Que

sti
on Ans
wer
Arethos
epers
onswhouni
ntenti
onal
lycommi
t
cr
imina
lact
sasaresu
ltofunanti
ci
pate
d a
cci
dent
alc
rimi
nal
s
ci
rcu
ms t
anc
e?
For
cibl
esexinwhic
ht heoff
enderandt
he
a
cqu
aint
anc
era
pe
vi
cti
ma ref
amil
ia
rwi t
ho neano
ther
.
Theactofta
kingper
s o
nalpr
ope
rtyb
elo
ngi
ngt
o
a
cqu
aint
anc
ero
bbe
ry
peo
pleknowntothetheft
.
Ref
erstot
hosewhoc ommitcr
ime
sinan
i
mp u
lsi
vemannerus
u a
ll
yd uet
oaggr
ess
ive a
cti
vea
ggr
ess
ivec
rimi
nal
be
havio
uroftheof
fender
.
Thea nal
ysi
st ha
tthesourceofmanycrimi
nal
oc
c u
r r
encesthep r
ovoca
tiveoragg
res
sive a
cti
vep
rec
ipi
tat
ion
behavi
ouroftheo f
fend
edp ar
ty.
Anaff
ir
mati
veo
rfa
il
uret
odoa
nac
t.I
tisa
n
a
ctu
sre
us
unl
awf
ulac
t.
Arep e
rso
nswhoviol
ate
dcrimi
nallawbec
aus
e
oftheimpul
seoft
hemo me
nt,fi
tofpas
siono
f a
cut
ecr
imi
nal
ang
e rorspe
llo
fextr
emejeal
ousy?
Lawvi ol
ato
r swhop ursuetheregularcri
mina
l
path,whereinthei
ra nt
isoc
ialbe
ha vi
ourisatthe
a
dol
esc
ent
-li
mit
edo
ffe
nde
r
hig
he s
tduringa d
olesce
ncea nddiminis
hesas
theygrowa nda ge.
ABe l
gianmathe
ma tic
ianwhos t
arted
"c
artog
raphi
calskullofcri
mino
logy"wherei
n
st
ati
sti
caldat
aandd e
mo g
raphi
cinforma
tio
n Ad
olp
heQu
ete
let
whereusedasba s
istod e
termi
net here
lat
ion
bet
weens oc
ialp
he nomenaandc r
ime.
Acondi
ti
onwhic
hisad i
rec
tre
sultoft
ota
l
d
isr
egar
df o
rnormsandrul
esduetora
pid a
nomi
e
c
hange
st omor
alval
ues.
Theatt
emp
ttoobta
inchara
cte
rtr
ait
sby
a
nthr
opo
met
ry
meas
uri
ngthehu
ma nb
o d
y.
Refe
r stothea rtofcre
a t
ingtypol
ogi
es,
cl
assif
icati
ons
,p re
dict
ions,andespec
ial
lypr
ofi
le
s
a
ppl
ie
dcr
imi
nol
ogy
ofcriminalof
fenders
,theirpers
onali
ti
esand
behavio
u rpat
terns.
Of
te nassoci
ate
dwi thviol
enceanda gg
ressi
on,i
t
i
sas t
andpoi
nto fcri
mewhi chsuggest
sthat
i
ndivid
ua l
swithhighs t
imul
ati
onlevelsee
k a
rou
salt
heo
ry
po
we rfulmoti
vatio
na ndther
ee nvi
ronmentto
maintai
no nopti
ma ll
evelofarousa
l.
Pe
rso
nswho
seb
odyt
ypei
sski
nnya
nds
lend
er. a
sthe
nict
ype
Reve
rsi
ono fmantothephys
ica
lcha
rac
ter
ist
ics
a
tavi
sm
ofhi
sapel
ikeance
sto
r s
.
I
trefe
rst othosep hys i
calcharacteri
sti
csa s
s
tudi
edb yLo mbroso ,whichd ist
inguis
hb orn
c
rimi
nalsfromo therme mb ersoft hegeneral
p
opul
ationanda ret hrowb a
ckst op ri
miti
ve
p
eopl
e.Mo stindivi
d ualsevolve;s o
med evol
ve,
a
tavi
sti
cano
mal
ie
s
b
ecomingp r
imiti
veo r" a
tavisti
c".This
e
volu
tionar
y" throwb acks"are" bornc r
iminal
s"
t
hemo stviol
entc ri
mi nalsandt hes oc
iety.Born
c
rimi
nalscouldb eid enti
fi
edt hroughtheir
a
tavi
sti
cs t
igma t
a.
Pers
onswhoa
remu
scu
lara
nds
tro
ngi
n
a
thl
eti
ctyp
e
phys
iqu
e.
Renownedasthe"f
athe
rofsoc
iol
ogy",he
appl
iedsci
ent
if
icmet
hodsandt
hes t
udyof Au
gusCo
mte1798-1857
so
c i
eti
es.
Ther out
etoac ri
minalca
reerstar
tswi
thearl
y
i
ntract
ableandstubb
ornbehavi
ourandpar
ti
cul
ar
a
utho
rit
yco
nfl
ic
tpa
thwa
y
def
ianceofp a
rent
s,eld
ersandfig
ureso
f
aut
ho r
it
ies.
Aphysic
alaggres
sio
nt hati
ncl
udeshi
tt
ing,
s
lap
ping,punc
hing,ki
ckingorothe
roff
e ns
ive b
att
ery
c
ontactwit
hthevicti
m.
Al
soknownashatecri
mes,itref
erst
ovio
lent
b
iasc
rime
s
ac
tsdi
rect
edag
ainstapar
tic
u l
armemberofa
g
rou
pduet
othevict
im'set
hni
c,r
aci
al
,re
li
gi
ous
o
rgend
erc
hara
cte
rist
ic.
Aviewt hatcri
mi no
g e
nictrai
tsma ybeacquir
ed
t
hroughindirec
the redi
tyfrom adege
nerate
f
amilyme mb e
r,whos uf
fere
df r
oma l
coholi
sm, b
iol
ogi
cald
ete
rmi
nis
m
i
nsani
tys yphi
li
so rthroughdir
ecthered
ityfrom
r
ela
t i
veswhoa r
ekno wnc ri
minals
.
Adeve
lopmenttocri
minol
ogythatspo
tli
ghton
t
herel
ati
onshi
pandinter
acti
onbi
o l
ogi
caland b
ios
oci
alt
heo
ry
s
oci
alfa
ctor
sa sthe
yr el
atetocr
ime.
Arethosecri
mescommit
tedbyor
dinar
y
b
luec
oll
arc
rime
s
pr
ofe
s s
iona
lcrimi
nalt
oma i
nta
int
heirl
ive
li
hoo
d?
Ashop
li
ft
erwiththei
nte
nti
ono
fre
sel
li
nghi
s
b
oos
ter
s
tol
enmercha
ndis
e.
Ano l
dEngli
shrule
,whic
hre
fer
st or
est
itu
tio
n
pai
dforkil
li
ngsome o
nei
nanopenfi
ght
,simil
ar b
ot
tobl
ood-money.
Thisa dvanceinc ri
minolo
gyr e l
iesons ta
tisti
cs
whi c
hp rovidesimporta
ntd emo graphi
c
i
nfo r
ma tio
no np opul
ati
onincludingd e
ns i
ty,
gender,r el
igi
ousaffi
li
ati
onsa nde conomic
c
art
ogr
aphi
csc
hoo
lofc
rimi
nol
ogy
st
a ndi
ng .Develope
di nEuropei nt heearly19th
century,thisviewsther el
ati
o nshi
pb etwee n
cr
imea nds oci
alphenomenaa saf oca
lp ointand
basisinp robi
ngc r
iminol
ogy.
SwiftnessBe ccar i
aa r
g u
e stha ti
no r
dert obe
eff
ectived eterrent,punishme ntsmu stp os
sess
celer
ity.Ap unishmentt hato ccursq ui
cklyaft
er
thecr i
mehe l
p st oform as trongc onnecti
on
betwe enthep uni s
hme nta ndt hecrimea ndthe c
ele
rit
y
mindso ft heg eneralpub l
ic,s othatwhe neve
ra
cit
izenc ontemp l
a t
esac r i
mi nalact,hewi l
l
i
ns t
antlyr ecal
lt hepunishme ntandwe ighitint
o
hisde l
ibe
r at
ion.
I
ntr
overtpe
rso
nf u
lloffu
ncti
onalcompla
int
s,
a
ll
ergi
esski
ntroubl
e,chr
onicfa
tig
ue,sensi
ti
ve c
ere
bro
toni
c
s
kinandtonoi
se;andshri
nksfromc r
owd .
Accordi
ngt oBe c
c a
ria,ap unishmentmustbeto
fo
llowfromt hec ri
mei nor dertob eaneff
ect
ive
deter
rent.Theg reate
rt hee xtenttowhi
cha
would-beoffenderthi
nkst hats hecangetaway c
ert
ain
withac ri
me ,thelessshewi l
lwe i
ghthe
punis
hme ntintoherd el
iberati
ono fwhet
heror
nottocommi tthec ri
me .
Refe
rstou r
banso
cio
log
ist
sviewa ndana
lys
isof
therel
ati
onbet
weencri
mea ndenvir
onment
al Chi
cag
osc
hoo
l
condi
ti
ons.
Thes ugge
sti
onthatlo
wf e
ma l
ecri
mea nd
deli
nquenc
yr at
ea r
eanindi
cat
ionofthele
niency
c
hiva
lryhyp
othe
sis
andc ompas
sio
nwi t
hwhichlawenf
o r
cerstre
a t
f
e maleoff
enders
.
Arepe
rso
nswhocommitcr
imesandac
tedi
n
c
hro
nicc
rimi
nal
co
nso
nancewi
thd
eli
ber
atethi
nki
ng?
Refer
st ocrimevict
imswhoma intaina
si
gnif
icantl
yhigherproba
b i
li
tyofb eingf u
ture
tar
getso fcri
mesd u
et othei
rp e
r sona l c
hro
nicvi
cti
miz
ati
on
chara
cteris
tic
sd a
tama kesthem ma g net
sf o
r
cri
me s
.Al soknowna srepeatvi
c t
ims .
Awithc
oll
arcri
mewhic
hinvo
lve
sab r
oke
r
c
hur
ning
ma
kingrep
eat
edtra
destoi
ncr
easec
ommiss
ion.
Atheorywhichadvocatethepeo
plehave
f
reewil
ltochoosebetweennormalorcrimina
l
c
onductandb e
haviour
;thec r
imesorcommi tt
ed
c
las
sic
alc
rimi
nol
ogy
f
org re
edorp ers
onalneedandsati
sfa
cti
o nand
c
rimec anbecontrol
le
db yfearofcri
minal
p
unishmentands a
ncti
ons.
Refe
rstop e
oplefr
om mi d
dleclas
sb a
ckgrou
nd
havi
ngnoo rli
tt
leident
if
icat
ionwithcri
minals
ub
c
los
ure
-cul
tur
eb u
tc a
shb ou
ncingchecksforan
immedia
tefi
nanci
alresol
uti
ono facri
sis
.
Re
fer
stot
hes
tud
yofp
erc
ept
iono
fre
ali
tya
nd c
ogni
ti
vet
heo
ry
ofment
alp
roc
e s
sesr
equ
ire
dtou
nde
rst
andt
he
worl
dweli
vein.
Refe
rstothes
tudyofsu
bje
ctswhos
ebeha
vio
urs
c
oho
rt
fo
ll
owedandtr
ackedove
rap er
iodo
fti
me.
Ref
erstob
usi
nes
stheftt
hati
sp a
rtofc
rimina
l
l
awswhosuchdecr
eesfr
eeente
rpri
secudnot c
omme
rci
alt
hef
t
su
rvive
.
Asingl
ea ctco
nst
it
ute
stoorgraverofle
ss
gr
avefeloni
esofwhenanof
fens
ei saneces
sar
y c
omp
lexc
rime
s
meansforcommit
ti
ngtheo
thero f
fens
es.
Refe
rstopovert
ya rea
sorghet
tos,whichres
ult
s
fr
omf l
eeofthewo rki
ngandmidd
lec l
ass c
onc
ent
rat
ione
ffe
ct
fa
mili
esfr
omt heinnerci
ti
esi
nu rba
na rea
s.
Atypeofswindl
ingope
rati
onsinvol
vinggetri
ch
s
chemes,usual
lywit
hill
egalover
toneswhich
c
onf
ide
nceg
ame
s
p
reventvi
cti
m’sfromreport
ingsai
dincid
entto
l
awe nf
orc
eme ntaut
hor
iti
es.
I
nspi
redb ythewrit
ingsofKa rlMa rx,itst
ates
t
hateconomicandpo l
it
ica
lforceso rsigni
fi
cant
f
act
orstoc ommis
siono fcri
me s.Andt hatcri
me c
onf
li
ctc
rimi
nol
ogy
i
safunc t
ionofcompeti
tio
nf orlimit
e dreso
urces
a
ndp ower,cla
ssconfl
ictwouldr es
u l
ttoc r
imes.
Phi
loso
p hi
essuchasLombr
oso’sorShel
don’
s
tha
tlocatetheori
gi
nsofcr
iminal
it
yina c
ons
tit
uti
ona
lthe
ori
es
pers
on'sbiol
ogi
calorp
hys
iol
ogica
lma ke
-up.
Theacto
fvol
untar
il
ygi
vinguppos
sess
iono
f
c
ons
tru
cti
vep
oss
ess
ions
pr
ope
rtybutr
eta
ini
ngle
galowne
rshi
p.
Refer
stotheextenttowhic hap ers
onc a
nl ea
rn
fr
om hispas
tmi s
take,aswe lltotheextentto
whichhecanevaluat
ea cc
ur at
elythepresent c
ont
actwi
thr
eal
it
y
si
tuat
iona
ndf o
reseethec onsequenc
eo fhis
pres
entact
ioninrela
tio
nt ohisf u
ture.
Cr
ime
stha
tca
nbec
ommi
tt
edi
nse
ver
alp
lac
es. c
ont
inu
ingc
rime
s
Ane xpansi
onhyp ot
hes
isthatattri
but
esc r
iminal
andd e
viantbehavi
ourtoimbalancesbet
we enthe
amounta nddegreeofcont
rolthatindi
vid
ualhas c
ont
rolb
ala
ncet
heo
ry
overothersorinfl
uenc
eo fothersoverhimo r
her
.
Preval
entlowerclassc
ult
ures,t hi
sist he
condit
ionwhereyoungme nstayi ntheirb i
rth
c
orne
rbo
y
neighbo
u r
hood,rai
sefa
mili
esa ndu nskill
edlabor
anda dj
uststothedemandsoft hei
re nvironment
.
Wit
hc ol
la
rc r
imeswhi chi
nvolve
sviola
tio
nso f
l
awb yac or
porat
ee nti
tysuchas:hazar
dous
c
orp
ora
tec
rime
was
tedump i
ng,unfa
irlabou
rp rac
tic
es,rest
rai
nt
oft
radeandp r
icefi
xing.
Theyrefe
rtothreegro
upsnamely:gu
ardi
ans-
whomo ni
tor
sdt a
rget
,hand
ler
s-whomo ni
tor
s
c
rimed
isc
our
age
rs
pot
ent
ialof
fend
ersandmanage
rs-moni
tors
pl
aces
.
Theana
lys
isofc
riminalb
ehavi
ourinvol
ving
re
sea
rchonthedi
ffe
r e
nttyp
eso fc
r i
mesa nd c
rimet
ypo
log
y
cr
imi
nal
s.
Inthec r
iminol
ogic
alse
nseap er
sonisal
readya
cri
minalthemo menthecommitt
edac r
ime.
Legall
y,itref
erstopeopl
ewhoha svi
ola
tedthe
Who
’sac
rimi
nal
?
penalla
wa ndha vebee
nf ou
ndguil
tyofthe
cri
mec hargeduponobser
vanceofdueproc
ess
oflaw.
Referstoaper
sonwhorec
onstr
uct
sac r
ime
sceneorworkswit
hcri
mes c
eneevi
dencef
or c
rimi
nal
is
t
fo
re ns
icpur
pose
s.
Ref
erstotheear
lyfac
to r
st odis
covera
bi
ol
ogic
alori
gi
no facrimeb yme ansof
c
rimea
nthr
opo
log
y
measu
rementofbot
hp hysic
a la
ndme nt
al
pr
ocesse
s.
Ref
erstoap e
r s
onwhore
pea
tedl
yvio
lat
e st
he
l
awa ndpat
ternshi
sorhe
rli
fes
tyl
earound c
rimi
nalc
are
er
cr
imina
li
ty.
s
tud
yofc
rimi
nal
it
yinr
ela
tio
ntop
opu
lat
ion c
rimi
nald
emo
gra
phy
St
udyo fcri
mina
li
tyi
nre
lat
iont
osp
eci
al
c
rimi
nale
col
ogy
di
str
ibu
tio
no fmen.
St
udyofrel
ati
ons
hipb
etwe
ene
nvi
ronme
nta
nd
c
rimi
nale
pid
emi
ol
ogy
cr
imi
nal
it
y.
Ref
erstothest
udyonatt
emptats
cie
nti
fi
c
c
rimi
nale
tho
log
y
ana
lys
isofthecau
seso
fc r
ime.
Theuseofp
ris
onstocommitcr
imesby
c
rimi
nale
xpl
oi
tat
ion
i
nduc
ementofpri
ce,r
ewar
do rcons
ide
rat
ion.
I
tinvol
vesme a
suri
ngthet
rend
sa ndfr
equenc
y
o
fc ri
minala
cti
vit
iesu
sedasbasi
sforcri
minal c
rimi
nals
tat
ist
ics
b
ehaviour
.
Aperso
naltr
aito
fanindi
vid
ualasd
ist
ing
uis
hed
c
rimi
nal
it
y
f
rom acri
mewhichi
sa nevent
.
Thest
udyofhu
manmi
ndi
nre
lat
iont
o
c
rimi
nalp
syc
hia
try
cr
imi
nal
it
y.
Thes tu
d yofmenta
lproc ess
eso fcri
mi na
l
ac
tion;genesi
s,de
velo
p me nt
,a ndmotivati
onof
c
rimi
nalp
syc
hod
yna
mic
s
huma nbeha
viourt
hatc onfl
ict
swi t
ha ccepte
d
normsa ndsta
ndard
so fs o
c i
ety.
Thest
udyofhu
manb
eha
vio
uri
nre
lat
iont
o
c
rimi
nalp
syc
hol
ogy
cr
imi
nal
it
y.
Referstotheenti
rebod
yo fknowle
d geregard
ing
cr
ime ,cri
minal
sandtheeff
ortofsociet
yt o
pr
e ventandrepre
ssthe
m.Thes cienceofcyma
De
finec
rimi
nol
ogy.
ra
te s
,indi
vidua
landgrouprea
sonsf o
r
commi t
ti
ngc r
ime,andcommunit
yo rsocie
tal
re
a ct
ionstocri
me .
I
texpla
inshu
ma nbe
ha vi
ourandt
heexp
eri
ences
whi
chhe l
pdet
ermi
net henat
ureoft
heper
son'
s c
rimi
nog
eni
cpr
oce
ss
pe
rsonal
it
yasareac
tingme c
hani
sm.
Ana rg
ume ntamongsociet
iesbeca
useof
cont
raryb e
lie
fsofsubst
anti
aldi
ffer
enceand
c
ult
ura
lco
nfl
ic
t
thei
rrespecti
vecus
toms,langua
ge,ins
tit
uti
on,
habi
t,lea
rning,t
rad
iti
on,etc.
Partofsoc
ialstr
ucturetheor
yt ha
tviewsst
rai
n
andsoci
aldiso
rganiz
a t
ionwhichprod
ucesa c
ult
ura
lde
via
ncet
heo
ry
l
o wer
-cl
assc u
ltur
et hatco
nfli
ctswit
hnorms.
Thi
stheor
ystate
st ha
tvic
timsofcr
imes
es
peci
al
lychi
ldabusearemo r
eli
kel
ytocommi
t c
ycl
eofvi
ol
enc
e
cr
imesthe
mselves
.
Fo
rci
bl
ese
xdu
ringac
our
ti
ngr
ela
tio
nshi
p. d
ater
ape
Re f
ersitpos
tmo d
er ni
sm whi
chisastu
dythat
givesat
tenti
ontot heuseoflang
uag
eb yp
eopl
e
d
eco
nst
ruc
tio
nis
tana
lys
is
i
np o
wert odef
inec ri
meb as
edonthei
rval
ues
andb i
ases
.
Aper
sonwhomer
elyc
ommi t
tedana
ctno
tin
d
eli
nqu
ent
c
onf
ormi
tywit
hnor
mso fs
ociet
y.
