noraini@upm.edu.my !
PUTRA LEARNING HUB :
PUTRA BLAST, MOOC etc
 PUTRA MOOC : PRT 2008
LET’S GET STARTED
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0Q5i
xrejtg
CHOOSE
AGRICULTURE
AND MAN
https://www.openlearning.com/courses/agricultureandman
LEARNING AGRICULTURE
AND MAN IS FUN!!
FUN WAY IN LEARNING --MOOC
INTRODUCTION & SCOPE OF
MODERN AGRICULTURE
1. Definition
2. Importance of agriculture
3. Agriculture practices/systems
– Subsistence farming
– Commercialised farming
4. Agro-based Industries (Industri Asas Tani)
 INTRODUCTION
• WHAT IS AGRICULTURE ??
– AGRI : Latin, Ager = Field
– CULTURE : Latin, Cultura = cultivation/
tillage of the soil

• Utilization of natural resource systems to

produce commodities which maintain life,
including food, fiber, forest products,
horticultural crops, and their related services.
 Agriculture involves farming: cultivating soil, production of crops
for food & rearing livestock

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fa
http://carthageagriculture.pbworks.com/ rming-on-Indonesia.jpg
w/page/15315791/Organic%20Farming http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_F
%20Days%2024 arming.jpg

http://www.worldofstock.com/stock-
http://www.photostaud.com/europe/iceland/icelandic- photos/aquaculture-fish-farming-at-the-
http://mgiannini.blogspot.com/2011/04/ne
farms/1389-sheep-farm-iceland.html university-of/BAG2322
w-ways-of-farming-why-not.html
Agriculture produce commodities including food, fiber, forest
products and horticultural crops

http://umaeenews.blogspot.com/2012/03/sources-and-
types-of-dietary-fiber.html

http://www.invest-ks.org/?cont=23

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_product http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/2005/03/
andhra-pradesh-horticulture/
Modern Agriculture is a business
• Not only production of raw material, also
food and non-food product.
–eg: oil palm plantation: oil into food,
pharmaceutical, soap, now biofuel etc

• Continual improvement in agricultural

methods, resources and involve
specialists in agriculture. (economists,
scientists, inventors, engineers etc)
OTHER FIELDS INVOLVE IN AGRICULTURE

Engineering Technology

MODERN AGRICULTURE

Biological Sciences Physical Sciences

Definition
Present Day:
–Soilless gardening (hydroponics) is
adopted.

Packing, processing, marketing,

food preservation, quick freezing
and dehydration helped increase
the markets.
 Importance of Agriculture
Year 2002 estimated:
– 40% worlds population is employed in
agriculture.
• Asia : 80% (India and China=60%)
• Africa: 14%
• Europe: < 10%
• Latin America: 3.5%
• North America: <1%
40% of world population
is employed in agriculture:
Agriculture employee in
India (top), Africa, and
China(right)
(picture source:
(top) http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2012/03/22/photo-
essay-water-india-culture/,
http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/South_Africa,
(right)http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/news/blog
/china-drafts-legal-proposal-to-completely-
shu/blog/39139/)
 IMPORTANCE OF
AGRICULTURE
Why important

1) Underdevelop country – food for survival

2) Developing/Advance developing & industrialized country

produce raw material for industrialized nations
(eg: rubber, cocoa, lifestock, palm oil etc)

3) Maintain socio-political stability of a country in difficult

times (eg: drought) – need food stock-pile

4) Income - now agriculture waste into feeds & fertilizers,

oil palm wood, wooden tiles etc
 Agriculture is food for
survival
(picture source:
http://graphics.stanford.edu/~edluong/olpc/history/devel
oping_contries.htm)
(a) (b)

Agriculture provides raw materials for industrialized nations;

a) rubber, b) cocoa
(picture source:
a) http://www.rawganique.com/Bed/natural-latex-rubber-mattresses.htm
b) http://santabarbarachocolate.blogspot.com/2011/01/guide-to-raw-cacao-and-cocoa-bean.html)
(c) (d)