Ana r
eaofc
riminol
ogytha
tscru
tini
zethe
d
eve
lop
ment
alt
heo
ry
cha
ngeincr
iminalcar
eerove
rthelif
ec o
urs
e.
Reveal
sthatcri
minalact
sarer
ela
tedt
oa n
ind
ivi
dual
’
se xp
o s
uretoanexce
ssamountofa
nti d
iff
ere
nti
ala
sso
cia
tio
nthe
ory
-soci
alva
luesandatti
tud
es.
Anatt
emp
ttoexpl
ai
ncr
imi
nal
it
yasat
ypeo
f
d
iff
ere
nti
alr
einf
orc
eme
ntt
heo
ry
l
ear
nedbe
havi
our
.
Theresul
twhicho c
curswhenanef
for
tto
co
ntrolaspeci
fi
ctypeofcri
mered
ucesor d
iff
usi
ono
fbe
nef
it
s
l
esse
nt heinc
idenc
eo fawa
rd.
Mani
fes
tat
ionofmen'ss
tru
g g
letod
omi
nat
e
d
oingg
end
er
wo
me ntoprovet
heirmanl
iness
.
Per
sonswhoarel
esscl
eare
vid
entha
vinga
ny
d
ysp
las
tico
rmi
xedt
ype
pr
edomina
ntb
odytype
.
Expl
a i
nstha
tc r
imeinoneins
tanc
ema ybe
cau
se dbutoneormorefac
tors
,whileinothe
r e
cle
cti
cthe
ory
i
nstancesi
tiscaus
edbyinvadersetoffa
ctor
s.
Aviewwhi c
hst
ate
st hats
ocialfo
rceso
perat
ing
i
nu r
bana r
easc
reat
eo rprod
uc e
sc r
imi
nal e
col
ogi
calvi
ew
i
nte
ract
ions.
Aviol
ati
onofcri
mina
llawi
nte
ndedtobri
ng
e
cono
micc
rime
f
ina
ncia
lrewar
do rgai
ntot
heo f
fend
er.
Perso
nswho seb o
d yshow’
sr e
lati
vely
pred
omi na nceofs kinanditsappendageswhi
ch
i
ncludest hene rvoussyste
ml ean,frag
il
e ,
e
cto
mor
ph
del
icat
eb onesd roopyshoul
derssma l
lface,s
har
p
,
nose,fineha irrelati
vel
ys mal
lb od
yma ssa
nd
rel
ati
velyg r
eats urf
acearea.
Re
fer
stowi
thc
oll
arc
rime
s. e
li
ted
evi
anc
e
Asoc i
alposi
ti
vist
,whob el
ievedthatthe
i
nevi
tabil
it
yo fcri
mei srel
atedwiththe
d
iff
erencesamo ngme mber
so fsoci
ety.Heno t
ed
Emi
leDu
rkhe
im
t
hatthec ommissi
ono fc
rimep avesthewa yfor
s
ocialchangeandc a
ll
sthea tt
enti
ono fso
ciet
yto
s
ocialil
ls
.
Characteri
ze dbyrelat
ive
lygreatde
velop
me ntof
dig
e s
tivevic evers
a;tendenc
yt oputonfat
;s o
ft
roundnesst houg
hva ri
ousregi
onsofthebody; e
ndo
mor
phi
c
shorttaperingli
mb s
;s mal
lbones;s
mo o
th
vel
ve t
ys kin.
Theuseo
fil
le
galsc
hemeb yab
usi
nes
stoma
ke
e
nte
rpr
isec
rime
s
pr
ofi
tint
hemarke
tp l
ace
.
Anon-cr
imina
lper
sonwhoc o
mmi t
scr
imewhe
n
e
pis
odi
ccr
imi
nal
u
nde
re xtre
mee mot
iona
lst
ress.
Cri
mewhicha
rec o
mmitt
edbyas
eri
eso
fac
ts
e
pis
odi
cal
lyc
rime
s
i
nal e
ngt
hyspac
eo ft
ime.
Acri
minala
ctthat
’smainpu
rpos
eist
o
e
xpr
ess
ivec
rime
s
a
cco
mp l
is
hb eha
vio
u ra
thand.
Aggr
ess
ioni
nte
nde
dtove
nta
nge
r,f
rus
tra
tio
nof
e
xpr
ess
ivevi
ol
enc
e
ra
ge.
Thi
srefer
st oal
ltypesofext
erna
lfor
ceswhi
ch
maypreventanindi
vid
ualf
romc ommi
tti
nga e
xte
rna
linhi
bi
ti
on
cr
ime.
Theendr
esu
ltoft
hec
rimeisd
est
ruc
tive
,su
ch
e
xti
nct
ivec
rime
asde
atho
fprop
ert
ydamag
e.
Ki
ll
ingo
rend
ang
eri
nga
nunb
ornf
etu
s. f
eti
ci
de
At
ermu
sedt
ode
not
ecr
imi
nalhe
adq
uar
ter
s. f
las
hho
use
Ac
tofb
uyi
nga
nds
ell
ings
tol
eng
ood
s. f
enc
e
Vi
ol
entcr
imedire
ctedagai
nstp
eop
led
uet
o
g
ayb
ashi
ng
t
hei
rsexu
alor
ientat
ion.
Isaresid
enti
alre
newalphasei
nwhi c
ho b
sole
te
housi
ngseit
herreno
vat
edo rrep
lac
ed,such
g
ent
ri
fi
cat
ion
are
asu nder
goi
ngthi
sstagehasshownincr
eased
cri
mer at
e.
Meanslit
tlewar.Itst
artedouto fSpani
sh
re
b e
ll
ionag a
ins
ttheFr enc
ht r
oop si
n1808a ft
er
Napole
onBo napar
te’
sinvasi
ono ftheIber
ian Gu
err
il
la
Peni
nsula
.Thet ermisu sedi
nterchange
ablywit
h
i
nsurgenceandterro
rism.
Ref
erstothoseactsofinti
midat
iona
ndviol
enc
e
des
igne
dt ofri
ghte
na ndinti
midat
epers
onswho
ha
tec
rime
s
ar
eu ndes
ira
blebyr e
asono frac
e,re
li
gio
n,
se
xualori
entat
ionofethni
co ri
gi
n.
Refe
r stopro
fessi
onalshop
li
ft
erswhofi
lc
hwith
theinte
nti
onofs e
ll
ingtheme r
cha
ndi
zeatha
lf he
els
thepriceofpawni
ngt hem.
Menwhodis
tinct
ive
lyhaveanunc
arings
exu
al
hyp
erma
scu
li
ne
at
ti
tud
eandbe l
ie
vevio
lencei
smanly.
Re
fer
stoi
nco
mpl
etec
rime
s. i
ncho
atec
rime
s
Se
rio
usa
ndf
req
uentc
rime
s. i
nde
xcr
ime
s
Thisdis
cipl
inetrace
st heact
ivit
ieso
fs e
ver
al
gener
ati
onso ffamil
iesbel
ie
ve dtohaveala
rge i
nhe
rit
anc
esc
hoo
l
numbero fcri
minalme mber
s.
Cri
mest
hati
sco
mmi
tt
edi
nthes
hor
tes
tpo
ssi
bl
e
i
nst
antc
rime
s
ti
me.
Aggr
ess
ioni
nte
nde
dtoi
mp r
ovethef
ina
nci
alo
r
i
nst
rume
nta
lvi
ol
enc
e
so
cia
lst
andi
ngoft
heof
fend
er.
Stat
esthatcr
iminog
enicpr
oce
ssinfl
uenc
es
evol
veo ve
rti
med uetotherel
ati
onswit
h
i
nte
rac
tio
nalt
heo
ry
i
nsti
tut
ionandeventswhi
chdeter
minescri
mina
l
behavi
ourpat
ter
ns.
I
tref
erst
oal
ltyp
esint
erna
lforc
eswhi
chmay
i
nte
rna
linhi
bi
ti
on
p
reve
ntaper
sonfro
mc ommit
ti
ngacri
me.
Ref
erstot
heu s
eo ff
orce,i
nti
mida
tionort
hre
at
i
nte
rpe
rso
nalc
oer
cio
n
bypeer
s,pa
rent’
sorothe
rs i
gni
fi
cantpe
rso
ns.
Ap hi
lo
sophyo fla
w,whichstate
stha tpeo
ple
whoviolat
ether i
ghtofot
hersdeservetob e
j
ustd
ese
rt
puni
shed,theseveri
tyofwhic
hs hou
ldb e
co
mme nsuratewiththese
rio
usnesso ft
hec ri
me.
Ac o
mp onentofconf
li
cttheo
rywhichasser
ts
t
hatsocialpro
ble
me xper
iencedbythelo
we r
l
eftr
eal
is
m
cl
asseswhichmu stb
ea d
d r
essedbyrad
ical
measure
s.
Thevi
ewtha
tsugge
s tsthatl
owercr
imerat
es
f
o rwo
menasaresultofthei
r"2ndcl
ass
"soci
al l
ib
era
lfe
mini
stt
heo
ry
andec
ono
micpo
sit
ion.
Grou
pofof
fend
erswho’
scri
mina
lca
ree
r
l
if
eco
urs
epe
rsi
ste
d
co
nti
nue
swelli
ntoad
ult
hoo
d.
Acriminall
eagu
ewhi chori
gi
nate
sf r
om Si
ci
ly,
I
tal
ya ndhasawi d
ec ont
rolandinf
lue
ncei
n Ma
fia
r
acketeer
inginNorthe
rnAme ri
ca.
Ki
ll
ingo
fap
ers
onwhoma
li
ce. ma
nsl
aug
hte
r
Fo
rcibl
esexbet
weencou
ple
swhoa
rel
ega
ll
y
ma
rit
alr
ape
marr
iedtoea
cho t
her
.
Re
fer
stot
het
arg
eto
fac
onma
norwo
man. ma
rk
Theactofki
ll
inganu
mbe
rofp
eop
lei
nas
ing
le
ma
ssmu
rde
r
i
nci
dent
.
Per
sonswithrel
ati
velypredominantmu s
cle
s,
bo
nea ndmoto
ro rgansofthebo d
y;l a
rgewr i
st me
somo
rph
ha
nd;ifle
anaha rdr e
cta
ng u
larou t
li
ne.
Vi
ol
entcri
mesc ommitte
dbyconc
erne
d
i
ndi
vid
ual
swhovi ewi tast
hei
rdut
ytori
dthe mi
ssi
onha
tesc
rime
s
wor
ldofspec
ifi
ce vi
l
.
Refe
rst ot
helawoft
hee a
rlyI
sra
eli
tes
cont
ainedi
ntheol
dtest
amentoft
heJ u
dae
o- mo
sai
cco
de
Chri
stia
nbibl
e.
Ref
erstoperso
nswhoareconside
redas
pot
ent
ialo
ffe
ndersi
nagive
na r
ea.Theinc
rea
se
mo
tiva
tedo
ffe
nde
rs
i
ntherenumberhasad
irec
ti mpactont
he
cr
imerate
.
Arguestha
tc ri
mei sno
tap r
oductofasi
ngl
e
caus
eo rfact
orb u
tac omb
inat
ionofse
vera
l mu
lti
pl
efa
cto
rthe
ory
fa
ctors
.
Asser
tsthatint
ell
ige
nceisgeneti
cal
ly
det
erminedandthatlow-i
nte
lli
genceis na
tur
ethe
ory
as
socia
tedwithcrimina
lbehavi
our.
Thep erso
nb ef
orec
ommi t
ti
ngthecri
mei sl
ikel
y
t
of eelunhapp
y,uns
ati
sfi
ed,re
sent
fulorang
r y
ne
edf
rus
tra
tio
n
abou
ts omethi
nginpar
ti
culara
boutl
ifein
gener
a l
.
Pers
onswhosecri
minalac
tio
nsa ri
sefro
mi nfr
a
ps
ychicconf
li
ctbet
weentheso c
ialandant
i- ne
uro
ticc
rimi
nal
so
cialco
mp o
nent
so fhi
spersonal
it
y.
Criminal
sa d
heretoco
nventi
onalva
luesa
fte
r
overcomingleg
alandmor
a lval
uesint
operi
odo
f ne
utr
ali
zat
iont
heo
ry
i
lle
g a
lb e
haviour
.
Perso
nswhoc o
mmi tc r
imes,whoseps
ychic
org
aniza
tio
nresemblesthatofno
rmalind
ivi
dua
l
no
rma
lcr
imi
nal
exceptt
hatheident
if
yhi msel
fwithc
rimina
l
pro
totyp
e.
Asser
tsthatint
ell
ig
enc
eisap
rod
ucto
f
nu
rtu
ret
heo
ry
envi
ronment.
Sexual
lyove
rtmater
ialwhi
chlac
ksseri
ous
purpo
seanda p
pea
lsonlytothepr
uri
enti
nter
est o
bsc
eni
ty
ofthevie
wer.
Theviewthatcri
minal
seval
uatethe
irmo
tives,
nee
d sandski
ll
sbefor
ed e
cid
ingtocommi
tt he o
ffe
nde
rsp
eci
fi
c
of
fense
.
Refe
rstol
owe s
tfor
mo fc
rimi
nalcare
er,
re
quiri
ngl
imit
edski
llandgoesabou
tfelo
nio
us o
rdi
nar
ycr
imi
nal
wayswhoo r
gani
zat
ionandinf
lue
nce.
I
ll
egalact
ivi
ti
esofpeopl
ea ndas
soci
ati
onwho
se
s
olepurposeispr
ofi
tthro
ug hi
ll
egi
ti
mate o
rga
niz
edc
rime
b
usines
se nt
erpr
ise
.
Trai
ltocri
minalcaree
rthatbe
ginswit
hmi no
r
aggr
essi
on,physi
calfi
ght
inga
nde ve
ntual
ly o
ver
tpa
thwa
y
re
sult
stoviole
ntcrimes.
Awardtermfo
rindexcri
mes,whic
ha re
Pa
rtIc
rime
s
ca
teg
o r
iesofs
eri
ousandfre
quentcri
mes.
Ag
ene
ralt
erm whi
chd
eno
tesno
n-i
nde
xcr
ime
s. Pa
rtI
Icr
ime
s
Commonl
yknowna s"Ulu
kans",theyar
et ho
se
whocommitc
rimesbyinduce
me nt,byrewardor p
ass
ivei
nad
equ
atec
rimi
nal
s
pr
omis
ewhoc ons
ider
ingit
sconse q
uenc
es.
Assert
sthatcerta
insoc
iala
ndp e
rso
nal
chara
cteri
sti
csofper
sonsma kes
omepeop
le p
ass
ivep
rec
ipi
tat
ion
att
ract
ivetarge
tsofcri
mina
ls.
Stud
yo ftheexte
rnalf
ormat
ionofthes kul
lthat
i
ndicat
estheconfor
mati
onandd e
velop
me ntof
p
hre
nol
ogyo
rcr
ani
ol
ogy
i
tsvariou
sp a
rtsinrel
ati
ont
ot hebehavio
uro f
thecri
minal
.
I
tdominat
edper
sonswhoi
ncr
eas
ethe
irp
ers
ona
l
g
rat
if
icat
ionwhoduere
gar
dfort
he p
lea
sur
epr
inc
ipl
e
c
onse
qu e
nces
.
Thie
veswhogaininc
omefromgameofani
mal
s
p
oac
her
s
ei
therpr
ote
cte
do nbelo
ngi
ngtoo
ther
s.
1.Sp eci
fica
ll
y,itreferstot hee vol
utionary
assump t
ionsands ci
enti
ficme thodso fthe
'
po s
iti
vistskull
'ofcriminology.
I
nthestu
dyo fc
rimi
nol
ogy,wha
tar
ethet
wo 2.Ge nerall
y,iti
su sedtoc har a
c t
eriz
ea l
l
mea
ningofPOSI
TIVISM? approachestoc ri
minol
o gytha tarep ri
ma ril
y
concernedwi t
hq uest
ionso fetho l
ogy,a ndwhich
beli
evet hatsoci
alphenome nac ana nds houldbe
explai
nedi nthema nnero fthena turals c
ience
s.
Ref
erstot
hebal
anceofgai
nandlo
sst
hata
per
sonmayexp
erie
nceifhecommi
tsagi
ven p
ote
nti
als
ati
sfa
cti
on
cr
ime.
Di
rec
tfo
rmo
fphys
ica
lag
gre
ssi
on. p
red
ati
on
Thea
bnor
malact
swhic
hd ono
the l
prede
fine
p
rima
ryd
evi
anc
e
t
hesel
forpu
bli
cima
geo ft
heoff
ender
.
1.Tha tthes everi
tyofp uni
shme ntscorres
p o
nds
tothes everit
yo ftheharmd oneb ythecrime,
Thecl
assi
calschoola
ssu
me dt
hatpu
nishment
s sothatmo r eseri
ou scr
ime sreceivemo r
e
co
uldonl
yd et
ermineift
heywerepr
oporti
ona
lto ser
iousp unishments.
t
heirc
rime,whe r
ep r
opor
ti
ona
li
tymeans? 2.Tha tthet ypeofp u
nishme ntresemblesthe
cri
me ,sot hatothersinsocietyca nbes
t
ass
o c
iatethep unishmentwi t
ht hec r
ime.
Thos
epers
onswho
sep
hys
ica
lar
est
outa
ndwi
th
p
ykni
ctyp
e
ro
undbo
dies.
Theabi
li
tyt
olear
nrega
rdi
ngtheco
nsequ
ences
r
eal
it
ypr
inc
ipl
e
andr
esul
tsofo
ne'sa
cti
onthr
oughexp
eri
enc
e.
Actso
utwa
rdl
yint
ende
dtohe
lpot
he r
sbutha
ve
r
eci
pro
cala
ltr
uis
m
the
irpr
ima
rypurp
oseist
obe
nef
itthedo
er.
Itistheb a
s isofthes oci
alcontra
c tacco
rdingto
theclassi
cals kul
l.Becausep eo
plea r
ehe donist
ic,
dri
venb yt heirself
-int
erest,yetrati
onal,
capabl
eo fr ati
onal
lyc o
nsideri
ngwha tisrea l
lyin
thei
rs el
f-i
nt eres
t,theywi l
lcomet othe r
eci
pro
calo
bli
gat
ion
concl
u s
iont hatli
feismo rep l
easurabl
ewi t
ha
degreeo fsecurit
y-atta
inedb yeveryonein
soci
etyp ro
mi singnottoa ctinwa ysthatwi l
l
harmo thers.
Thi
s_ ____
_thepromi
sesthatallrat
ional
i
ndivi
dual
swouldmakeinas oci
ety-ca
nb e
r
eci
pro
calo
bli
gat
ion
co
ns i
der
edas o
cie
ty'
sfund
a mental"s
oc i
al
co
nt r
act
".
Aseni
orlawe
nfo
rce
mentf
igu
re,t
hef
orer
unne
r
r
eeve
o
fsheri
ff
.
Thes t
atetha
te xi
stwhenpeo
plewit
hwealt
h
andpovert
yliveincl
osepr
oximit
ywitho
ne r
ela
tived
epr
iva
tio
n
anot
her.
Act
iveanddynami
cper
sonwalks
,ta
lks,and
r
omo
toni
c
ge
stur
esass
e r
ti
vel
yandbeha
vesaggr
essi
vel
y.
Ki
ll
ingo
fanu
mbe
rofp
eop
leo
verap
eri
odo
f
s
eri
almu
rde
r
t
ime.
Cri
meswhicharecommitt
edonl
yd ur
inga
ce
rtai
nperio
doftheyearli
kevi
ola
tio
no ft
ax s
eas
ona
lcr
ime
l
aw,viol
ati
onofel
ect
ionla
w.
Thi
st heo
ryo ncr
imecausat
ionexpl
ai
nsthat
cr
imei spro
duce
do nl
yb yonefact
ororvari
abl
e s
ing
leo
runi
tar
yca
use
whic
hma ybesoci
al
,bio
log
icalo
rme nt
al.
Thosecommitt
edonl
ywhe ng
ivent
hes
itu
ati
on
co
nd u
civetoi
tscommis
sio
n,suc
hasmurder
, s
itu
ati
ona
lcr
ime
i
nfant
ici
de,pa
rri
ci
de.
Ref
erstot
hec
ult
ura
lop
por
tuni
tyt
oco
mmi
t
s
itu
ati
ona
lcr
imep
ote
nti
al
cr
ime.
Shor
tterminf
lue
nceo
nani
ndi
vid
ual
'
s
s
itu
ati
ona
lind
uce
ment
beha
vio
ur.
Pro
sti
tut
eswhotr
ades
exu
als
ervi
cesi
n
s
kee
zer
s
exc
hangefo
rdru
gs.
Ama
teu
rsho
pli
ft
erwhos
tea
lsf
orp
ers
ona
lus
e. s
nit
ch
Asser
tstha
tpeop
lecommitcr
imeduetot
he
weakeni
ngofs
ocialf
orc
estha
tbindt
hemto s
oci
alc
ont
rolt
heo
ry
so
ciet
y.
I
tisthei deao fBecarri
aa ndo t
herme mbersof
t
heclassicalschoolthatgovernme ntc anb e
t
houghto fa screat
edb yitsciti
zensf orcert
ain
s
hareda ndc ommo ne nds.Itusest hisno t
ionto
s
oci
alc
ont
rac
tthe
ory
d
eter
mi newhe nlawsa rejustandu njust
,b y
a
rgui
ngt ha tjustla
wsb ou g
httob et houghtofas
p
romisest hateveryoneins oci
etywo ul
dr ea
li
zes
i
ntheirb estinter
esttoma ket oonei nvader.
Thu
swhoarenor
mali
nthe
irbehavio
urbut
s
oci
al
iz
edd
eli
nqu
ent
s
mer
elyd
efe
cti
vei
nthe
resoc
ial
iz
atio
np r
oce
sse
s.
St
udyo fthebr
eakdownofs
oci
alins
tit
uti
ons
suc
ha sthefa
mily,t
hecommuni
ty,thescho
ol,
s
oci
ald
iso
rga
niz
ati
ont
heo
ry
re
li
gioninaparti
cul
arar
eaandit
se ff
ect
sto
cr
iminal
it
y.
Re
fer
stot
hos
ecr
ime
sco
mmi
tt
edi
nonep
lac
e. s
tat
icc
rime
Partofthesocials
tru
cturetheor
ywo rk.Vie
ws
cri
mea saf unct
ionofconfl
ic
tb e
tweena n
s
tra
int
heo
ry
i
ndivi
dual'
sgo a
lsandtheme ansava
il
ab l
etohim
toobt
ainit.
I
ll
ega
lac
tsi
nte
nde
dtovi
cti
miz
ethep
ubl
ic
. s
tre
etc
rime
s
Asmal
lgrou
pwo rk.I
sloos
elyase
cti
onofa
d
omina
ntcul
turebutmai
ntai
nsadi
sti
nct
,uni
que s
ubc
ult
ure
o
rqueers
eto fva
lues
,bel
ief
sandtr
adi
ti
ons.
Theacto
fma
kingo
ne'
sho
meo
rbu
sine
ssc
rime
t
arg
etha
rde
ning
pr
oof
.
Eff
ortstof i
gureouttheimpl
icat
ionsofat heor
y,
whatadde rvari
able
sme etbeaddedtot he
the
ory;alsoa ss
ocia
tedwiththebeli
efda t
a t
heo
ret
ica
lel
abo
rat
ion
the
oryc omp e
tit
ionisbet
terthantheor
etical
i
ntegrat
ion.
Refer
stotheeffo
rtstoc
omeupwi
thgrand
,
over
archi
ngtheor
ieswhi
cha
ppl
ytoal
ltypeso
f t
heo
ret
ica
lint
egr
ati
on
cri
mea nddevi
ance.
Effor
tstofigu
reo u
tt hedetai
lsofathe
ory,how
thevari
able
swo rktog e
ther;usu
all
yassoc
iat
ed
t
heo
ret
ica
lsp
eci
fi
cat
ion
withab e
li
efthatma ny,competi
ngtheo
riesare
bett
erthaninteg
ratede f
for
ts.
Ef
fortst
oc omeupwi
thfor
mal,sys
temat
ic,
l
ogic
al,andmathe
mat
ica
lwaysinwhichthe
ori
es t
heo
ryb
uil
di
ng
ar
ec ons
truc
ted
.
Aninfo
r me
d,cre
ati
veendeavourwhi
chc o
nne
cts
so
me t
hingkno
wnwi thso
me thi
ngunkno
wn; t
heo
ryc
ons
tru
cti
on
us
uall
yiname asur
abl
ewa y.
Theopi
nio
nthatp
eopl
e'sb
ehavio
urismo t
iva
ted
Ut
il
it
ari
ani
sm bythepur
sui
tofpl
eas
ureandtheavoi
danceof
pai
n.
Refe
rstothet
heoryofJer
e myBe nthamand
Jo
hnStuar
tmillt
hatover
allut
ili
tyo rbene
fit
pro
ducedbyanacti
onboughttobet hesta
ndard u
til
it
ari
ani
sm
bywhichwejudg
et heworthorgo o
d ne
ssof
morala
ndlega
lacti
on.
Theb u
il
dingblo
cksoft
heo
rie
s;thi
ngstha
tvar
y;
t
hingsyouc a
nha vemo
reorles
scri
minal
ly va
ria
ble
s
i
ncli
ned.
Crimesthatvio
lat
esmoralorder
,b u
tther
ei sno
act
u a
ltarg
e t
,vict
imoroffe
ndedp ar
ty.I
nt hes
e
vi
cti
mle
ssc
rime
s
cri
me ssuchasd r
ugabus
e,g a
mb l
ingandthelike
theoffe
ndedp a
rtyiss
oci
e t
ya sawho l
e.
Conc
ernedper
sonswhogoonmo r
alcru
sades
whoanys u
ppor
tandorg
ani
zat
ionfro
ml eg
al vi
gi
la
nte
s
au
thori
ti
es.
Personschara
cte
riz
edbythet
endenc
ytore
lax;
comfort
able
;lovesl
uxu
ry;aness
enti
al
ly vi
sce
rot
oni
c
extr
overt.
Refe
rstothemoneygivenbytheoff
enderfor
compens
ati
onoftheaggri
eve
dp a
rtyandthe we
rgi
ld
st
ate,acommonp r
act
iceinmedi
evalpe
riod
.
Partofthewe
rgi
ldt
hatg
oest
othevi
cti
m's
wr
it
e
fa
mi l
y.
Howmanymont
hsofaband
onmentsho
uldbe
a
tle
ast6mo
nths
co
unt
edbef
orec
ons
ide
ringachi
ldasaband
oned
?
Asap syc
holo
gicald
isor
der,i
tisapsycho
logi
cal
di
sorde
rma ni
fest
edb yachil
dwit
hinapprop
riat
e a
tte
nti
ond
efi
ci
thyp
era
cti
ved
iso
rde
r
i
mp u
lsi
vit
y,lac
ko fatt
enti
onandhyp
e r
act
ivit
y.
Del
inq
uentwhoseant
i-s
oci
albeha
vio
urpea
ksi
n
a
dol
esc
ent
-li
mit
edo
ffe
nde
r
ad
oles
cenceandla
terdi
mini
she
swi t
hag
e.
Pe
rio
dco
ver
ing21-40ye
arso
fhu
manl
if
e. a
dul
tho
od
Knownasspont
aneo
usr emiss
ion,iti
sthe
manne
rb ywhic
hani nd
ivid
ualr e
ducethera
teo
f a
gingo
ut
t
heirabe
rra
ntbeha
viourastheya ge.
Ref
erstotheyouthandyou
ngadu
ltswhola
c k
ski
ll
sandeducat
ionnece
ssa
ryt
ob einde
ma nd a
t-r
isk
i
nmo der
ns oc
iet
y.
Peri
odo
fhuma
nl i
fewhi
chst
artsf
ormt
he
b
abyho
od
se
condwee
ktotheseco
ndyear
.
Thet ot
a l
it
yo ft hec ir
cums t
ancesa ndc onditi
ons
whicha remo s tco ngenialtothes u
r vi
va l
,
prot
e c
tiona ndf eelingso fsecuri
tyo fthec hil
d
andmo ste ncou ra
g ingt othe chil
d'sphys ical
,
b
esti
nte
res
toft
hec
hil
d
psychol
ogical,a nde moti
onald e
velopme nt.Italso
me a
nst hel eastde trimentalavai
lablealternati
ve
f
o rsafeguardingt heg r
owtha ndd evel
o pme ntof
t
hec hil
d .
Expl
ai
nstha
thu
manmi
sco
ndu
cta
sar
esu
lto
f
b
iog
eni
cap
pro
ach
bi
ol
ogy.
Ref
erstopre
ssa ndind
ividua
lswhoa reeff
ect
ive
de
terr
entst
oc r
imea ndd e
li
nq u
encysuchas c
apa
bleg
uar
dia
n
po
li
ceo fwa
tchf
ula ndconcernednei
ghbo
urs.
Refe
rstot hemalt
reat
mentwhi
chma yb e
habi
tua
lofac hi
ldwhichmaybephysi
calabuse
,
c
hil
dab
use
psyc
holog
icalabu
se,negl
ect
,cr
uelt
y,emotio
nal
andsexualmalt
reat
ment.
1.Livingins i
tuati
onsofarmedc onfl
ic
t.
2.Livinginc ommu ni
tywithhighlevelof
cri
mina l
it
y.
3.Beingame mb erofag ang.
Whoa
rec
ons
ide
reda
schi
ld
-at
-ri
sk?
4.Beingo utofs kul
l.
5.Comi ngfrom ad ysf
uncti
onalofbrokenfami
ly
ofthatp a
rento rguardi
an.
6.Beinga bandonedorne g
lect
ed,anda ft
er
 dil
igents e
ar cha ndinq uir
ythep are
ntor
guardianc annotb ef ound.
7.Be ingexp loi
teds exu al
lyoreconomica
lly.
8.Be ingas tre
etc hil
d.
9.Be ingabu sedt hrus exual
,physi
cal,
psycho l
ogic
a l,andme ntal
,economicora nyo t
her
me a
nsa ndt hep arentso rguar
dianrefus
e ,are
unwilli
ngo ru nab l
et og i
vep r
otect
iontot he
chil
d.
Referstoafacil
it
ywhichprovi
des24ho u
r
re
s i
dentgrou
pc arefor9ofmo rement
all
ygi
ft
ed
c
hil
dca
ringi
nst
it
uti
on
dependent
,abandonedorne
glecte
dchil
d,
handic
appedofyo ut
hoff
enders
.
Ref
erstoachi
ldwho
’sa
ll
egeda
s,acc
u s
edof,o
f
adj
udge
das,ha
vingc
ommit
tedano
ffenseu
nder c
hil
dinc
onf
li
ctwi
thl
aw
Phi
li
ppi
nel
aws.
Aninst
itu
tiono fpri
sonsa ss
umingthecu
stody
andcareofc hil
dre
nf orp l
acementi
nanyc hi
ld
cari
nginst
it
u ti
onofho meu ndercar
eand c
hil
dpl
ace
mentc
ent
re
cust
odyofa nyp er
sonf orpurpos
esofado
pt i
on,
fos
tercareo fguar
dianship
.
Termc o
ine
db yWo l
fga
ngt ode
not
ead el
inq
uent
andwho’sar
rest
edmo r
etha nf
ort
imesbefor
e
c
hro
nico
ffe
nde
r
t
hea geofmajor
it
yands t
andsagoodcha
nceo f
beco
mingana d
ultcr
imina
l.
Refe
rt oanyclu
bofori
ginofi
ndivid
ua l
s21yr
s.
ofageo rove
r,whi
chisdir
ect
lyinvolvedi
n
c
ivi
cas
soc
iat
ion
car
ryingoutchi
ldwel
far
eacti
vit
iesand
pro
grams .
Assert
sd at
astr
o ngsel
f-i
mageprot
ectst
he
yout
hf ro
mt heinfl
uenc
ea ndpre
ssur
eo f c
ont
ainme
ntt
heo
ry
ca
rcinogeni
cpul
lsinhisenvir
onment
.
Anya c
tb ywordofdee
dwhi c
hd e
bas
esor
degr
adestheint
ri
nsi
cdigni
tyandwort
hofa c
rue
lty
humanb e
ing
.
Sell
ing’
sstu d
ywhi chassert
sthatitisa
condit
ionwhi chresul
tsfr
omr ulesandnor
mso
f
anindivi
dua l
’
ss ub-c
ult
uralaff
il
ia
tio
n c
ult
urec
onf
li
ct
di
sag r
eeme ntwiththerol
ed emandso f
conformis
ts oci
ety.
I
rra
tio
nala
nds
puro
fthemo
menta
cts
. d
eca
denc
e
Refe
rst
oonewhosebeha
vio
urb
ring
shi
mto
d
eli
nqu
ent
re
peatc
onf
li
ctwi
ththela
w.
Onewho’swhoap a
rent
,g ua
rdi
anofcust
odi
an
orwhosepar
entorguard
ianforgoodcau
se d
epe
nde
ntc
hil
d
des
ire
stober e
li
evedofhiscus
tod
ya ndcar
e.
Toref
rai
no fc
easefr
omc o
mmi
tt
ingac
rime
d
esi
st
us
ual
lyasthesub
jec
ta g
es.
Ref
e r
st oa24ho u
rchildc
aringinst
it
uti
onwhi
ch
gi
vess hortt
ermresi
dentca
ref o
ryo ut
hful d
ete
nti
onho
me
of
fenders.Awai
ti
ngcourtdi
sposi
tio
n.
Asser
tst hatl
ower-cl
assyou
thswi
thl
imit
ed
l
egit
imateo pp
ortuni
tyjoi
ngang
sandp
u r
suea
d
iff
ere
nti
alo
ppo
rtu
nit
y
cri
minalc a
reertoachi
eveal
ter
nat
emeans
uni
versalsucces
sg oa
ls.
Ana l
ter
nativechil
d-approp
ria
teprocessof
deter
mini
ngt heresponsi
blyandtre
atme ntofa
chi
ldinconfli
ctwiththelawo nthebasisof
d
ive
rsi
on
his
/hersoci
a l
,cul
tural
,economic
,psycho l
ogi
cal
oreducat
ionalbackgr
o u
ndwhor esort
ingto
for
ma lco
urtp ro
ceedi
ng s
.
Viewthatyou
thcanmoveinando u
to f
del
inq
uencyandtha
tthei
rli
fes
tyl
ec anadjus
t
d
rif
t
andembracebot
hdevi
antandconvent
iona
l
val
ues.
Co
ver
spu
ber
tyt
o17yr
s.o
fhu
manl
if
e. e
arl
yad
ole
sce
nce
2yr
s.to6yrs.o
fhu
manl
if
ewhi
chc
orr
esp
ond
e
arl
ychi
ld
hoo
d
t
opre-s
cho
olyrs
.
Re
fer
stoactsthatmakeo ra
tte
mpt
stoma
kea
e
cono
mica
bus
e
womanf
ina
ncia
llydep
e nd
ent.
Ana l
armi
ngformofdo
me st
icvi
ole
nceb
y
e
lde
rab
use
chi
ld
rentothe
irel
derrel
ati
vesl
ivi
ngwi
thd
eem.
Refe
rst ot hee mplo
yme nt,hi
ringp er
suasi
onof
i
nduceme nto fcoerci
ono fac hil
dtop er
forman
i
ndecents howso bscenee xhi
bit
ionsand e
xpl
oi
tat
ion
publ
ica
tionso fp o
rnographicma t
eria
lsforsel
li
ng
anddist
ribu t
ion.
Que
sti
on Ans
wer
Referst
otheapprehensio
no ftakingintocust
ody
ofac hi
ldi
nconfl
ictwiththelawb ylaw
enfor
cementof
fer
so rpri
vat
ec ozens.Itincl
udes i
nit
ialc
ont
actwi
tht
hec
hil
d
theti
mewhe nthec hil
dall
egedt obei nconfl
ic
t
withthela
wr e
ceivesas ubpoe
nao r
der.
Re
fer
stot
hef
ir
st2we
eksa
fte
rbi
rt
hofac
hil
d. i
nfa
ncy
Angerorsti
gmad i
rect
edtowar
d sof
fenderb
y
i
nfl
uenti
alper
sonsresul
ti
nginshame,lo
ssof i
nfo
rma
lsa
nct
ion
re
spectandembarra
ssment.
Re f
e rstoas eri
eso fa c
tivit
ieswhichare
designedt oaddressissuest hatcaus
edthec hi
ld
toc ommi tano f
fense.Itma ytakethefor
mo fan
i
nd ividua
li
zedt r
e a
tme ntp rogr
am whichma y
i
nte
rve
nti
on
i
nc ludec o
unsell
ing,skil
lst rai
ning
,educat
ion,and
othe racti
vit
iesthatwi l
le nhancehis
/her
psyc hol
ogica
l,emo ti
onala ndp syc
ho-so
cialwell
-
being .
Per
sonsbel
owt
hea
geo
fmi
nor
it
yofb
elo
w18
Whoa
rec
ons
ide
reda
sju
veni
le
?
yr
so fag
e.
Refer
stoas yst
e md eali
ngwi thc hil
drenatri
sk
andchil
dreninconf l
ic
twi t
ht hel aw,which
provi
deschil
d-a
p propri
ateproc e
e di
ngs,inc
lud
ing
J
uve
nil
eju
sti
cea
ndwe
lfa
res
yst
em.
progr
amsa ndservicesforp r
e venti
on,dive
rsi
on,
rehab
il
it
ati
on,re-integra
tio
na nda f
terc
areto
ensur
etheirnorma lgrowthandd evel
opment.
Pe
rio
dco
ver
ing17t
o21ye
arso
ld. l
atea
dol
esc
enc
e
Per
iodcove
ring6to11yea
rsc
orr
esp
ond
ingt
he
l
atec
hil
dho
od
el
ement
arysc ho
olye
ars
.
Adevel
opmentalp
hasethatb
eginsatage6
c
harac
teri
zedbyrepr
essedfee
li
ngsofsexu
ali
ty l
ate
ncy
u
nti
lthegenit
alagebeg
insatpuber
ty.
Pe
rio
dco
ver
ing40-60ye
arso
fhu
mane
xis
tenc
e. mi
ddl
eag
e
Fail
uretop rovid
ef o
rr eas
onsasidef
rom
povert
ya dequatefood,shel
terandcl
othi
ng,
basi
ce duc
a t
ion,me di
calcarewhichseri
ous
ly ne
gle
ct
endangerthes oci
al
,me ntal
,physi
cal
,emo t
iona
l
develo
pme nto fachil
d.
Ref
erstoachi
ldwhoseb
asicnee
dsha vebee
n
ne
gle
cte
dchi
ld
de
li
bera
tel
yunatt
end
edofinad
equat
elyatt
ended
.
Achi
ldcari
ngins
tit
uti
onthatpro
vid
esbasi
c
e
duca
tio
na ndcar
ef ormo
r etha
n6c hi
ld
renle
ss nu
rse
ry
t
han6ye a
rsofage.
Humanexi
ste
ncewhi
chs
tar
tsf
rom 60ye
ara
nd
o
lda
ge
be
yond.
Thi
svi ewa s
sertsthatchi
ldr
enwhostart
ed
del
inquentc ar
eerse ar
lyandc o
mmit
tedviol
ent
p
ers
ist
enc
e
ac
tst hr
o u
g houttheiradol
esc
encewoul
dlikel
yto
co
nt i
nuea sa dul
ts.
Phaseofd
evel
opmentwe r
echi
ld
renf
ocu
sthe
ir
p
hal
li
cst
age
at
tenti
onont
heirg
e ni
tal
s.
Bei
ngcri
ppl
e,deaf
,mu t
eb l
indofa
dve
rti
se
def
ect
swhichres
tri
ctthei
rme a
nsofact
iona
nd p
hys
ica
ll
yha
ndi
cap
ped
co
mmu ni
cat
ionwit
ha d
d e
rs.
Star
tsa
tc o
nc e
pti
onatt
heo vum,de
velop
mento
f
p
re-na
talp
eri
od
theembr
yot ofet
ust
obirt
ho fachi
ld.
Thi
sma rksthee
ndo
fchi
ld
hoo
dandt
hes
tar
tof
p
ube
rty
ado
les
cence.
Refe
rstofamil
ytypehome swhi
chgi
ve
tempor
aryshel
terf
rom 10-20daysf
orchi
ld
ren r
ece
ivi
ng
underobs
erva
tio
n.
Ap heno
me nonthatocc
urswhe nyout
hwho
r
ega r
dthems e
lvesasdeli
nquent
saregivingan
r
efl
ect
iver
olet
aki
ng
i
nnervo i
cetotheirper
cepti
onofvi
ewo fhow
s
ignif
ica
nto t
hersfee
laboutthem.
Afaci
li
tythatreceivesandrehabsyou t
hfu
l
o
ffe
nderso radderd i
stu
rbedchil
drenf o
rthe
p
urposeofd e
terminingtheappropri
atecaref
or r
eha
bil
it
ati
onc
ent
re
d
eemo fr e
comme nd i
ngthei
rp er
ma nent
t
reat
me ntinotherwe l
fareagenci
es.