Agriculture provides raw materials for industrialized nations;

c) Livestock, d) Oil palm
(picture source:
c) http://usagritech.com/product-livestock.html
d) http://m2mc.blogspot.com/2010/10/cooking-oil-palm-oil-based-as-engine.html)
 Agriculture provides income:
A worker seals bags of fertilizer
made from animal waste (top),
& a sign of fertilizer being sold
(bottom) in Nebraska USA
(picture source: http://scarlet.unl.edu/?p=8299)
 Composite
boards

Rice husks INTO

Groundnut husks

Agriculture provides income:

Agriculture waste were processed into new
products in Nigeria
Corn cobs (picture source:
http://www.holcimfoundation.org/T1319/A11AMacNG.htm)
 Agriculture is important in
maintaining socio-political
stability of a country
(picture source:
http://sarawakmonitor.blogspot.com/2012/01/sarawak-must-
preserve-socio-political.html)
BUT…
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Polluted waterways and wetlands
i. Nitrogen and phosphorus (from
inorganic fertilizers)
ii. Pesticides and other biocides

EFFECT: Biodiversity of plants and animals

 Water pollution in stream Eutrophication due to algal
due to agriculture activity in bloom resulted in loses of
New Zealand biodiversity
(picture source: (picture source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_a http://www.saawinternational.org/enviromentandhealth.htm)
griculture)
 Biodiversity: Oil Palm is Biodiversity: Rubber tree
native to Central and South initially grew only in the
America Amazon Rainforest
(picture source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palm) (picture source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rubber)
 Agricultural
Practices/Systems

1. Subsistence Farming

2. Commercialised Farming
 1. Subsistence Farming
Character:
- Low input & Low yield
– Inter-cropping
– Slash and burn (nomadic)
– Low external input
– Enough food to feed family
– No surplus to sell or storage for long
term
 Subsistence farming
SHIFTING CULTIVATION
• Most primitive form
• Once soil fertility wanes, farmers abandon
• Improvement: works permanently on the
land – that has undergone slash & burn
cultivation- still poor in nutrients, thus poor
yield
• Now raising domesticated livestock for
food- small enclosure or limited free range
 Subsistence farming
• As in 2006 still practiced in:
• Africa – Benin, Botswana, Congo,
• Guinea, Rwanda, Madagascar,
• Sierra Leone and Zambia.
• Central and South America – Mexico,
• Ecuador and Bolivia.
• Europe – Yugoslavia and Albania.
• Polynesia – Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.
• SE-Asia – Sarawak, Indonesian Borneo,
• Laos, Cambodia.
 Subsistence farming in
Cameroon Africa
(picture source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture)

Subsistence farming in
Mexico
(picture source:
http://www.globalexchange.org/resources/nafta/car
negie)
Subsistence farming in Subsistence farming in Papua
Europe (Albania) New Guinea
(picture source: http://julian- (picture source:
hoffman.com/2010/12/28/glimpsed-in-passing/) http://epress.anu.edu.au/titles/food_agriculture_citation /)
 Subsistence farming in
Malaysian Borneo
(picture source:
http://ramblingspoon.com/blog/?p=4183 )

Subsistence farming in
Siem Reap Cambodia
(picture source:
http://ramblingspoon.com/blog/?p=4183)
 2. Commercialised Farming
Character:
– Monoculture or combination of a few crops.
– Use of high yielding modern varieties
– Large chemicals input (Pesticides & fertilizers)
– High use of technology and machineries.
 Tropical
Plantation Vegetable
Agriculture Farming

COMMERCIALISED FARMING

New products and Poultry and Animal

Aquaculture
future industries Farming
 Commercialised Farming
1. Tropical Plantation Agriculture
- Monocropping
ie: Rubber, oil palm, cocoa , coffee, coconut.
- Suitable humid tropical climate
- Yield exported to industrialised nations
- Crop-animal integrated farming: Private & state
owned.
- Animal: free range, under shelters
Rubber tree plantation in Jelebu N. Sembilan
(picture source: http://momoc.sumasu.com/photography-education/rubber-plantation-hdr//)
Oil palm tree plantation in Broga Semenyih Selangor
(picture source: http://denslee.com/2009/09/06/broga-hill/)
Example of cocoa tree plantation in Malaysia
(picture source: http://www.featurepics.com/online/Cocoa-Trees-822659.aspx/)
Tea plantation with coffee trees in Cameron Highlands
(picture source: http://malaysiaandcambodia.blogspot.com/2011/04/102-sungei-palas-tea-plantation.html)
Coconut tree plantation near Sitiawan Perak
(picture source: http://www.ceskay.com/2009/01/trip-to-sitiawan-perak/)
 Crop-animal Integrated Farming:
Cattle integration with oil palm in Lundu Sarawak
(picture source: http://cattlegrow.blogspot.com/)
Commercialised Farming
2. Vegetable Farming
– Production in block or row
– Open or enclosed
– Use machinery
– Efficient and high output
– Labour intensive