Ap rinciplewhi chr equi
resap roc
e sso fresolving
confl
ictswi ththema xi nvol
ve mento ft hevictim,
theo ff
e nde randt hec o
mmu ni
ty.I tseekst o
obtai
nr epar a
tionforthevi cti
m;r e c
onc il
ia
tio
n
fortheo f
f ender,theo f
fendeda ndt he
r
est
ora
tivej
ust
ice
commu nity;a ndre a
ssurancet otheo ffendert hat
he/shec a
nb er ei
ntegratedint
os oc i
ety.Ita l
so
enhance sp u bl
icsafetyb yacti
vatingt he
off
end er,t hevi c
tima ndc ommu nityin
preventions t
rategie
s.
Refe
rstoa gg
regat
ep ri
sonsworki
ngon
commerci
al,agr
icu
ltu
rala ndi
ndust
ri
al
s
ama
han
ent
erpr
ise
swi derbel
ongingtola
bouror
manage
me nt.
Af acu
ltywhichp r
ide
sp ro
tec
tiontochi
ld
reni
n
needofe merge
nc yrece
pti
onbroughtab
outby
s
hel
terc
arei
nst
it
uti
on
fo
r t
uit
ousevents,aba
ndonment,dang
erous
condi
ti
ons,andb ei
ngwhoa dul
tc a
re.
Athe o
rythatpointcr
iminalbehavi
oura
lp a
tte
rns
t
oc hil
dhoo
ds oc
iali
zat
ionandp roofanti
soci
al s
oci
ald
eve
lop
mentmo
del
a
tta
c hmentsovertheli
feco u
rse.
Referst
oo ff
enseswhichd i
scri
mina
teo nl
y
ag
a i
nstac hi
ld,wil
lana du
ltdoesnotsu f
fera
ny
penal
tyforcomings i
mil
ara ct
s.Thisshall s
tat
uso
ffe
nse
i
nc l
udecurfe
wvi ol
ati
ons,tru
ancy,par
e nta
l
di
sobedi
encea ndtheli
ke.
Refe
rstono
tatt
endi
ngcl
ass
eswhoany
t
rua
ncy
re
asona
blec
aus
et omor
ethan20sc
hoold
ays
.
Anyc l
ub,or
g a
nizat
ionofa s
soci
atio
no f
i
ndivid
ual
sbelow21ye arso fagewhichis
yo
utha
sso
cia
tio
n
di
rectl
yorindir
ectl
yinvol
ve dinc a
rryi
ngout
you
t hofchi
ldwe l
far
ea c
tivi
tie
sa ndp r
ogr
ams.
Refersto24ho urc hildcaringinstit
uti
o n
ma nagedb yac c
reditedloca lgovernme ntu ni
ts
andlicenseda ndo fac cr
e d
itedno n-gove r
nme nt
organiz
ati
o nsp r
ovidings hort-t
e r
mr esi
d enti
al yo
uthd
ete
nti
onho
me
careforc hil
dreninc onf
lictwitht helawwho
area wait
ingc ourtdisposit
iono rtheirc aseso f
tra
ns f
ertoa dd e
ra ge nci
eso fjurisdi
cti
o n.
A24hou
rres
ide
nti
alc
aref
aci
li
tyma
nag
edb
y
yo
uthr
eha
bil
it
ati
onc
ent
ers
t
heDSWD.
Humanint
erac
tio
ncha
ract
eriz
edb yb
eing
a
dul
teg
ost
ate
f
actu
al,wor
thyandva
lueforrea
son.
Pre-desi
gnedpers
o nnel
,whop roceedupon
not
ific
ati
onimme d
ia t
elytotheinci
dentsceneto
se
lectas ui
tabl
elocati
onforat ac
tic
alho l
di
ng a
dva
ncep
art
y
ar
ea ,coor
dina
tewhi chthefir
stresponder
sand
i
nit
iatecoll
ect
ingintel
li
genc
eo nthet ar
getare
a.
Ma
les
exho
rmo
ne. a
ndr
oge
n
Ref
erstothep e
riodwereap ot
enti
alvi
cti
m
st
art
stor e
cogniz
ea ndperce
ivethata a
nti
ci
pat
oryp
has
e
pr
ecari
oussit
uati
one xi
sts
.
Hu mant r
aitusu
a l
lydis
tingui
shedbyint
ent
iona
l
andwi l
fulactswhichviola
testheri
ghtsof a
nti
-so
cia
lpr
ese
ntl
y
other
st hroug
hu nethi
calbehavi
our
.
Anal
ysi
sthatmeasu
rethebe
li
efs
,at
ti
tud
esa
nd
a
tti
tud
esu
rve
y
val
uesofdi
ffe
rentgr
oups
.
Fe
aro
fbe
inga
loneo
rfe
aro
fone
'ss
elf
. a
utop
hob
ia
Behavi
ourwhic
hisdi
sti
ngui
shedand
a
voi
dantp
ers
ona
li
ty
char
acter
ize
dbyhyp
ersens
iti
vit
ytorej
ect
ion.
I
tre
fer
stoap
syc
hol
ogi
cala
cti
vit
ywhi
chi
s a
war
ene
ss
a
cco
rdingtoman'
sexpe
rie
ncea
ndi
nte
rpr
eta
tio
n
o
fsti
mu l
usoro
b j
ect
.
Mannerofle
arni
nga
ggr
ess
ionb
yme
anso
f
b
eha
vio
urmo
del
li
ng
ob
servanc
e.
Theb ranchofp s
ychol
ogythatdeal
swi t
hthe
stu
dyo fo bs
ervabl
eb e
havio
urrat
hert ha
n
unconsci
ousmo ti
ves.I
tgivesat
tent
iontothe b
eha
vio
uri
sm
rel
ati
onshipbetweenpart
icul
arst
imuliandan
i
ndivid
ua l
’
sr es
ponsetoit
.
Ab
nor
ma ls
exualbeha
vio
urb
yha
vingi
nte
rco
urs
e
b
est
ial
it
y
wi
thl
ivi
ngani
ma l
s.
Ca l
cul
ati
ngofmeasur
ingorp r
oba b
ledur
ati
o nof
l
e ngt
ho fhuma
nlif
ea ndatt
emp ttorel
atethe
b
iome
try
freque
ncyofcri
meb etwe
enp arentandoff
spri
ng
ands i
bli
ngs
.
Avi
ewwhi chsta
testhatnoseri
ous
c
ons
ider
a t
iont
oo rg
anicfac
tor
sinatte
mpt
ingt
o b
iop
hob
ia
u
nder
standhumanna t
ure.
Referstonatu
rala
ndor
ganicher
it
age,
envi
ronme nta
ndit
sef
fect
so nman'
ssoci
al b
ios
oci
alb
eha
vio
ur
acti
vit
ies
.
Refe
rstoane mot
ionaldi
stu
rbanc
einwhi
ch
moodscha
ng ebe
twe e
np eri
odsofwi
lde
cst
asy b
ipo
lard
iso
rde
r
andpro
founddepr
ession.
Exe
mpli
fi
edbyinst
abil
it
yr ef
lec
tedi
ndr
ast
ic
b
ord
erl
inep
ers
ona
li
ty
mooda
ndb e
havi
ouralprob
lems.
Ac ommo ntermfo rasc hemi
calres
traints
,
ant
ipsyc
ho t
icdrugssu c
ha sHaldol
,p r
olong,
Ris
perdalandsteali
ngwhi chhel
pc ontr
o ll
evels c
hemi
cals
tra
itj
acke
t
ofneurot
ransmit
terss uc
ha sdopamine/ser
otoni
n,
usedtotreatvi
olence-pronepeop
le.
Humanint
era
cti
onwhichischar
act
eri
zedb
y
depe
ndenc
e,demand
s,impat
ienc
e,bei
ng c
hil
deg
ost
ate
re
bell
io
usandemoti
ona
l.
Ap er
so nalinvestmentinconfo r
mistindi
vid
uals
,
i
nsti
tut
io nsa ndprocesstha
tt hwa r
tpe o
plefro
m
engag
ingi nb ehavio
ura ndactivi
tie
sthatme et c
ommi
tme
ntt
oco
nfo
rmi
ty
harma ndj e
o par
d i
zetheirachievementand
rep
utati
o n.
Refer
stoindi
vidu
aldesi
ret
ocounte
rbal
ance
i
nferi
ori
tywit
hs omet
hingi
nwhichhema y
c
omp
ens
ati
on
succ
eed.Usual
lyadensere
act
ionagai
nst
fe
eli
ngsofina
dequac
ya ndi
nfe
rio
rit
y.
Ref
erstoormoretyp
eofhu
manc
ond
uctwhi
ch
c
omp
lexhu
manb
eha
vio
ur
oc
cursnones
itu
ati
on.
Occu
rswhens
timul
usandres
ponsepat
terns
c
omp
li
ment
aryt
rans
act
ion
fr
omo nee
gost
atetoi
nvad
era r
ep a
ral
le
l.
Unco
ntr
oll
abl
eori
rre
sis
tib
lei
mpu
lset
odo
c
omp
uls
ivene
uro
sis
so
methi
ng.
Hu
mantrai
twhic
hischa
rac
ter
ize
db yco
ncern
c
omp
uls
ivep
ers
ona
li
ty
wi
thr
ule
sa ndo
rder
sandworkcal
le
dinsi
ste
nce.
Aps
ychol
ogi
calsta
techar
acte
rizedbyre
peat
c
ond
uctd
iso
rde
r
a
ndseve
reepiso
desofanti
-soci
albe
havi
our
.
Be
havi
ourandma
nne
rse
xpe
cte
dofs
oci
alg
rou
p
c
ond
uctno
rms
membe
rs.
Assert
ionthathumanbehavi
ourismoul
dedb y
i
nterpers
onaldif
fer
enc
ea ndthatwhomaint
ain
c
onf
li
ctvi
ew
soci
alinf
luenceandpo
we rweu sei
ttofurt
her
the
irowng o a
lsanddes
ires.
Pa
rto fsu
pere
g owhic
hd et
ermi
neswha
tis
c
ons
cie
nce
wrongandwhatisc
orrec
t.
Gene t
ictendenci
esande arl
ye xperi
enceswhi
ch
ma kesomep e o
plesuscep
tibl
et odevi
antsoci
al
c
ont
agi
one
ffe
ct
behaviou
rwhi chisrela
yedb yt hepres
enceof
antis
ocia
ls i
bl
ingsintheho us
eho l
d.
Meanscont
rol
li
ngandsta
bil
iz
ingt
hes
itu
ati
on
c
ont
ainme
nt
andare
awhe r
einc
r i
si
soccur
s.
Thea
sse
rti
ont
hatc
rimeb
egi
nsi
nli
fea
nd c
ont
inu
ityo
fcr
ime
c
ont
inu
est
hro
ugho
utt
hel
if
eco
urs
e.
Aco
ursethats
tart
swithmino
ru nd
erha
nde
d
b
eha
vio
ura ndpro
gres
sestopet
tycrime c
ove
rtp
athwa
y
c
ommis
sio
n.
Thes c
hemet ha
tc o
nductnormsarehanded
downfromo negenerat
iontoawards
ot hey
c
ult
ura
ltr
ans
mis
sio
n
beco
mes tab
leandp re
dict
abl
eg r
oupl
ifest
ylea
nd
behavi
our
.
Re
fer
stoma
n'ss
ens
eoft
ouc
h. c
uta
neo
us
Fal
sebel
ie
fabou
ts e
lf,c
ause
db ymorbi
di
ty,
d
elu
sio
n
pr
esentnpar
anoi
aandd ement
iap
rae
cox.
Me nt
aldis
orderthatbeg
insatofshor
tl
ya f
ter
pubert
y,andu sua
ll
yleadtogenera
lfai
lu
reo ft
he
d
eme
nti
apr
aec
ox
mentalfacu
lti
es,wit
hthec o
rres
pondi
ng
physi
olog
icali
mp ai
rment
.
Thi
sp e
rta
inst
oattemp
tsmadetoscre
eno
ut
d
eni
alo
fre
ali
ty
di
sag
reeab
lere
ali
ti
esbyig
nor
ingthe
m.
Awit
hdrawa
lre
act
ionwhi
chi
scha
rac
ter
ize
dby
d
epr
ess
ion
u
nde
sira
blet
hou
ght
s.
Co
mpu
lsi
ved
esi
ret
odr
inka
lco
hol
. d
ips
oma
nia
Alsoknownasdif
fer
entialr
einf
orce
me nt
,it
s
behavi
ourwhi
chisreinf
orcedbyb e
ingpuni
she
d d
ire
ctc
ond
iti
oni
ng
orrewarde
dwilli
nter
a c
twitho t
hers.
Anatt
ri
buteo
fhumanbe
havi
ourwhic
h
d
ura
tio
n
de
ter
mineshowl
ongint
ermsofti
me.
Thisfor
msp a
rto fma n'
sphysi
calorgani
zat
ion
bet
weenhi ssti
mu liononehanda ndhismotor
e
go
ac
tivi
tyont heothe r
.Thee gooperat
esonthe
bas
isofe xpedi
ency.
Thec omponentoft
hesu
p e
reg
owhichdir
ects
i
nd i
vid
ualint
omo ra
ll
yre
spons
ibl
eandaccep
tabl
e e
goi
dea
l
behavi
ourswhichmaynotbeple
asu
rab
le.
Aphas
einthedeve
lopmentwher
eingir
lss
tar
t
El
ect
rac
omp
lex
t
ohavese
xualf
eeli
ngsfo
rt he
irf
athe
rs.
Convu
lsi
onsei
zur
esa
ndat
end
enc
ytome
nta
l
e
pil
eps
y
de
teri
ora
tio
n.
Asse
rti
ontha
tal
lindi
vid
ual
sareeq
ualatbi
rt
h
e
qui
pot
ent
ial
it
y
andaredr
aft
eri
nfl
uencedbyt
hei
renvi
ronment
.
Morbi
dp r
opens
ityt
olovetoma
kel
ove
;
e
rot
oma
nia
unc
ontro
ll
abl
esexuald
esir
e.
Ref
erstod
evia
nts
exualb
ehavi
ourbyme
ansof
e
xhi
bi
ti
oni
sm
exp
osi
ngpri
vat
eorga
nsofthebodyi
npu
bli
c.
Ana t
tri
buteofhumanbehavi
ourwhi
chc
onno
tes
e
xte
nsi
ty
si
ze,di
stanceandlo
cat
ion.
Dayd
rea
ms,whi
chi
saf
ormofphys
ica
lfl
it
sasa
f
ant
asy
te
mpora
ryes
cap
efr
omfr
ust
rat
iono
freal
it
y.
Ment
a ldef
ect
ivenesswhichthoughno t
amounti
ngtoimb e
cil
ity,i
sye tsopr
o nounce
d
f
eeb
le-mi
nde
dpr
iso
ns
t
hattheyrequir
ec are,su
pervis
ionandc ont
rol
f
ortheirowno ffortheprot
e ct
iono
fo thers
.
Devi
ati
onins
exualb
ehavi
ourbys
ubs
tit
uti
ono
f
f
eti
shi
sm
i
nani
ma t
eobj
ect
storep
lacehu
manlove
.
Adul
tthatde
monstr
ateschar
acte
rist
icsoft
hose
f
ixa
ted
enc
ounte
reddur
ingtheinf
anti
lesexualg
rowth.
Ref
erstothevalu
eo r
ienta
tio
no flower-cl
ass
cu
ltur
eswhichincl
udestheneedfore xci
tement
, f
oca
lco
nce
rns
per
sonala
utono
my,f a
te,smartnes
sa ndtroubl
e.
Chr
oni
cre
act
ionp
att
erno
fang
ers
. f
reef
loa
tinga
nge
r
Anabno
rmalbehavi
ourbr
oughtabo
utb
ythe
f
unc
tio
nal
ef
fec
tofenvi
ronmentonpeo
p l
e.
Thereisacomplet
elos
sofc
onsci
ous
nes
sand
g
randma
lse
izu
re
gene
ralcont
rac
tio
no ft
hemusc
les
.
Hu
ma nbeha
viou
rwhi c
hissa
idt
obee
mot
iona
l,
ha
bit
ualhu
manb
eha
vio
ur
mot
oranduseslang
uage.
Ahu
mant
rai
twhi
chi
sus
ual
lyma
nif
est
eda
nd hi
str
ioni
cpe
rso
nal
it
y
c
hara
cteri
zedb
yemot
ionali
nst
abi
li
ty,s
ell
-
d
ramati
zat
iona
ndi
mma tu
rit
y.
I
rre
sis
tib
leu
rget
oki
lls
ome
bod
y. ho
mic
ida
lco
mpu
lsi
on
Ext
reme
lyme
gao
ver
rea
cti
ont
oho
mos
exu
als
. ho
mop
hob
ia
Rea
cti
ontofac
tsofre
lat
ions
hipbe
twe
ent
he
hu
manb
eha
vio
ur
i
ndi
vid
ualandhise
nvi
ronment.
Abr
anchofpsyc
hologytha
te mp
has
ize
ss e
lf-
hu
mani
sti
cps
ycho
log
y
a
warene
ssandgett
ingintouc
hwhic
hf e
eli
ngs.
Areimpuls
esorins
tinc
to fso
c i
ald
rives?I
t
co
nt a
ine
dthati
sinheri
tedthatispr
e s
entat I
D
bi
rth.
Apsyc
holo
gicalc
ond
iti
oninwhic
hyo u
thfa
ce
i
dent
it
ycr
isi
s
i
nne
rc o
nfusi
onanduncer
tai
ntyabo
utli
fer
ole
s.
Per
sonswithme nta
ldefec
tive
nessofsu
cha
deg
reethatthe
ya reunabl
et oguar
dthems
elve
s i
di
ots
ag
ains
tc o
mmo np hysi
caldange
rs.
Perso
nwi thme nt
alde
fect
ivenes
swhi chdonot
amounti
ngt oidi
ocyi
syets opronounc
edthat
i
mbe
cil
es
the
ya reincapa
b l
eofmanagingthe
ms el
vesof
the
iraff
airs.
Themo mentwher
einthevic
timrecogniz
estha
t
heorsheistar
getofsubj
ectofac r
iminala
ct i
mpa
ctp
has
e
andendswithi
tsact
ualcommiss
ion.
Peopl
ewhoha vefeel
ing
sofi
nadeq
uacya
nd
compens
atefo
rt he
m withadr
ivefor i
nfe
rio
rit
yco
mpl
ex
su
p r
emacy.
Humantr
aitwhi
chi
sunl
ear
neda
nds
aidt
obe
i
nst
inc
tivehu
manb
eha
vio
ur
i
nher
enttoman.
Humanbe
havio
uratt
ri
bute
swhic
hspeaksi
n
i
nte
nsi
ty
t
ermsofmagni
tud
ewi d
ermil
dorst
rong.
Chara
cte
riz
edbyl
oca
li
zedcont
ract
iono
fmu
scl
es
l
aco
nis
mtyp
ese
izu
re
wit
ho rwholo
sso
fconsc
iou
sness
.
Ast
ablecha
ract
e r
ist
ic,fe
atu
re,co
ndi
ti
onof
p
rop
ertypres
enta tbi
rththa
tmakessome l
ate
ntt
rai
ts
p
eopl
ec r
imepronelateri
nlif
e.
Sexualde
via
tio
nc har
act
eri
zedbygr
ati
fi
cat
ionb
y
ma
soc
his
m
endu
ringpai
ninfl
ict
eduponhim.
Thi
sr e
fer
st othegr
owthofbi
rt
htha
tis
pr
imari
lyinf
lue
ncedandde
ter
minedbyg
ene
tic ma
tur
ati
on
f
acto
rs.
Di
sor
deri
nmenta
li
tyi
nwhic
htheaf
fec
ted
me
gal
oma
nia
pe
rso
nthi
nkso
fhimse
lfa
sexal
tedo
rgreat
.
Ment
aldi
sorderwit
hdepr
essi
on,e
xce
ssive
br
oodi
ngando f
tenacc
ompani
edbydel
usio
nsa
nd me
lanc
hol
ia
ha
ll
uci
nat
ions
.
Ap e
rsonsuff
eri
ngf
romd
elu
sio
nand
me
nta
ll
yde
rang
ed
ha
ll
ucina
tio
n
Sta
ndardsb ywhic
ht e
a c
hersando t
her
rep
rese
nta t
iveofst
ateauthor
it
ye val
uat
elower
mi
ddl
ecl
assme
asu
ringr
od
cl
assyouth.Thisgi
vesr i
setofai
lure
,frus
tra
tio
n
andangera tco
nvent
ionalso
ciet
y.
Cr
avi
ngo
fane
rot
icna
tur
efo
rde
adb
odi
es. ne
cro
phi
l
ism
Referstod
ep r
essi
on,ange
r,fe
ar,di
sap
poi
ntment
ando t
heradvers
ee mo
tio
nsthoser
esul
tsf
rom ne
gat
ivea
ffe
cti
ves
tat
es
str
ain.
Thep
roc
essofusi
ngne
g a
tivest
imu
liorl
osso
f
ne
gat
iver
einf
orc
eme
nt
re
war
dtores
tra
inunwant
edb e
havi
our
.
Meanstoset
tl
eorar
rang
ebyc
onf
err
inga
nd
ne
got
iat
e
di
scus
singt
erms.
St
udyo
fthea
cti
vit
ieso
ftheb
rai
n. ne
uro
-phys
iol
ogy
Pe
opl
ewhofea
rthatt
herepr
imi
ti
vei
nst
inc
ts
ne
uro
tic
s
wi
lld
omi
nat
ether
ep r
ese
ntl
y.
Mo
vingf
romp
lac
etop
lac
e. no
mad
ism
Occu
rswhens
timul
usandres
pons
epatt
erns
no
n-c
omp
li
ment
aryt
rans
act
ion
fr
omo nee
gost
atetoa
wa r
da r
enotp
arall
el
.
Ap ha
seofdeve
lop
me ntwhenmales
tart
sto
ha
ves exu
ali
nte
rcour
sewiththe
irmothe
rs.
Oe
dip
uscompl
ex

Fi
rstpha
seo
flif
e,whe
nac hi
lda
chi
eve
s
o
rals
tag
e
pl
easu
rebybi
ti
ngandsuc
king
.
Anabnormalhumanb
eha
vio
urcau
sedby
o
rga
nic
phys
ica
lfac
torssu
chasi
njur
yandimp
air
ment
.
Aco
mp ens
ator
yacti
vit
ywhi
cht
endstog
eto u
t
o
ver
comp
ens
ati
on
o
fcont
rolandcea
sestobeo
fva
lueanduse
.
Trai
ltoac ri
minalcar
eert
ha ts
tart
swithmino
r
ag
gressi
onwhi c
hl e
adstophysi
calf
ight
inga
nd o
ver
tpa
thwa
y
l
atertovio
lentcri
me s
.
Abnormalandb i
zar
resexu
alpra
cti
cestha
tma
y
i
nvolveper
s i
ste
ntsexua
lurge
sfocuse
do n p
ara
phi
li
a’
s
chi
ld
r e
n,humili
ati
onofobj
ect
s.
Humanint
era
cti
onwhi
chi
ssa
idt
obep
rot
ect
ive
,
p
are
nte
gos
tat
e
i
deal
is
tica
ndrig
hte
ous
.
Re
fer
stot
hekno
wle
dgeo
fst
imu
lus
. p
erc
ept
ion
Ast
abl
ep at
ter
no fbe
havi
ourt
houg
htsand
e
moti
onsthatdi
sti
ngui
shonep
ers
onfro
m p
ers
ona
li
ty
a
not
her.
Anant
iso
cia
lb e
havi
ourbr
oug
htabou
tbya
bus
e
p
ers
ona
li
tyd
iso
rde
r
andmal
adapt
ivepat
ter
nsofco
ndu
ct.
Mil
dorcompl
etel
ossofc
ons
cio
usne
ssa
nd
p
eti
tma
lse
izu
re
co
ntra
cti
ono
fmu s
cles
.
Thisrefe
rstohyp
othesi
swhichp ert
ainstohow
t
hingswo ul
dbeproba
bil
it
iesforchange,
p
oss
ibi
li
tya
ssu
mpt
ion
oppor
tuni
tie
sforpe
rsonalgro
wt hands oc
ial
pr
o gr
ess.
Thi
spe
rio
dbeg
insi
mmedi
ate
lya
fte
rthe
p
ostt
rau
mat
icr
eca
llp
has
e
co
mmis
sio
nofacri
me.
Reac
tio
nt oahighlystr
ess
fule
ve nt
,itis
mani
fest
edb yanxiet
y,depr
ess
ion,fl
ashbac
ks p
ost
-tr
auma
tics
tre
ssd
iso
rde
r
andpersi
ste
ntnightmar
es.
Thetypecastthatsevera
ld aysbe
foreanddu
ring
menst
r u
atio
nf emalesareo ver
whel
me dby
p
reme
nst
rua
lsynd
rome
i
rri
tab
lya ndp oo
rjud g
eme ntasaresul
tof
hor
mo nalchanges.
Whatist
hemo
sti
mpo
rta
ntp
rio
rit
yinho
sta
ge
p
res
erva
tio
nofl
if
e
cr
isi
s?
Char
a c
teri
zedbyinfant
il
elevelofresp
onsel
ack
ofconsci
ence,def
ici
entfe
eli
ngofa f
fect
iont
o
p
syc
hop
athi
cpe
rso
nal
it
y
ot
hera ndaggre
ssiontoenvi
ronmentandto
ot
herp eopl
e.
Anat
tri
but
eo fhuma
nb e
ha vi
ourwhic
hfo
cus
es
q
uant
it
y
onman'
snormali
tyandabnor
ma l
it
y.
Exclu
desfromconsci
ous
ness,awar
enessof
unaccep
tab
ledesi
resofi
mp ul
seswhic
hd e
velop
r
eac
tio
nfo
rma
tio
n
consc
iousat
ti
tud
et ha
tdisa
greewit
hhi so
rig
inal
wish.
Arenoti
onswit
hre
fer
encetoho
wthingsr
eal
ly
r
eal
it
yas
sump
tio
n
ar
ea ndwhatki
ndofper
sonani
ndi
vidu
ali
s?
I
nfa
nti
l
ism whi
chi
saf or
mo fp
hys
ica
lfl
it
s
r
egr
ess
ion
whi
chret
urnstoe
arl
ie
rwo r
k.
Anaggr
essi
vereac
tio
nwhichisc
har
act
eri
zedb
y
s
cap
ego
ati
ng
bl
ami
ngo t
hersf
orhisfa
il
ure
s.
Sometimesc ol
dd ementiapra
ecoxwhichisa
for
mo fpsychos
isc hara
cter
izedbythi
nking
di
sturbanceandr e
g res
siontoamo r
er el
ati
vel
y Sc
hiz
ophr
eni
a
uni
mp aire
db utint
elle
ctualf
uncti
oniswell
prese
rve d.
Fe
eli
ngso
fimp
res
sio
nofs
timu
lus
. s
ens
ati
on
Huma
nne e
dwhic
ha ci
dtoMa
slo
wist
hea
pexo
f
s
elf
-ac
tua
li
zat
ion
ol
dneed
sinhi
era
rchy.
Ref
erstoe
nvi
ronme
ntalfo
rce
stha
tha
ved
ire
ct
s
oci
ale
col
ogy
i
nfl
uenc
eonhumanbehavi
our
Thea
sse
rti
ont
hathu
manb
eha
vio
uri
spa
tte
rne
d s
oci
all
ear
ningt
heo
ry
a
fte
rob
ser
vat
iono
fhu
mans
oci
ali
nte
rac
tio
ns.
Atypeofcu
ltu
rec onf
li
ctexp
erie
nce
dbylower
c
las
syouthduetos oc
ialc
ondi
ti
onst
hatp
reve
nt s
tat
usf
rus
tra
tio
n
d
eemf r
oma t
tai
ningsucce
ss.
Compro
misere
acti
onbysee
kingne
wgo
als
s
ubl
ima
tio
n
whic
ha r
esoc
ial
lyacc
ept
abl
e.
Mora
ll
yshade
dinfl
uencestha
thavede
eproo
ted
s
ubt
err
ane
anva
lue
s
po
werinthecul
tur
eb u
ta r
ep ub
li
cl
ycond
emned.
Meansthecons
cie
nceofma
n.I
tist
herol
eof
ag
encie
so u
tsi
detheho
mewhic
htri
est
ocont
rol s
upe
reg
o
t
hee g
o.
Hu
manb
eha
vio
urwhi
chf
ocu
seso
nsu
bst
it
uti
on. s
ymb
oli
chu
manb
eha
vio
ur
Quar
ter
swe r
ethecr
isi
scomma
ndp
rep
are
sand
t
act
ica
lho
ldi
nga
rea
pl
anforde
li
bera
tea
ssaul
t.
I
nst
inc
tua
ldr
ivet
owa
rdvi
ol
enc
eanda
ggr
ess
ion. Tha
nAt
os.
Ref
erstot
hes
tud
yofs
oci
ali
nte
rac
tio
nof
t
rans
act
iona
lana
lys
is
pe
ople
.
Themai
nc a
tal
ysta
nddefi
nestheme
ani
ngo
f
va
lue
s
l
if
eandtherea
sonfore
xis
tenc
e .
Thes
earebe
li
efa
boutt
hewaythi
ngsboughtt
o
va
luea
ssu
mpt
ions
be,g
oodorba
d,d
esi
rab
lea
ndundesi
rab
le.
Theviewtha
tma le
smu s
tsep
arat
et he
irsexua
l
f
eeli
ngsfr
omt he
irnee
dsforaf
fec
tio
n,loveand vi
ri
li
tymys
tiq
ue
re
spect
.
Denseme c
hani
sma
gai
nstf
rus
tra
tio
nbyme
ans
wi
thd
rawa
lre
act
ion
offl
ight
.
Lyingwhichisu s
eda sadecept
iveplo
ywhichi
s
advis
abl
eford i
scree
tp o
li
ceo p
erati
onstob
e a
cce
pte
dlyi
ng
usedintai
li
nga ndsurvei
ll
anc
e.
Aredi
sci
pl
inar
yr emi
nde
rsoftheimport
anc
eo f
pr
opi
ti
ousconduc
tsandareimport
anc
eme as
ures Ac
tso
fco
urt
esy
i
nthedevel
opmentofper
sonal
it
y.
Refer
st otheawarene
sstot hec
oncer
nof
so
c i
etying e
neral
.Iti
sa nimpor
tantf
act
or a
tte
nti
on
cont
ribu
tingtothedependa
blyofpubl
ics
ervi
ce.
Theb i
ndings p
iri
ttha
te nhanc
e steamwo rkand
coope
rati
o ninthepeopleorga
ni z
atio
n,e xt
endi
ng
tothepeo pl
etheyserve,isma ni
festedbythe c
ama
rad
eri
e
PNPme mb ersd e
epco mmitmenta ndc o
ncernto
oneanother.
Seeksminort
ypeo
fc o
rrup
tio
nop
por
tuni
ti
esa
s
c
arni
vor
ousc
ops
the
yp r
esentt
hems
elves
.
Refe
rstot
hea
ppli
cat
ionofac
ase
-ba
sed
c
asu
ist
ry
re
asoni
ngt
oappl
ie
dethic
s.
Afo
rma lac
toseto
ffor
malact
sest
abl
is
hment
b
ycustomsoau
thor
itya
spro
pertoaspeci
al c
ere
mony
o
ccas
ion.
I
ncl
udeo ldde
a l
ingsorcontac
tswi t
hthecit
ize
n
i
nrelat
iontothee nf
orcementoflawinthe
c
iti
zenr
ela
tio
n
mai
ntenanceofp e
aceando rder
.To ge
the
rwi t
h
t
hegivingofinf
o r
matio
nt othep u
bli
c.
Thi
sende avo
u rat
temp
tstoimpar
ttothe
memberso fthecommuni
tytha
tpoli
ceof
fer
sa r
e
Wha
tist
hep
urp
oseo
fci
vica
cti
onp
rog
ram?
t
heirf
riendsa ndt
hepart
ner
sa swel
lasthei
r
def
end
ers .
Animp r
intagencyf
o rs
oci
alcontr
olpr
omu l
gat
ed
fo
ro l
dp ro
fess
ionsandpre
scrib
esthedut
iesof c
odeo
fet
hic
s
anindi
vidua
ltoward
so t
hers.
Authori
tyofaper
sonla
wfull
yexer
cis
edove
r
su
bo r
dinat
esbyvi
rtu
eo fr
ank,po
sit
iono
n c
omma
nd
as
signment.
OldPNPme mbe
rsshal
lupho
ldp
ubl
ici
nte
res
t
c
ommi
tme
ntt
opu
bli
cint
ere
st
overanda
boveper
sonnel
.
Moreo rl
essdefi
nit
egroupo
fp e
oplei
nacer
tai
n
are
ai nacc
ord
anc ewit
hamo reandle
ssg
ener
al c
ommu
nit
y
syst
emo fmoralval
ues.
Consi
stofap ers
ondea l
ingwithci
ti
zensofthe
commu ni
ty,ci
tyorto
wnwhe r
eap ers
onlovesin
andhisme mbers
hipofco nt
ri
buti
ontothecivi
c c
ommu
nit
yre
lat
ion
orga
nizat
ionorcommu ni
t yass
oci
ati
oninthe
commu ni
ty.
Avir
tuethatr
eg u
lat
esthosea
cti
onsthat
i
nvo
lvestheri
ghtsthatexi
stb
etweenone c
ommu
tat
ivej
ust
ice
i
ndi
vid
ualandothers
.
I
tisama ni
fes
tat
iono
fs por
tsmanshi
po fgood
manners
,andanexpos
iti
ono fg
e nt
il
it
ya nd c
our
tes
y
cu
ltur
e.
Proce
d ureundert
akenb yp o
li
c epers
onnelwho
newlya ss
igne
do rappoint
edt oau ni
to f
comma ndtore p
orttoc al
lont hechi
efo ft
he c
our
tes
yca
ll
uni
to fcomma ndandt ootherke ypers
onnelf
or
acco
unting,ori
entat
ionando therpurpo
ses.
I
sthes
tat
eme
nto
fbe
li
ef? c
ree
d
Est
abl
ishedu
sageofs
ocia
lpra
c t
ice
sc a
rri
edon
c
ust
om
bytra
diti
ont
hatha
so b
tai
nedtheforc
eo fl
aw.
Pol
iceme mbersperfo
rmingthei
rd ut
ieswith
ded
icati
on,thor
o u
ghness,e
ffi
cie
ncy,enthusi
asm,
det
e r
minati
on,andma ni
fes
tc o
ncernedforpubli
c
d
evo
tio
ntod
uty
wel
f a
rea ndshal
lrefr
ainfr
ome ngagi
ngi nany
ac
tivit
ywhi c
hs hal
lbeinconfl
ictwit
ht hei
r
dut
ies.
Pe
rta
inst
ose
lf-c
ont
rola
ndo
bed
ienc
e. d
isc
ipl
ine
Reg
ula
testheacti
onthati
nvol
vestherig
hts
d
ist
ri
but
eju
sti
ce
whi
chanindivi
dualmaycl
aimfroms o
ciet
y.
Thetrans
ferofti
tl
eo nd i
sposa
lo fi
nter
estin
pr
opert
yb yvolu
ntari
ly,complet
elyandactua
ll
y
dep
rivi
ngordispos
sessi
ngo nese
lfofhisri
ghtof d
ive
stme
nt
t
it
leIsitinfa
vouro fap er
sonofp r
iso
nso t
her
t
hanhisspouseandr el
ati
ves.
Consi
stofpressdeal
ingwithhisfi
rmly,pare
nts,
andimmedia
ter el
ati
ves,wi
thwho m hehasto
d
ome
sti
cre
lat
ion
havegoo
dr el
atio
nshiptodeservearespec
tabl
e
fami
lypres
tig
ea ndc ommunit
yr el
ati
ons
.
Ref
erstodi
rect
lyorindi
rect
lyp
art
ici
pat
ingi
n
e
lec
tio
nee
ring
pa
rti
sanpo
li
tic
alac
tivit
ies
.
Ajud
ici
ousa
ndequ
ita
b l
edis
tri
but
ionof
o
pport
uni
tyt
opr
oveo ne'
swo r
thinthepo
li
ce e
qua
li
tyi
nthes
ervi
ce
s
ervi
ce.
Gro
upspi
ri
t,s
enseofpri
de,minorshar
edb
y
s
pir
itd
eco
rps
t
hosei
nthesamegr
o u
po fund
e r
taki
ng.
Re
ferst
othees
tab
li
she
d& g
ene
ral
lya
cce
pte
d
e
thi
cals
tand
ard
s
mora
lval
ues
.
Branchofmoralsc
iencet
hattr
eatsofthe
co
rr e
ctper
for
ma nceofpub
li
cservi
ceandhuma
n e
thi
cs
ac
tso fapubl
icoff
icer
.Rul
esofconduc
t .
Man’
scour
agetoend
u r
ewhoyie
lding
.Itisa
vi
rt
uewhichi
ncit
escoura
gea
ndc har
act
eriz
ed f
ort
it
ude
byfi
rmne
ssofthemind.
Upri
ght
nessi
nc har
acter
,g e
ntlei
nmanne
rs
di
gni
fi
edinappe
a r
ance,andsince
rei
nthei
r g
ent
lema
nli
nes
s
co
ncernfo
rthei
rf e
ll
owme n.
Ref
erstoat hi
ngo far i
ghttodisposeof
gr
atui
tousl
y,ofa nyactofli
bera
lly,infavo
uro
f
i
nvaderwhoa cceptsi
t,andshal
li nc
ludea g
ift
si
mulat
eds al
eo fanostens
ibl
yo nerous
di
spos
iti
ond er
ive.
Br
iefexpre
ssi
ono
ftho
ughto
rsa
lut
ati
ona
ta
g
ree
ting
meet
ing.
Usual
lyonFrida
yso
na nyadderdayss
uit
able
f
ortheoccasi
onPNPme mber
sg a
thert
ogether
ha
ppyho
ur
atePNPc l
ubf o
rali
theat
edjest
ingorai
ringof
mino
rg r
ipe
s.
Arri
valandde
partur
eho nourceremoni
esare
re
nderedtovi
sit
ingdig
nita
ries,VIPs
,PNP ho
nou
rce
remo
ny
of
fi
cerswitht
heg ra
deo fchie
fs u
pa ndab
ove
andAFPof
fer
sofe
qui
val
entg
rad
e,u
nle
ss
waive
d.
Refe
rstohumandig
nit
yandman'
sina
li
ena
ble
hu
manr
ight
s
ri
ghttol
if
e,li
ber
tyandpr
ope
rty.
Abil
itytowit
hs ta
ndtempta
tio
nsnotmere
lyto
avoid
,toma i
ntai
nint
egri
tyandweneedtob e
abovesuspi
ci
on.Andincl
udesact
snotal
lowi
ng i
nte
gri
ty
the
mt obevic
timsofcor
rupti
onanddi
shone
st
pract
ices
.
Consi
stofpoli
ceoffi
cersrel
ati
onwiththe
of
fic
ersandme no fhisownd e
part
me nthi
s
i
ntr
a-d
epa
rtme
nta
lre
lat
ions
su
p er
ior
s,thechiefofpol
ic
ee xec
uti
veo ft
he
ci
tyo rmunic
ipal
it
y.
Thea
cto ffor
mall
yma ki
ngp e
rsonskno
wnto
ea
chothe
ro rartofp
re s
ent
ingonepers
ont
o i
ntr
odu
cti
on
ea
chothe
r .
Cons
istofpol
ic
eoff
er’
sd u
tie
st o
wa r
dthecour
t
whenap p
ear
ingasawitnes
sa ndthehone
styn j
udi
ci
alr
ela
tio
ns
te
sti
mo ny
Meanscor
rup
tad
mini
str
ati
on,mi
sus
eof
ma
lve
rsa
tio
n
wa
stage
.
Pol
icyla
iddowntoe
xerci
seut
mostres
tra
inta
nd
sel
fcont
roli
nthepe
rfo
rmanc
eo fof
fi
ci
al ma
ximu
mto
ler
anc
e
fu
ncti
ons.
Istheinfl
uencetha
to neper
sono
verag r
oupof
person'
sbyr eas
ono fthee
xempl
aryna
tureof mo
rala
sce
nda
ncy
hischarac
ter?
Re
ferst
oa ndeval
uat
iono
fap e
rson’
smora
land
mo
ralc
har
act
er
ment
alqua
lit
ies
.Suchaneva
lua
tio
nissu
bject
ive
.
I
stheq u
ali
tyo
fme asur
eo fhumanact
swhich
a
reg o
od,badorind
iff
erent
?Ahi ghst
andar
dof
mo
ral
it
y
d
ecencyandset
ti
ngg oodexampl
esfo
ro t
herst
o
f
oll
ow.