Ripening technologies and Refrigeration has

reduce the problem with getting fresh produce
to market.
 Block/row of cabbage in
Cameron Highlands
(picture source:
/http://www.travelfeeder.com/travel_guides/travel-
photos-guide-to-cameron-highland-malaysia)

Block/row of vegetable farm

in Malaysia
(picture source:
http://www.featurepics.com/online/Vegetable-Farming-
Asia-829646.aspx)
Farmer use machinery in efficient/high output vegetable farm
(picture source:
http://www.gaebler.com/How-to-Start-a-Vegetable-Farm.htm)
Commercialised Farming
i) Organic Farming
– Involve crop rotation
• Avoid build up of pests and diseases
• Helps balance the fertility
– No chemicals are used
– Depends on natural enemies
– Organic fertilizers
 One of the organic
vegetables farms located in
New England, USA
(picture source:
http://www.extension.org/pages/18357/organic-vegetable-
farms-in-new-england:-three-case-studies/)

Another organic vegetables

farm located in Iowa State
USA
(picture source: http://ecowatch.org/2011/experiment-
shows-profitability-of-organic-farming/ )
Commercialised Farming
ii) Soilless culture
– providing plants with support and a
reservoir for nutrients and water
– Growing without soil
– Controlled environment
– High production
– High quality
– No soil-borne diseases and weeds
– No tillage
 Type of soilless culture
• A)LIQUID-MEDIUM SYSTEM
– NFT
– Deep water culture
– aeroponics
• B)SOLID-MEDIUM SYSTEM
 • Nutrient film technique
– Grown in channel, nutrient pumped constantly
– kept moist by thin film
– Most common

(picture source:
http://hydroponicsguide.co.uk/0511/hydroponics/hydro
ponic-system-focus-%E2%80%93-nft-nutrient-film-
technique)
(picture source: http://growaeroponics.com/)
 Deep water culture

(picture source: http://www.hydroponicsnutrients.co/) (picture source: http://www.hydroponics-

simplified.com/deep-water-culture.html)
• Aeroponics
– Plant roots are suspended in a mist or
extreme fine fog of nutrient rich solution

(picture source: http://growaeroponics.com/)

3. Aquaculture
Cultivation of aquatic organisms
i) Mariculture (culture in ocean) eg: marine
fish, prawns, oyster and pearls
ii) Algaculture (seaweed & other algae)
iii) Freshwater fish & prawns farming
(catfish, tilapia) in ponds/tanks/cage
iv) semi-aquatic animals: crocodile, frogs,
snails in tanks/ ponds
Mariculture: Marine fish cage culture in Scotland
(picture source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariculture)
Mariculture: Oyster farm in France
(picture source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_farming)
Algaculture: Seaweed farming in Semporna, Sabah
(picture source:
http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Asia/Malaysia/East/Sabah/Semporna/photo403873.htm)
Algaculture: A farmer harvesting seaweed that grown on rope in
Indonesia
(picture source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweed_farming)
Freshwater fish farming: Freshwater fish ponds in Kluang, Johor
(picture source: http://ikankluang.blogspot.com/2010_04_01_archive.html)
Freshwater fish farming: Freshwater fish cages in UPM
(picture source: http://www.tpu.upm.edu.my/bm/spp/spp_all.htm)
 Freshwater fish farming: Example of concrete tanks
(picture source: http://www.ikankelah.com/galeri-gambar-ikan-kelah-merah/kolam-ternakan/dscn3280)
Freshwater fish farming in Sabah
(pictures courtesy by Prof Rita)
4. Lifestock farming (domesticated animals
for agriculture
- animal husbandry (raising animals)
– In closure / shelters or rangeland- free roaming