I
tconc
ernsthos
ea c
tionst
hatp
ert
aint
oone
's
mo
ralvi
rt
ue
d
uti
estowar
d sot
hers.
Pol
icep e rsonnelse ekings e
lf-i
mp r
ovementthru
car
erd eve l
opme nta ndno td i
rect
lyorindi
rectl
y
so
li
citingi nflue
nc ere comme ndati
onfrom
pol
it
icians ,highr ankingg overnmentoff
ici
al
s, no
n-s
oli
ci
tat
iono
fpa
tro
nag
e
pr
omi nentc i
tiz
ens,p e
r s
o naffi
li
ate
dwi t
hc i
vicor
re
li
giou so rganizat
ionwi thregardtothei
r
as
signme nt,promo ti
o na ndtransfe
rs.
Thi
sref
erstota
kingadva
nta
geoft hesit
uat
ion
aswhe
np ro
per
tiesl
efti
nthecri
mes ce
nea r
e o
ppo
rtu
nis
tict
hef
t
t
akenwhorepo
rti
ngittoaut
hor
it
ies
Al
lPNPp erso
nnels
hal
lfo
lowlogi
calproc
edure
i
na cc
ompli
shi
ngtas
ksass
ignedt
ot hemto
o
rde
rli
nes
s
mini
mizewastei
stous
eo fti
me,mo ne
ya nd
ef
for
t.
I
saq ual
it
yf o
undinmenwhoo
rmi
ndf
ulo
fthe
p
ate
rna
li
sm
wel
far
eo ftheot
hers
.
Ca
lmne
ssa
ndc
omp
osu
rei
nend
uri
ngs
ome
thi
ng. p
ati
enc
e
I
tr epl
acedtheintegratedpo l
ic
ea dvis
ory
counci
lswhichinvolvesc i
viloff
ici
alsandthe
memb ersoftheco mmu nit
yi nthep res
ervat
ion p
eac
eando
rde
rco
unc
il
ofpeaceando r
d era ndpromo ti
ono fpubl
ic
saf
e t
y.
Isindi
cativeofap o
lic
eman'sappr
ec i
ati
onoft
he
honouro fhispos
iti
on.Iti
sa nexcell
ent
p
ers
ona
ldi
gni
ty
ma ni
fes
tationof"espr
itdecorp
s"a ndisa
powerfulfacto
rincreati
ngpubl
icre s
pect.
Abi
li
tytoproc
eeda
ndg
oond
esp
iteo
fop
pos
iti
on
p
ers
eve
ranc
e
orobs
tacl
e.
Ap r
acti
calsci
enc
etha
td e
alswit
hpr
inc
ipl
eso
f
humanmo ra
li
tyanddut
ya sap
pli
edt
olaw p
oli
cee
thi
cs
enf
orce
me nt
.
Ref
erstoacce
ptab
leandrespect
abl
ewayof
l
ivi
ngintheeyesoft
hep ubl
ic
.Se t
ti
ngg
ood p
oli
cel
if
est
yle
exa
mp l
efromthesup
e r
ior
s.Freefromgre
ed,
c
orrup
tio
na ndexpl
oi
tat
ion.Thepubl
icexp
ectsa
p
oli
ceoffi
certoli
veasimp l
eyetc
redib
leand
d
igni
fi
edlif
e.
Li
edo
wna
sac
our
seo
rru
let
obef
oll
owe
d. p
res
cri
be
Thepract
iceofp rof
essi
onc annotb eenti
rely
re
gula
tedlegi
slat
ionseachp rofes
s i
ond e
form
sub
scri
betoas e
to fmoralruleswhi chservesa
s p
rof
ess
iona
let
hic
s
t
heirgui
deint hep r
acti
ceo ftherep r
ofessi
on
spe
cia
lwe r
et helawi ssi
lento rinadequat
e.
I
tisone
'sa
bili
tytogovernanddis
cip
li
nehi
mby
p
rud
enc
e
meanso
fsoundju
d g
me ntandre
ason.
Thi
si nvol
vesupontheconcep
to fkeeping
memb ersofsoci
etyi
nfor
me dsod eb
tt heywill
Whatist
hep
urp
oseo
fpu
bli
cinf
orma
tio
n
app
rec i
ateandunder
sta
ndthec omplexit
yo f
pr
ogra
m?
pol
ic
ewo rkandtheser
vice
sr ende
redb yo u
r
meninu nifo
rm.
Ri
g ht
,authori
ty,a ndd ul
yc r
ea t
eda ndco nf
erre
d
bylawb ywhi chf orag i
venp eri
ode it
herfixed
bylawo fenduringa tthepleasureo ft
he
appoi
nti
ngp owera nindi
vid
ualisinve s
tedwi t
h p
ubl
ico
ffi
ce
so
mep o
rtio
no ft hes i
evi
ngf uncti
ono fthe
gover
nme nttob ee xerci
sedbyhi mf orthe
benef
itofthep ublic.
Tog a
inthes up
portforpol
ic
epoli
ci
esa ndtowin
Whatist
hemi
ssi
ono
fthep
ubl
icr
ela
tio
n f
rie
ndlyciti
zencooper
ati
onindepar
tment
of
fi
cer
? pr
ogramsa ndproced
ureinorde
rtof a
cili
tat
ethe
ac
comp l
is
hme ntofpol
iceta
sk.
I
sfocusedonb ui
ldi
ngag oo
di mageforthe
pol
ic
eo r
ganiza
tionthro
u ghactua
lp er
formance
whoinef
fic
iencyandc orr
uptio
n.Itsobject
ivei
s p
ubl
icr
ela
tio
nsp
rog
ram
t
og ai
np ub
li
cs uppo
r tandwinc i
ti
zen's
co
operat
iontoa c
comp l
ishpoli
cetasks.
Refer
stotheperfor
ma nceofthepubl
icoff
ice
r
oftheswornduti
eswi t
hhone s
ty,i
nte
grit
y,
p
ubl
ics
ervi
ce
st
rongsenseofresponsi
bi
li
tyandrespec
tfor
humandigni
tyandhu manrights
.
Anacti
vit
ytend
eredi
ncele
bra
tio
nofa
r
ece
pti
on
si
gni
fi
cantda
yo fo
cca
sio
n
Theobl
ig
atio
ntope
rformdut
iesa
ndfunc
tio
nsas
r
esp
ons
ibi
li
ty
acons
equenceo
fac
tivi
ti
esu
nderone
'scommand
Ref
erst
oone'
smo r
alp
owe
rtoo
wn,u
se,o
rto
r
ight
exa
ctso
methi
ng.
Anactofextor
ti
onc ommitt
edb ypoli
cemeni
n
ca
sesinvo
lvi
nga r
rest
swhowa rra
nt,itus
ual
ly
s
hake
down
i
nvol
vesbarga
ini
ngr el
eas
ei nexchangeof
monet
aryconsi
derat
ionoffavo
ur.
Ref
erst
oseto
fno r
msands t
anda
rdspra
cti
ced
s
oci
ald
eco
rum
bymember
sduri
ngsoc
iala
nda d
derfu
nctio
n.
Ist
hefai
thf
ulpe
rfor
manceofadut
y
not
wit
hst
andi
ngtheabs
enceoft
hecomma
nde
r s
tro
ngs
ens
eofr
esp
ons
ibi
li
ty
orasupe
rio
r?
Ref
erstoone
'sa
bil
it
ytomo
der
ateo
ravo
id
t
emp
era
nce
so
me t
hing
.
Li
eswhic
hisne
ces
sar
ytoe
xpl
ai
npo
li
ce
t
ole
rat
edl
ying
i
nef
fi
ci
ency.
Que
sti
on Ans
wer
Refe
rstot hebo
diesofb
eli
efs
,st
ori
es,cus
toms
,
andusageshande
dd o
wnf r
omg e
ner
atio
nto t
rad
iti
on
gener
ati
on.
Co
ura
gei
nthel
ineo
fdu
ty. va
lou
r
Refer
stos omethingthatap er
sonp r
ices,
cheri
she
sa nde st
e e
mso fsome t
hingimp o
rtantto
him.Iti
ncludesideas,t
hingsore xper
iences.
va
lue
s
Sharedconcept
ionso nbeli
efsandconvicti
onsin
whatisconsid
e r
eda scontri
butor
yt othewe lf
are
ofthegroup.
Aha b
itwhichincl
inesmantoac
tha r
moni
ousl
y
wit
hna t
ure.Ac ha
r a
cte
rtra
itwhic
hiseval
uat
ed vi
rt
ue
asbei
ngg o
o d
.
Re
fer
stot
hec
our
ting
ene
ral
. b
enc
h
Refe
rst othes e
ctorofsocie
tyc ompose
do f
NGOs ,people
'sorgani
zat
ions,causeori
ented
gro
ups ,andadvocacygroupsthatpromotethe c
ivi
lso
cie
ty
welf
areo fthepeopleaga
instoldformso f
expl
oitat
ionanda b
use
Asi
tua
tionorcondi
ti
oninwhichthesusp
e c
ts
a
rre
ste
da ndtur
nedo ve
rforpros
e c
uti
ons.Pol
i
ce c
lea
redc
rime
s
t
ermtoindi
cat
es o
lvedcri
mina
lcases.
Theviewthattheg r
eaterpartofsoci
etyshare
commonidea
lsa ndwo r
kt owardacommo ng ood
c
ons
ens
usvi
ewo
fcr
ime
andcri
mesareo utlawedactsbecau
s ethe
ya re
harmf
ulandconfli
ctwiththerulesofsoci
ety.
Aprac
tic
einwhic
hme mb
e r
softhemi
nor
it
y
c
ont
ext
uald
isc
rimi
nat
ion
r
ece
iveshar
she
rp uni
shmentsi
nsomei
nst
ance
s.
La
wwhi
chc
ove
rsp
ers
ona
lag
ree
ment
s. c
ont
rac
tla
w
Resea
rchconduc
tedbypo
sit
ivi
stswhi
chi
ntends
tounmasktheweakandpowerl
essmember
so f
c
orr
ect
iona
li
sm
soc
iet
ysot he
yc anb
ebett
erdealtwi
thb
yt he
l
egalsys
tem.
Thisc ourt
’scomp os
edo fonep r
esi
di
ngj ust
ice
and68a ssoci
atejust
ice
s.The yareallappoi
nted
byt hep re
sident
.Itoperat
esin10d ivis
ions
,
Whoc
omp
oset
heCA?
eachc omp r
isi
ngo f5me mb e
rs.Thec ourtsi
tsby
divi
sions,eachd i
vis
ionbei
ngc omposedo f3
me mbe r
s.
Ref
erstothefoc
usofpo
li
cer
eso
urc
eso
na
c
rac
kdo
wn
sp
ecif
icpr
o b
lemare
a.
Thetot
ali
tyofal
lconc
e r
tedef
for
tsandacti
vit
ies
ofal
lagenci
esi
nvol
vedinthepreve
nti
on, CJ
S
red
ucti
onandcont
rolofcri
mes.
Referst
other est
rainingo ris
o l
ati
ngcri
minal
s
behi
ndpris
ont oe f
fectivel
yc ont
rolthe
mf ro
m
c
rimec
ont
rol
furt
herendange
r i
ngt hes oci
etythusprot
ect
ing
thepubl
icfr
o m harma nddama ge.
Ref
erstothepol
it
ica
lwillofthest
atetopuni
sh
al
lcri
minal
sinaccor
dancewithla
w,t oser
vea
c
rimed
ete
rre
nce
l
esso
nf o
ra dd
erstoref
rainfr
o mfur
ther
co
mmi t
ti
ngc r
ime.
Theeff
ecto
fc r
imepre
venti
ondri
veswhic
h
c
rimed
isp
lac
eme
nt
t
rans
ferorshi
ft
sil
le
galact
ivi
ti
est
oa no
ther
.
Per
t a
instoa l
lgovernmentofnon-gove
rnment
al
ac
tivi
tie
so rprog
r amd e
signe
dtot hwart
,det
er, c
rimep
reve
nti
on
pr
e-e mpt,andst
o pthecrimefr
o m happ
eni
ng.
Off
ensesco
mmi tt
edtomemb e
rsofagro
upwho
ar
eb e
ingprevent
edfro
ma chi
evi
ngderful
le
st Cr
ime
sofr
epr
ess
ion.
pot
ent
iald
uet oraci
sm,se
xismoradd
erb i
ases
Ref
erstoa l
lthed i
scipl
inesinvol
vedint hestu
dy
ofcri
mesa ndc r
iminal
s.Thep r
acti
ceo fcert
ain
di
sci
pli
ness uc
ha sr e
sea r
cha ndstat
ist
ics,
c
rimi
nol
ogi
cale
nte
rpr
ise
nat
uralsci
ence,law,pe nol
ogy,soci
ology,
medic
ine,psychol
ogy,fo r
ensicsci
ence,e t
c.
Makeu pthee nt
irecriminol
ogic
alventure.
Ana ctofla
bel
li
ngthatmaypr
oducea
re
valuat
ionofthesel
f,whi
chr
efl
ectsa
ctu
al d
iff
ere
nti
als
oci
alc
ont
rol
appr
aisa
lsma d
eb yothe
rs.
Dr
ugabus
est
udytha
ta s
sertst
hatadd
ict
sb e
gins
wi
thamorebe
nig
nd r
uga ndla
tera
dvancesto g
ate
waymo
del
morep
ote
nto
nes.
I
sa s
sert
iontha
tcrimina
llawandCJSis
pr
imari
lyaninst
rumentforco
ntro
lsthepoo
r
i
nst
rume
nta
li
sts
membersofsoci
etyandthest
ateact
ingastoo
l
f
orcapi
tal
ist
s?
I
nvo
lve
stwoo
rmo
rea
cad
emi
cfi
el
ds. i
nte
rdi
sci
pl
ina
rys
cie
nce
Asynd
icat
eofIta
li
andominat
edcri
mef ami
li
es
l
aco
cano
str
a
whocont
rolc
rimeind
ist
inctgeo
graphi
cala
reas
.
Theacto fdi
spl
aci
ngworke
rsandpu
nis
hing
dee
mo u
tsid
ethesoci
ala
nde c
ono
mic ma
rgi
nal
iz
ati
on
mains
tream.
I
nte
res
tgr
oup
swhos e
ektocr
ushoutbeha
vio
ur
mo
ralc
rus
ade
rs
t
hatda
yseeobj
ect
iona
blea
ndoff
ens
ive
.
Abranchofconfl
ic
ttheo
rytha
ts t
res
ses
medi
ati
on,humanis
ma ndco
nfl
ictdet
ermi
nat
ion p
eac
ema
kingmo
veme
nt
asame anst
oe ndcri
me.
Actstha
ta r
edeemedi
ll
e g
albe c
ausethe
y
chal
le
ngea c
cep
tedmoralpri
ncipl
esandthr
eat
en p
ubl
ico
rde
rcr
ime
thegener
alwel
lbe
ingo
fs oci
ety.
Sa
ndi
ganb
aya
nwa
ses
tab
li
she
dund
erwha
tla
w? PD1606
Isas pecialc ourtwhi c
hwa se stab l
ishedu nder
PD1606?I tsr anki se quivalentt ot heCA.I t
handlec r
imi nalc asesi nvolvi
ngg raftin
corrupti
ona ndo thero ffensesc o mmi tt
edb y
publi
co ff
e rsa nde mp l
oye esinc onnecti
onwi th
theper f
orma nceo ft heirfunc t
ionso rthes o
Exp
lai
nsa
ndi
ganb
aya
n. call
eds ervicec o nnectedd uties.Its hal
ls i
ti n5
divi
sionso f3j u sti
ce se ach.The5ma ys i
ta tthe
samet ime .The1s t3d i
visio
nss hallbes tat
ioned
i
nt heMe troMa nilaa rea,the4t hinCe b
uc ity
andthe5t hi nCa gayanDeOr oCi tyf orca s
es
comingf rom Mi ndana o.3j usti
ce ss hal
lc onsti
tut
e
aq uorumf ors essionsi nd i
visi
o ns.
Mutualandvol
unt
arysupp
ortsys
temst
hat
re
info
rcea nds
tre
ngthe
nsoci
alandmor
al s
oci
ala
ltr
uis
m
obl
ig
atio
ns.
Referstoa llthesyste
msa ndinter
playo f
acti
vit
iesint hec o
mmu nitywhi chaddresse
sa l
l
thenega t
ivef ac
torsaff
ectingthehe al
th,securi
ty
s
oci
ald
efe
nse
andwe lf
a reofthep ubl
ic
.e .g.natur
alc a
lamit
ies,
dis
aster,famine,d r
ought,c r
iminal
it
y,he a
lth,
epi
demic ,etc.
Anass
erti
ont
hatb
ehavio
urstha
tareharmfult
o
s
oci
alha
rm
ot
herpeo
plea
ndsoci
etymustbeco
ntro
ll
e d
.
Thea nal
ysi
stha
tthemai
npu
rp o
seof
cr
iminol
ogyistopro
mot
eajustandp
eac
efu
l s
oci
alr
eal
it
yofc
rime
so
cie
t y.
I
tspeci
fie
so rpres
cri
bedtheamountoft
imeby
whic
ha ct
ionmustbetake
nb ythesta
teina s
tat
uteo
fli
mit
ati
ons
cr
imina
lma tt
er.
Thecou rtoflas
tr e
sort,thehighestcourto ft
he
l
andactinga sfi
nalisb i
tt
ero nissuesandc ases
bef
orethe m.Thes upremec ourt’
sc o
mp osedof1
chi
efjusti
cea nd14a ssoci
atejusti
ces,allof
Wha
tiss
upr
emec
our
t?
whoma rea ppoi
ntedbyt hepresidentfrom ali
st
ofrec
omme ndedpresentedbyt hejudic
ialand
barcouncil
.Shallhavea dmi
nistrat
ivesup e
rvis
ion
overal
lc ourt
sa ndpersonnelthereof
.
Damageawa
rde
dtotheof
fend
edp
art
yin
vi
cti
mco
mpe
nsa
tio
n
re
spi
rati
onf
oracr
ime.
Ope
rat
esagai
nstp
rol
if
erat
iono
fpi
rat
edandfake
vi
deog
ramr
egu
lat
oryb
oar
d
VHSforma
t,CD,VCDa ndDVDfo
rmatt
a p
es.
De
ano
fmo
der
ncr
imi
nol
ogy. Ed
winSu
the
rla
nd
Que
sti
on Ans
wer
Expl
ainhuma nbehavi
o ura ndthee xperi
ences
whichhelpdete
rminet hena tureofthep er
son’
s
per
sonali
tyasar eact
ingme chani
smt hatfact
ors
c
rimi
nog
eni
cpr
oce
sse
s
ofexperi
encesinconne c
tiond i
rtinfri
nge
di
ffe
renti
all
yu p
ond ef
e rentp er
sonali
ti
es,
pro
ducingconfl
ic
twhi chi sthea s
pe c
to fcr
ime.
Thes tudyofmentalpr oc
e s
s esofc r
imina
lsin
ac
t i
on,thestud
yo fg e
ne sis
,d evelop
me nt
,and
mo t
ivat
ionofhuma nbe havi
o urthoseconfl
ic
ts
withaccept
edno rmsa nds tandardsofsoci
ety. c
rankp
syc
hod
yna
mic
s
Thisstudyconcentr
ateso nt hes t
udyof
i
nd i
vid
ualsasopposedt og eneralcri
minal
behavi
our.
Ano n-cr
iminalpersonwhoc ommitsac r
ime
whenu nderextremee moti
onalstr
ess,aper
son
whob rea
ksd owna ndc o
mmi t
sac rimeasa e
pis
odi
ccr
ime
s
si
ngl
ei nci
dentd u
ringtheregula
rc our
seof
nat
uralandno rmalevents.
I
tisthesci
encedevot
edt othest
udyofmanki
nd
andi
tsdevel
opmentinrelat
iont
oitsp
hysi
cal
, a
nthr
opo
log
y
ment
alandcult
uralhi
sto
ry.
AnAme ric
ana uthor
it
yincr
imi
nology,whichin
hi
sb oo
k" pri
ncip
lesofcr
imi
nol
ogy"c onsi
der
s
Ed
winSu
the
rla
nd
cr
iminol
ogya tprese
ntasno
tas ci
ence ,b
utit
hashopesofb e
co mi
ngasci
enc
e.
Hea rguedthatcriminologyc annotp oss
ibl
y
becomeas ci
ence.Ac c
o rdi
ngly,g eneral
pro
po s
iti
onso funivers
a lval
iditya retheessenc
e
ofscie
nc e
;s uchpr o
pos i
ti
onc anb ema deonl
y
Ge
org
el.Wi
lke
r
reg
ardings t
ableandho mogeno usu ni
tsbutvari
es
f
romo netime toa nother;ther e
for,unive
rsal
pro
po s
iti
onc anotbema dereg ardi
ngc ri
me ,a
nd
sci
enti
ficstudi
eso fcriminalb ehaviou
r.
AndréIta
lia
na ut
horit
yinc rimino
log
y,whic
h
devel
opedac o
ncepto fnatu
r alcr
imeand
Ga
rof
alo
defe
ndsitasavi ol
ati
ono fthep r
eval
ent
se
ntimentsofpit
ya ndp r
obity.
Cl
ass
ifi
edc
rime
sbymo
tive
s. WeBo
nge
r
Hesai
dthatnocr
imina
lsubcul
tur
ecano
pera
te
co
nti
nuou
slyandpr
ofes
sio
nal
lywhoco
nvi
nceof Da
vidW.Ma
ure
r
l
aw.
Ap ri
vatep ers
onwho ,in1669,establ
ishe
da
workhous einHambu r
ga thisowne xpense
be
ca u
s eheha dobservedthatthi
evesand
pr
ostitu
te swerema dewo r
s ei
nst
eado fbit
terby Pe
terRe
ntz
el
pi
ll
ory,a ndheho pe
dt hattheymightbe
i
mp rovedb ywo r
ka ndreli
giousi
nstru
ctio
ni nt
he
workhous e.
Theco
untr
ywa
sthel
astb
urni
nga
tthes
take
Be
rli
n
wasmade
.
Anat
ionwhop
ione
ere
dba
nis
hme
nta
saf
ormo
f
Anc
ientRo
me
p
uni
shment
.
Thecaus
eo fcri
mehi
snos
pec
ifi
ci
tya
ndhi
sno
Cr
imea
sas
oci
alp
heno
meno
nisu
nde
rst
ooda
s.
def
ini
tes
olu
tio
n.
Thisdivisi
oninthes t
udyo fcri
minol
ogyisan
at
tempta tthes ci
ent
ifi
ca nalysi
so ft
he
co
nd i
ti
o nsfrom whic
hc riminallawsare
s
oci
ol
ogyo
fla
w
devel
ope d
.Ho wd idl
awo rigi
nat
e?Wha tfac
tor
s
i
nflu
enc edthec r
eati
ono fal aw?Ho wdoesit
af
fecttheb ehavi
ourofma n?
Thisdi
visi
onofcri
minolo
gya t
tempt
sto
Peno
log
y-r
eac
tio
nst
owa
rdst
heb
rea
kingo
f
sc
ient
if
ical
lya
nalys
et hecorre
cti
onmet
hod
sand
l
aws.
pr
ocesse
sa sef
fect
ivecontr
olsofcr
ime
.
Exp
lai
nst
hatthefa
cto
rs/e
leme
ntstha
tar
esa
id
mu
lti
-fa
cto
r-t
heo
ryo
fcr
ime
toc
ausec
rimearevari
edandmany.
Isabod
yo frul
esofc
onductthati
sinhere
ntin
huma
nna t
ureandi
se s
sent
ialtoorbind
ingupon na
tur
all
aw
huma
ns oc
iet
y?Lif
epreser
vatio
n.Lawo fnat
ure.
I
st hed i
vine
lypresc
ribe
dr ul
er e
g a
rdi
ngmo r
al
c
ond uct?Itisasetofstand
ardso rpat
ter
nsof
r
ighto rrungdevel
opedinthep ubl
ic mo
rall
aw
c
ons ci
ousnessofeverycommu ni
ty.Hones
ty,
r
esp e
ctf o
re l
ders
.
Accordi
ngtothi
stheoryo ncrimi
nall
aw,all
wrongsprodu
cedeffor
tsa tsel
f-re
dre
ssinthe To
rtsofwr
ong
stoi
ndi
vid
ual
s"c
ons
ens
us
i
nju
r e
dp ar
ti
esandwhe r
et he
refor
ethre
ate
da s mode
l".
i
nju
r i
oustopart
icu
larindi
vidual
s.
Thist
heor
yo ncrimina
llawe mphas
izesthe
re
acti
onofsoci
etywhe nrungsocc
ur .Soci
ety
Na
tio
nalp
roc
esso
fau
nif
ieds
oci
ety"
cons
ens
us
t
akesact
ion,s
pecial
lythegover
nme nt,and
mode
l.
makesaregul
ati
ontop re
ventrepet
itio
no fsuch
wrong
s.
Accord
ingtothi
st he
oryonc ri
mina
lla
w,
cr
iminalla
wis,simplyar e
fle
cti
onofthewi
llo
f Na
tio
nalp
roc
esso
fau
nif
ieds
oci
ety.
peo
pleo rofp
u b
li
co pi
nio
n.
Cri
minalbeha
vio
ur=t
end
enc
y+s
itu
ati
on/
c
=t+s
/r
re
sis
tance
.
Cr
imi
nalb
eha
vio
urve
rsu
sno
n-c
rimi
nal 1.The
remu
stb
eext
erna
lco
nse
que
nce
s,o
r,
 har
m.
2.Theharm mustb
ele g
all
yforbi
dde
n.
b
eha
vio
ur. 3.Theremustbeaconduct.
4.Cri
mina
linte
ntmustb epres
ent
.
5.Fus
ionofme a
nsrealandcondu
ct.
I
sther
eas
ono
ffo
undf
ore
nd-s
eeki
ng mo
tiva
tio
n
r
efe
rstoas
tat
eofmi
nd,d
eli
ber
ate
lyf
unc
tio
ning
i
nte
nt
t
oreac
hagoal
DESI
REi
sawishfu
lthi
nki
ngdef
ferent
iat
edf
rom
ye
s
I
NTENTiswi
ll
ing
nesstodot
hea c
t.
I
sthemeansorimpl
ementu
sedi
nthe
i
nst
rume
nta
li
ty
c
ommiss
ionofthec
rime
?
Cl
ass
ifi
cat
iono
fcr
imea
cco
rdi
ngt
oat
roc
ityo
r f
elo
ny
gr
avi
ty. mis
deme
ano
ur
Onl
ythef
itwi
lls
urvi
ve. l
awo
fthej
ung
le
1.Clas
sical
.
2.Neo-class
ical
.
3.It
ali
ana ndpo s
iti
vis
t.
Sc
hoo
loft
hou
ghti
ncr
imi
nol
ogy. 4.Cart
o g
raphic/g
eographi
cskul
l.
5.Soci
ali
sts ku
ll.
6.Psychi
atri
cs kull
.
7.Soci
o-social
-psychoskul
l.
So
cio-soc
ialsku
ll
..Skinne
r,Ed
winSu
the
rlnd
,
The
orye
mpha
siz
ingt
hei
mpo
rta
nceo
fini
ti
ati
on.
Tord
e ,Emil
eDu rkhe
im.
Emp hasi
zedemoti
ona
ld i
stu
rbanceacqu
ired Ps
ychi
atr
icsku
ll
..Freud,Al
le
xande
rand
thr
ou g
hs oci
ali
ntoact
ion"per
sonal
it
yc omple
x". St
aubb
,Scla
ppa ndSmi
th,El
li
sandSmit
h.
Ec
ono
micd
ete
rmi
nis
m. So
cia
li
sts
kul
l...
Mar
xandEng
els
Pr
esumestha
tcrimina
lbehavi
ouriscau
sedby
i
nte
rnala
nde xt
ernalf
act
orsouts
taye
do ft
he p
osi
ti
vis
t
i
ndi
vid
ual
'scont
rol.
The
ori
zedSTI
GMATAOFDEGENERACY. I
tal
ia
nsku
ll
1.Ut
il
it
a r
iani
sm.
Cl
ass
ica
lsku
llt
heo
riz
ed3i
dea
s. 2.Hedo
nism.
3.So
cialcont
rac
t.
Ut
il
it
ari
ani
sm. Be
ntha
m..
.Ve
loc
ityc
alc
ulu
s
Hesaidtha
tma nb
yna t
urese
ekstop
e r
for
m
go
oda ct
s.Cri
metake
sp l
acewhe
nma n'
spowe
r St
.Tho
masAq
uina
s
t
or e
asonfai
le
d.
Manisbas
ical
lyco
rru
ptands
urr
end
erst
othe
St
.Au
gus
tine
de
vil
,theres
ulti
scri
me.
Hest
atedt
hatlawred
ucec
rime
-ca
usi
ng
Pl
ato
co
ndi
ti
onsi
ns o
ciet
y.
Hestat
edthattheabi
li
tyoflawt oimpro
ve
so
cia
lcondit
ions
,thedis
tri
buti
ono fri
ght
s,and Ar
ist
otl
e
t
herequis
ite
sf o
rstri
ctobedi
encetothesta
te.
Hest
ate
dt hatma nhisa
bil
it
yt ore
ason.Mani
s
al
sot
hed e
s t
royerforpo
we rheconst
antl
y Tho
masHo
bbe
s
cr
ave
sforp res
tig
ea ndpos
iti
on.
Hes t
ate
dt ha
t" i
mp or
tanceofl
awb e
ingbas
ed
uponagreement
,no tab l
indpl
edg
ebetwe
en J
ohnLo
cke
su
bject
sa ndgovern.
Heinvest
iga
tedsoci
alande c
onomicf
act
orsas
op
posedtoLo mbros
o’sata
vis
tict
heor
yand
Enr
icoFe
rri
po
stul
atedonc r
imep re
venti
onmetho
dsrathe
r
t
hanp u
nishment.
Hereje
ctedthetheor
yo ffr
eewil
landat
tempt
ed
t
of o
rmulat
eas oci
olo
g i
cald
efi
nit
ionofc
rime
Ga
rof
alo
t
hatwo u
lddesi
gnatethoseact
swhichcanbe
re
press
edb ypunis
hme nt
.
_
_Ofmo r
ephys
ica
lst
igma
tai
sas
sume
dtob
ea
5
b
ornc
rimi
nal
.
1.Borncr
iminal
s.
Ca
teg
ori
eso
fcr
imi
nal
sbyLo
mbr
oso 2.Cri
mino
logi
st.
3.Ins
anecri
minal
s.
Notbor
nwi t
hp hysi
calst
igma
tabutwhoareof
su
chme nt
alma ke-u
pt ha
ttheyd
ispl
ayant
i- c
rimi
nol
ogi
st
so
cia
lconduct
.
 1.Sl
ig
htl
yshorti
nstr
uct
ure.
Go
ringc
onc
lud
est
hatc
rimi
nal
sar
e.
2.Sl
ig
htl
yles
serinwei
ght
.
Hema dee l
abor
a t
eme as
ure
me nt
so fthousa
nds
ofpris
onersando fafewnon-pri
sone
r sand
Er
nes
tHo
oto
n
concl
udethat"thepri
marycauseofcr i
meis
bi
o l
ogi
cali
nferi
ori
ty".
Acco
rdi
ngtohi
m"manyfac
tor
stha
tma yc
aus
e
Gu
eks
de
li
nque
ncyandbo
dybui
lti
soneofthe
m.
Fa
the
rofp
hys
iog
nomy. J
ohnLa
vat
er
1.JohnSpu
rzei
m.
The
yde
vel
ope
dphr
eno
log
y. 2.FransGal
l.
3.Charl
esCal
dwel
.
Au
tho
rofd
esc
entma
n. Da
rwi
n
Theysugg
esteddu s
eo fp
rob
ati
on,p
d603a
nd
I
tal
ia
nandp
osi
ti
vis
t
exe
cut
ivecle
me nc
ies.
Freu
dia
n...id-des
ire
s,ego-bal
anc
est
hei
dand
I
d,e
go,s
upe
reg
o.
su
perego,s
upe
reg
o-consc
ience
.
Bel
ie
vedtha
tfamil
yiscr
uci
alt
oahe
alt
hy
Al
exa
nde
randSt
aub
pe
rsona
li
tyst
ruct
ure.
Forwar
dedthei
deathatimbala
nceofend
ocri
ne
gl
andsprod
uceemot
ionalins
tabi
li
tyt
hatcou
ld Sc
hle
ppa
ndSmi
th
ca
us ec
rime.
Notthatfe
maleoffe
nde
r’sdi
spl
aya
g g
ress
ive
be
haviourdur
ingimmedi
atepre
-menst
rua
land El
li
sandSmi
th
menstr
ualper
iods
.
Ca
rto
gra
phi
c/g
eog
rap
hic
als
kul
lisa
lsoc
all
ed? e
col
ogi
cals
kul
l
Di
str
ibu
t i
onofcri
mesince
rta
ina
rea
s,b
oth
c
art
hog
rap
hic
/ge
ogr
phc
als
kul
l
ge
ographi
calandsoc
ial
.
Cri
minalb
ehavi
ourr
esul
tsf
romthes
ame
s
oci
o-s
oci
alp
syc
hot
heo
ry
pr
ocessasot
hersoc
ialb
eha
vio
ur.
Hi
sbas
icnoti
oni
sthat"
oneb eha
vesa
cco
rdi
ng
To
rde
t
othecus
tomsofhi
ssoci
ety.
Pr
opo
nent
sond
iff
ere
nti
alo
ppo
rtu
nit
y. Cl
owa
rda
ndOhl
in
St
atedtha
tac hi
ldf
romthel
owe
rc l
asso
f
so
ciet
yisd e
nie
dthemea
nsofachi
evi
ngmid
dle Co
hen
cl
assgoal
s.
Concl
ud e
sthatp
erma nencesucha
shous
e
ownershi
pandstabl
ep opul
ati
onweremor
e La
nde
r
rel
ate
dt olo
wd el
inquencyrat
e.
Adop
tedthevi
ewtha
tc e
rtai
nenvi
ronment
cr
eate
smo ref
avo
ura
blecondi
ti
onforcr
imetha
n Er
nes
tbu
rge
ss,Cl
if
for
dSha
w,He
nryMc
Kay
ot
hers.
De
fer
enc
eins
ens
iti
vit
yonp
ain–c
rime
. Eys
enc
k
Pykni
ctyp
eismo
rep
ronet
o. c
ycl
othymi
c
End
omo
rphi
c. Vi
sce
rot
oni
c-e
xtr
ove
rte
d,s
oci
al
,re
laxe
d.
Mo
somo
rphi
c. So
mot
oni
c-e
ner
get
ic,a
sse
rti
ve,d
yna
mic
.
Cer
ebr
oto
nic
-int
rove
rte
d,s
ens
tive
,fa
tig
ue,
Ec
tomo
rphi
c.
ne
rvou
stype.
As
the
nict
ypewa
smo
rep
ronet
o. s
chi
zop
hre
nia
Hedesc
r i
besi
ntr
over
sion-i
ntr
oversi
onasthe
de
greetowhic
hap erso
ni soutg
oingand Ha
nsEys
enc
k
i
nter
act
ivewit
ho t
herpeopl
e.
I
sac ondit
ioninwhichap ers
ons uf
feri
ngfrom
s
uchco ndi
ti
ono ft
endis
playsano ver
-reac
tio
nt o
ne
uro
pat
hicc
ond
iti
on
a
uthor
ity,high-t
ensi
onsands el
f-co
nsci
ousness
"
nervousdisease
”.
Ep
il
eps
yme
ans
. t
ose
ize
I
sat yp
eo fne
u r
oticcondit
ioninwhic
hl e
sions
f
oundinthecentr
alne r
vo u
ss ys
tem,usual
lyofa
p
oste
nce
pha
li
ti
cpe
rso
nal
it
y
c
hil
d,creat
esirr
ita
b l
y,tantr
umsa ndthechil
d
b
ecomesq u
arr
e l
some.
I
sad is
easewhos
ep hysi
calmanif
esta
tio
nsa
re
wel
lknown?Itmayb eexpres
seda sa e
nce
pha
li
ti
s
di
str
essi
ngbutmost
,a nimpor
tantsoci
al
mi
sbe
havi
our
.
Ag r
oupo funcl
a s
sif
iedper
sonal
it
ydiso
rde
rand
p
roblems.Itservesasthewa s
tebas
ketofot
her p
syc
hop
athi
cpe
rso
nal
it
y
c
riminalbehavi
or
Ga
ngi
sag
rou
pofb
oys
. Cl
iq
uei
sag
rou
pofg
irl
s.
I
sano rga
niz
edme thodofextort
ingmoneyf r
om
t
hoseengage
de i
therinil
le
giti
mateo rl
egi
timate
r
acke
tee
ring
e
nterp
rise
,accompaniedbythreatsofi
nfl
ecti
ons
o
finjur
yo rdes
truc
t i
onofproperty.
Isac ombinat
ionofcapi
tali
s torfinancier
s,entry
i
ntof o
rp urpos
eo fexec
utinga ni l
legalplan
requi
ringlar
ges our
ceofc ap i
tal
,e s
p eci
al
lyo ne c
rimi
nals
ynd
ica
te
havi
ngt heobjectofobt
ainingc ontr
o lofthe
ma r
keto faparti
cula
rcommo dit
y?
The
yco
mmi
tthel
eas
tse
rio
usc
rime
s. c
asu
alo
ffe
nde
rs
Do
er-s
uff
ere
rphe
nome
non. a
utovi
cti
miz
ati
on
Vict
imiza
tionofone'ssoc
iet
y,cult
ure
,
gover
nme nt,c
riminalj
ust
icesyst
em,e t
c.Rela
ted
s
tru
ctu
ralvi
cti
miz
ati
on
t
ot hesocia
landp owerstru
ctur
esinag ive
n
so
c i
ety.
I
nvol
vestheind
ivi
dualwhoisdir
e c
tlyass
aul
ted
a
ndinjur
edinaf a
ce-to
-fac
eo f
fense,whois p
rima
ryvi
cti
miz
ati
on
t
hre
atened,o
fhisproper
tysto
leno rdamage
d.
Generall
y,r e
ferstocomme rci
a lestabli
shments,
suchasd epartmentst
ores,railroad s
,t hr
eats,
chai
ns toresandtheli
ke.Thevi cti
mi s
i
mp ersonal
,c ommerci
alandc ollec
tive,b u
tno tso
dif
fusesast oincl
udethecommu nit
ya tlar
ge.It
s
eco
nda
ryvi
cti
miz
ati
on
i
sno wr eferre
dt ocri
mevi c
t i
m' straumt i
c
expri
enc e
swi ththecri
minaljus t
ices yste
ma nd
i
nt hehu mili
ati
onandthes uff
e ri
ngt hatthe
vic
timg oesthroughasawi tnesso fa saj us
tice
hel
p e
r.
Excludesbothp r
imaryandseco
nd a
rytypesand
ref
er stoave rydif
fus
ivevi
cti
mizati
ontha
t
extendstothec ommunit
yatlargeandinc
lud
e s t
ert
iar
yvi
cti
miz
ati
on
off
ens esag
a i
nstthepubl
ico
rder,soci
al
harmo ny,oradmini
str
ati
onofgovernment
.
Al
sokno
wna
swi
thc
oll
arvi
cti
miz
ati
on. c
orp
ora
tevi
cti
miz
ati
on
I
svictimiza
tiond i
recte
da t,af
fect
ingthewhol
e
gr
o u
pme mbe r
sha veno t
ingofnotmu chin
commo n,andt heg r
oupsisnottarget
edasa c
oll
ect
ivevi
cti
miz
ati
on
sp
e c
ifi
ce nt
ity.e.g.genocid
e,vic
timiz
ati
onof
wome n,thee l
derl
y.
Thisref
erstohouse
holdsthate
xperi
ence
di
ff
e r
enttyp
eso fvi
cti
miza
t i
ondur
ingthe Cr
oss
-cr
imevi
cti
miz
ati
on.
re
ferenc
ep er
iod
.
Thi
sf a
ctorforvicti
mizat
ionca
ll
satt
ent
iont
o
exac
tlocat
ionsratherthanpr
oximi
tyto De
via
ntp
lac
efa
cto
r"ho
tsp
ots
".
par
ti
culari
nd i
vid
ua l
s.
Thisre
ferstoact
ivi
tie
sthatwoulddi
sco
urage
cri
mina
lsfro
ma tt
a c
kingpart
icu
larta
rge
tssuch vi
cti
miz
ati
onp
reve
nti
on
ashomes,ware
hou s
es,st
ores,car
sorpers
ons.
Mea
nsmaki
ngtheo
ffe
nd e
r'st
askmo
red
iff
cul
t
c
rimer
esi
sta
nce
t
hro
ugha
dvanc
edpl
anning.
Thi
si sacti
onstakenbypeopl
etol
imitt
hei
r
per
s o
nalexposur
et odang
ero
usper
sonsand a
voi
danc
est
rat
egi
es
f
righte
ningsit
uat
ions.