Lifestock farming: Example

of chicken farm
(picture source:
http://www.myessentia.com/blog/blog/2011/02/
13/where-are-quebec-poultry-farmers-on-goal-
to-produce-antibiotic-free-chicken/)
 Lifestock farming:
A dairy farm in UK
(picture source:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/sep/22/fa
rmers-cow-super-dairy)

Lifestock farming: An
example of cow farm
(picture source:
http://www.cuisinevegan.com/environmental-
concerns/cows-are-hurting-the-planet/)
 Lifestock farming:
Ostrich farm in Jelebu
Negeri Sembilan
(picture source:
http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/p/m/12f5e7/)

Lifestock farming:
Young ostriches at farm in San
Diego USA
(picture source:
http://www.sdrp.org/resources/dieguito/dieguito-
number1.htm)
5. New products and future industries.
• Development of biotechnology products :
– extraction of natural chemicals from biological
resources
– utilization of oil palm biomass
– Examples include recreational fishery,
agroforestry, herbal farming, mushroom
cultivation and agrotourism.
 New products and future
industries:
Anglers enjoy recreational fishing
activities in fish pond
(picture source:
http://bisnisukm.com/kiat-sukses-berbisnis-kolam-
pemancingan-ikan.html)

New products and future

industries: Agroforestry in
Bukina Faso
(picture source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry)
 New products and future
industries: Example of
medicinal herbs farm
(picture source:
http://5election.com/2011/04/03/medicinal-herbs-
will-disappear/)

New products and future industries:

A farmer checking on his
mushrooms growing from bottles in
Kota Baharu
(picture source:
http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=/2009/8/14/north/4
487999)
 New products and future
New products and future industries: Kids enjoy
industries: Agritourism activities agritourism activities in USA
in Switzerland (picture source:
http://www.grit.com/community/travel/agritourism.aspx)
(picture source: http://www.tourism-review.com/switzerland-in-need-of-
an-agritourism-organization-news2306)

New products and future industries:

Malaysian tourist picking a
strawberry in an agrotourism farm in
Cameron Highlands
(picture source: http://www.tourism.gov.my/activities/?xtvt_id=21)
 Downstream Processing

FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRIAL

(FOOD PRODUCTS) PROCESSING (NON-
FOOD)

PLANTS ---- JUICE, JAM, JELLY, PLANTS ----FURNITURE,

HEALTH PRODUCTS BUILDING MATERIAL, TYRES,
GLOVES, SHOES,
ANIMALS-- BURGER, SAUSAGE,
CHEESE, MILK ANIMALS-- BELTS, HANDBAGS,
CLOTH, CARPET, SILK
Food Products (Plants) Jam
Juice

http://www.malaysiabest.net/2007/12/08
/jelly-gelatine-jello-konnyaku-agar-agar/

http://myhealthmaster.blogspot.com/2012/0
2/great-juice-fasting-method.html
Health Products

Jelly

http://information4000.com/double-attack-spread-fast-track-
recycling-health-products-health-products-melatonin-his-
http://www.malaysiabest.net/2007/12/08/jelly-gelatine-
wife-b/17_5_orig/
jello-konnyaku-agar-agar/
Food Products (Animals)

Burger Sausage

http://imusrc.blogspot.com/2010/08/burg http://www.pratanacoffeetalk.com/2012/01/eating-one-
er-mobile-truck.html sausage-everyday-will.html

Cheese Milk

http://bestacnesolution.net/
http://www.kosher-wines.net/ Does-milk-cause-acne.html
Non-Food Products (Plants)
Tyres
Furniture

http://www.ure.com.my/products/coltglove.html
http://www.acetyres.co.nz/

Gloves Shoes

http://stylefrizz.com/201002/native-
http://www.ure.com.my/products/coltglove.html rubber-shoes-will-a-good-cause-save-a-
bad-shoe/
 Handbag
Non-Food Products (Animals)
Belts

http://zaniabelts.com/unisexbelt-
italiandesign100italianleather-10082016.aspx http://www.dawnmckelvie.com/page14.htm

Cloth Carpet

http://www.bestbuyarearugforsale.com/cate
goryid/13
http://www.textiledesigner.net/
THE END