Tact
icstha
tre mplo
yedtha
tma nager ed
ucti
on
ofvi
cti
mizat
ionri
sksandmini
miz ethechanceof r
iskma
nag
eme
ntt
act
ics
bei
ngharmedwhe nexpo
surei
si nevit
abl
e.
Meansa d
dingli
st,e r
ecti
ngfence
sa nd
maint
aini
nge f
fect
ives ur
vei
ll
ance,l
imit
ing
t
arg
etha
rde
ning
numberofe nt
rances,impro
vingvis
ibl
yb y
tr
immingd ownb ushes.
Itisthatwhi
chthepers
onwhog
etshur
t
sig
nifi
cant
lycont
ri
but
edtot
heout
bre
akof vi
cti
mpr
eci
pi
tat
ion
viol
ence.
Wa
sthel
abe
lwe
ret
hep
ers
onwhowa
ski
ll
edi
s p
rec
ipi
tat
ion
t
he1s
ttou
sef
orc
e.
Excl
udingc onsci
ousawarene
ssespec
iall
y
unac
cep t
abled e
sir
eo rimpul
semayd evel
op
r
eac
tio
nfo
rma
tio
n
cons
cio
u sattit
udeofe ve
ntbeha
vio
urt hat
cont
radict
shi sori
gina
lwish.
I
sakingofins
ani
tyc
har
act
eri
zedb
ygr
eat
Ma
nia
e
xci
tement
?
Pr
olo
nge
dfe
eli
ngo
fde
spa
ira
ndr
eje
cti
on. d
epr
ess
ion
Per
sonhavingp erso
nali
tyd i
sord
e r
s
cha
ract
eri
zedb ya nti
-soci
albehavi
our,
p
syc
hop
ath
i
ndif
fer
encetoi mmo ral
it
ya ndabnormalc
hang
es
i
nmo odofa c
tivit
y.
Pers
onwhola
cksanysens
eo fso
cia
lormo
ral
s
oci
opa
th
re
spons
ibl
yduet
ome nt
ali
ll
ness
.
Aninte
nsefeeli
ngo fd
epre
ssi
ona ndmise
ry
whic
hisu nwa
r ra
ntedbyhisphys
icalc
ondit
ion me
lanc
hol
ia
andexter
nalenvir
onment
.
1.Soc i
al
-r eq ues
tsthea uthori
tyo fanyonewho
ma kesane fforttoco ntrolhisb e
ha vi
our.
2.Ne urot
ic-heha sint e
r nal
izedhisc onf
li
ctsand
pre-occupi
edwi t
hhiso wnf eeli
ngs.
3.As ocial
-hi sdeli
nqu enta cthaveac o
ld,brut
al
Typ
eso
fde
li
nqu
enc
yyo
uth.
andviciousq uali
tyforwhi chtheyo uthfeelno
rumou r
s.
4.Ac ci
dental-heisles si de
ntif
iabl
ei ncharact
er,
i
nvo l
vesins o med el
inqu enta c
tno ttypic
alofhis
generalbehaviour.
I
tconc
ernsthoseact
ionsthatp
ert
aint
o1's
mo
ralvi
rt
ue
d
uti
estowar
d shisne
ighbo
u r
sandhimse
lf.
1.Prud
ence.
2.Tempera
nce.
Fo
rca
rdi
nalvi
rt
ues
.
3.Fort
it
ude.
4.Ju
sti
ce.
I
tisavirt
uethatreg
u l
ate
st hos
ea cti
onstha
t
i
nvol
vetheri
ghtsthatexi
s tbet
we e
no ne c
ommu
tat
ivej
ust
ice
i
ndi
vidu
alandanot
herindivid
ual.
I
tregu
lat
estho
seact
ionst
hati
nvo
lvet
her i
ght
s,
d
ist
ri
but
eju
sti
ce
whi
chanind
ivi
dua
lma ycl
ai
mfromsoci
ety.
I
tisthevi
rt
uethatr
egu
lat
est
hos
eacti
onswhi
ch
s
oci
etymayjust
lyre
qui
reoft
hei
ndi
vid
ualf
or l
ega
lju
sti
ce
t
hecommong o
od.
Me
nta
lag
eofi
di
ot. 2yr
s.
Me
nta
lag
eofi
mbe
cil
e. 3-7yr
s.
Me
nta
lag
eoff
eeb
lemi
nde
d. 8-12yr
s.
De
voi
dofmo
rals
ens
e. mo
ral
lyd
efe
cti
ve
Theindi
vid
ual'
sb e
li
efco
nc e
r ni
ngho
we asyo
r
p
erc
eive
dbe
havi
our
alc
ont
rol
di
ff
icul
tperf
ormingthebehavio
urwil
lbe
.
I
nfl
uenceofso
cia
lpres
sur
et ha
tisperc
eive
db y
t
heindi
vid
ualtoper
for
mo fnotper
for
msc ert
ain s
oci
alno
rms
b
ehavio
ur.
Thedegr
eet owhi
chtheper
sonhasafavo
rba
le
ofunf
avor
bleeval
uat
iono
fthebeha
vio
rin a
tti
tud
e
que
sti
on.
Cons
tantp
att
erno
fbe
havi
ourha
ppe
nind
efi
nit
e
b
eha
vio
urs
ett
ing
pl
aces
.
St
ate
sthosesoc
ialstr
uct
ureswit
hinsoc
iet
y
s
tra
int
heo
ry
mayenco
urag
et eenstocommitcr
ime
.
Itdesc
ribesthebreakdownofsoci
alnormsa nd
val
ues.Itaris
esmo regenera
ll
yfromt he
mismatchb et
weenp er
sonalorgr
oups ta
ndards
a
nomi
e
andwide rsoci
alst
andards
,orfromthel ackofa
soc
ialethic
,whichp ro
ducesmoralderegul
ati
on
andana bsenceoflegi
ti
mateaspi
rat
ions.
Yout
hsfr o
md i
sadvantagedneighb
ourhoodswer
e
pa
rti
cipantsi
nas ubcult
ureinwhichd el
inqu
enc
y
wasapprovedb ehavi
o urandthatcri
minali
tywas s
oci
ald
iso
rga
niz
ati
on
ac
quire
di nas ocia
la ndc ul
tur
alsett
ingthro
ugh
aprocessofinteract
ion.
Reali
tyd oesno timp os
ethena mesa nd
defi
nit
ionso fthings,butratherpeo
p l
emu st
defi
net hi
ngsa ndma kethem meaningf
ulinorder
toma ket he
ms o c
ial
lyreal
.Thef ocusisupon s
ymb
oli
cint
era
cti
oni
sm
thecons c
iousnessa ndthemi ndoftheindi
vidu
al
asopp o
s edtot heinsti
tut
ionsfro
m wa sthe
normsc omef ro m.
Pr
opo
nent
sofne
utr
ali
zat
iont
heo
ry. Gr
esha
m Syke
sandDa
vidMa
tza
Explai
nshowd evi
antsjus
tif
yt heirdevi
ant
behavi
oursbyprovid
ingalt
e rnat
ivedefi
nit
ionsof
thei
racti
onsandb yprovi
dinge xpla
nati
ons,to ne
utr
ali
zat
iont
heo
ry
themesel
vesandother,fo
rt helacko fgui
ltfor
acti
onsinpar
tic
u l
arsit
uati
ons .
1.Denialo
frespo
nsi
bi
lit
y.
2.Inj
ury.
Fi
vet
ype
sofne
utr
ali
zat
iont
heo
ry. 3.Vict
im.
4.Condemnati
onofconde
mne r
s.
5.Appealtohi
gherl
oyalt
ies
.
Hebelie
ve sthathewa shel
ple
sslyprope
ll
edi
nto
t
hed evi
anc e
,a ndtha
tu nde
rthes a
me
d
eni
alo
fre
spo
nsi
bi
li
ty
ci
rcu
ms tances,anypersonwouldreso
rtto
si
mil
ara cti
ons.
Thede
viantbel
ie
vestha
ttheac
tio
nc au
sedno
harmt
oo the
rindi
vid
ual
softot
hes o
ciet
y,a
nd d
eni
alo
finj
ury
thu
sdevi
anceisnotmora
ll
ywrong.
Thedevi
antbe
lie
vesthatind
ivi
dua
lsonthe
re
cei
vingendofthedevi
anceweredes
ervi
ngof
d
eni
alo
fvi
cti
m
t
heresul
tduetothevict
imslackofvi
rt
ueor
mora
ls.
Thed evi
antbel
ievesthatenf
orce
me ntfi
gure
sof
vi
cti
msha vethet end
encytob eequal
lydevi
ant
Co
nde
mna
tio
noft
hec
ond
emne
rs.
ofadvert
isecor
ru p
t,andasar esul
t,are
hypo
c r
ite
st ost
anda gai
nst
.
Thed e
viantbel
ievesthattherearelo
yal
ti
esand
val
uesthatgobeyo ndthec o
nfine
softhelaw;
Ap
pea
ltohi
ghe
rlo
yal
ti
es.
moral
it
y,frie
ndships,oftrad
iti
onsmaybemo re
i
mp or
tanttothed e
viantthanlegalb
ounda
ries
.
Hedevelo
pedt
heid
eaofp
rima
ryandseco
ndar
y
de
viat
ionasawaytoe
xpl
ai
nthep
r o
ces
so f Ed
winLe
mer
t
l
abel
li
ng.
Happ
e nswhenthedevi
antre
cogni
zeshisa
ctsa
s
r
etr
osp
ect
ivel
abe
ll
ing
de
viantpri
ortothep
r i
marydevi
ance.
I
swhenthed
evi
antr
eco
gni
zesf
utu
rea
ctsa
s
p
ros
pec
tivel
abe
ll
ing
d
evi
ant
?
At heor
ythats t
ress
esho wwe a
kb o
ndsbe
tween
theindi
vid
u a
lands oci
etyfr
eep e
opl
etodevi
ate
.
Co
ntr
olt
heo
ryb
yHi
rchi
.
Byc ont
raststr
ongb ondsmakedevi
anc
ecost
ly.
Whyp e
opleref
rainfromdevia
tio
n?
Caus
esofcr
imear
et hes
oci
alande
cono
mic
c
onf
li
ctt
heo
ry
fo
rceso
per
ati
ngwit
hinso
cie
ty.
1.Neur o
sis
-d evelo
p e
di magi
naryail
ment
s,
phobi
as.
2.Psychoti
c-ma ywithdra
wf romrealwor
ldi
nto
Ab
nor
malp
ers
ons
. awo rl
do ffanta
sya ndma keb e
li
evewherehi
s
hid
dend esi
reso runexpresse
dd es
ire
smaybe
ful
fi
ll
ed.
3.Anti-soc
ial-aggressi
ve.
Sc
ats
. Si
dec
oor
dina
teda
dap
tivet
raf
fi
csys
tem.
Resp
o ns
ibl
efort
heconst
ruc
tio
nofKennonr
oad
Ba
rba
raCo
hen
andtheroadnet
wor
kingofBagui
oci
ty.
Sc
oot
s. Sp
li
tcyc
leo
ffs
eto
pti
miz
ati
on.
I
td et
erminest
heexactti
me ,pla
cea ndt
ypeof
acc
ident
.Itisaneventi
nt heroadwhich
ke
yeve
nt
char
acter
izedt
hema nne
ro foccurr
enceofa
motorvehic
let
raf
ficacci
dent.
Seei
ng ,f
eel
ingo fhea
ringandunders
tandi
ngthe
unusu
a lorunexpect
edmo vementorcondi
ti
on
p
ointo
fimp
act
tha
tc oul
dbet akenoftheacci
dentaboutt
o
happen.
I
tist
hep
lac
eandt
imea
twhi
cht
heu
nus
ualo
f p
ointo
fpo
ssi
bl
epe
rce
pti
on
u
nexepe
cte
dorcond
iti
oncou
ldha
veb
een
p
erce
ivedbyano
rmalper
son.
1.Mot
orvehi
cl
etra
ffi
cacci
dent.
Ki
ndso
fthet
raf
fi
cinc
ide
nts
. 2.Mot
orvehi
cl
enon-t
raf
fi
ca cc
ident
.
3.No
nmo t
orvehi
cl
etraf
fi
ca cc
ident
.
1.Directcause-unconvent
ionalandhazar d
ous
behavi
ouro rne g
lectbyt r
affi
cu nt
oa tthet i
me
ofthea cci
dentsthatcontri
b u
tesstr
ictl
yt othe
di
recti
ons .
Thr
eec
aus
eso
fac
cid
ent
.
2.Me di
atec ause
-unu su
alo rirr
egul
arc ondi
tio
n
oftheve hic
les,roa
d ,weather,pede
stri
ano r
mo t
ori
sts.
3.Ea r
lyc ause
-negli
g e
nce.
1.Warni
ng/
dang
ers
igns
,tr
iang
ler
eda
ndb
lac
k
si
gns
.

2.Re
gul
ato
rys
igns
,ro
unda
ndr
eds
igns
.

Fi
veb
asi
ctr
aff
ics
igns
. 3.Ma
nda
tor
y/d
ire
cti
ona
lsi
gns
.

4.Inf
orma
tives
igns
,re
cta
ngu
lars
hap
e,g
ree
n
col
our.

5.I
dent
if
ica
tio
nsi
gns
,bl
uec
olo
ur.
1.St
o p
.
Thre
er e
spo
nsi
bi
li
ti
est
obec
omp
li
edwi
thd
uri
ng
2.Gi
vinga i
d.
ac
cide
nt.
3.Reveal
inghi
sid
ent
it
y
br
a kes
l
ight
oi
l
water
BLOWBAGS
batt
ery
ai
r
gas
sp
a reti
re
1.Appl
iedsc
ienc
e-a
nthr
opo
log
y,p
syc
hol
ogy,
soc
iol
ogy.

2.So
cia
lsc
ienc
e-b
eca
usec
rimee
xis
tins
oci
ety.
Na
tur
eofc
rimi
nol
ogy.
3.Dyna
mic
-al
waysc
hang
ing
.

4.Natur
ali
sti
c-mu s
tal
waysbei
nrela
tio
nto
exi
sti
ngcri
mi na
lla
wwithi
nthet
err
it
ory.
1.Ac
ute
-be
cau
seo
fpa
ssi
on.
Cr
imi
nalb
ase
done
tho
log
y.
2.Chr
oni
c-p
reme
dit
ate
d.
1.Ordi
nary-d
oes
n’ts
tic
ktoc
rime
sasa
pro
fes
sion.

Cr
imi
nal
sba
sedo
nbe
havi
our
als
yst
em. 2.Or
gani
zed
-asso
cia
teswitho
the
rst
oea
rna
hi
ghdegr
eeofo
rgani
zat
ion.

3.Pr
ofe
ssi
ona
l-wi
thhi
ghd
egr
eeo
fski
ll
.
1.Ac
tive
-ag
gre
ssi
vep
ers
ons
.

2.Pa
ssi
vei
nad
equ
ate
-be
cau
seo
fre
war
d.
Cr
imi
nal
sba
sedo
nme
nta
lat
ti
tud
es.
3.Soci
ali
zeddel
inq
uent-norma
linbeha
viou
rbu
t
defe
cti
veinther
es oc
ial
iz
ati
onpro
ces
so r
devel
opment.
1.Mu
rde
rer
s-ve
nge
anc
e/r
eve
nge
.

2.Vi
ol
ent
-co
mmi
tve
rys
eri
ousc
rime
s.
Typ
eso
fcr
imi
nal
sbyGa
rof
alo
.
3.De
fic
ientc
rimi
nal
s-a
gai
nstp
rop
ert
y.

4.La
sci
vio
us.
Acla
shb e
tweens oc
iet
iesbecaus
eofc o
ntr
a r
y
b
eli
efsorsub
stanti
alvari
anceinthe
irresp
e c
tive
c
ult
ura
lco
nfl
ic
t
c
usto
ms ,l
angua
g e
,inst
itut
ions
,habi
ts,l
earni
ng ,
t
rad
iti
on.
La
stb
urni
nga
tst
akei
n1786. Be
rli
n
Go
lde
nag
eofp
eno
log
y. 1870t
o1880
Int
hisye
art
hele
agu
eo fna
tio
nsa
dop
tedt
he
STANDARDMINI
MUM RULESFORTHE 1934
TREATMENTOFPRISONERS.
1.Su bj
ec t
ivea ppro ach-d ealswithbio
logi
cal
explanati
ono fc rime s,focusedo ntheformso f
abnorma l
iti
est hate xistint heindi
vidua
lc ri
minal
befored ur
inga nda fterthec ommissi
ono fcrime
*anthropol
o gi
c al
-phys icalcharges
*me dic
al-me ntala ndp hysicalcondi
ti
ons
*biol
ogical
-g enetic
*physiol
ogical-phys icalneedstos at
isf
ywa nts
*psychoana l
it
ical-freud ,egos
*psychiatr
ic-me nta ldisease
*psychologic
a l
-de privatio
no fpsychol
ogicalneed
s
Ap
pro
ache
sint
hes
tud
yofc
rimi
nol
ogy.
2.Ob jecti
vea ppro
aches-f oc
u se
so nt hed u
tyof
groups,s oci
alprocessandinst
ituti
onsinflu
ence
tobeha viour
*geogr ap
hic-cl
imate,topo
graphy
*ecol
o gica
l-g r
o u
pingofme n,mig ra
tio
n
*econo mic-f
inanci
al
*soci
o -cul
tural
-coll
ecti
vesurvivaleff
or t
*synthesisofp re
sentdaya pproa
c hes

3.Pres
entd ayapproa
ches-empha
sison
psyc
hoanalyt
ica
l,psyc
hia
tri
candsoci
ol
ogic
al
expl
anat
ionsofc r
ime.
Expl
ainstheseg
reg
ati
on,c
omp
eti
ti
on,c
onf
li
ct,
Hu
mane
col
ogyt
heo
ry..REp
ark.
soc
ialcont
rac
t.
Maint
ainst
hatd
eli
nqu
enc
yist
her
esu
lto
fpo
or
Wa
lte
rre
ckl
ess...c
ont
rol
sthe
ory.
se
lf-c
oncep
t.
Su
bcu
ltu
ret
heo
ryb
y Al
ber
tCo
hen
Di
ff
ere
nti
alo
ppo
rtu
nit
yby Ll
oydOhl
in
Whoa
dvo
cat
edi
nst
rume
nta
li
stt
heo
ry? Ea
rlRi
cha
rdQu
inne
y
Itmaint
ainstha tanind
ivi
dualwi
llobe
yo r
dis
obeyso ci
etalrule
sdepend
inguponhisorher
Ne
utr
ali
zat
iont
heo
ry..
.Gr
esha
m Syke
s
abi
li
tytor at
ionali
zewiderheispro
tect
edfrom
hurtorde s
tructio
n.
Co
sano
str
a. o
urt
hing
I
trefe
rstothevi
eworunders
tandi
ngo fthe
p
reval
enceo
fc r
imeca
usati
onisdis
tinc
tivel
y
s
oci
als
tru
ctu
ret
heo
ry
f
ocuse
do nt
helowerc
las
so fsoc
iet
ywhi chis
b
eingvie
wedasthepr
imarycauseofcrime.
Att
ri
buti
ont
oano b
serva
tioni
not
her’
swi
she
s
p
roj
ect
ion
andfa
ult
syouwi
llcla
ima syo
urown.
Asoc
ial
lyapp
rovedsubst
it
utewhe
nther
eal
s
ubl
ima
tio
n
d
est
roycanno
tb esa
tis
fie
d.
Transf
erst
hee mot
ionconne
ctedwit
hone
pe
r s
ono rt
hingtoanot
herunre
lat
edper
sono
n d
isp
lac
eme
nt
t
hing.
Ama ke-upf
ors
omere
alori
magina
ry
c
omp
ens
ati
on
i
nad
eq u
a c
ybydoi
ngwe
lli
nanot
heract
ivi
ty.
Reac
tio
ntof
rus
tra
tio
nbyb
rea
kingd
ownt
he
d
ire
cta
ppr
oac
h
ba
rri
ers.
Samegoal
sar
ed i
ffi
cul
ttoatt
ainb
eca
usethe
y
ca
no nl
ybesat
isf
iedbyvio
lat
ingt
herul
esof ha
rmf
ulg
oal
s
so
cie
ty.
Sa
cri
fi
ceo
ned
est
royt
osa
tis
fya
not
her
. c
onf
li
cti
ngg
oal
s
Esca
pepro
cedu
rest
hatai
danind
ivi
dua
lto
d
efe
nceme
cha
nis
m
ad
justc
onf
li
ctandd
isa
ppo
int
ment
.
1.Di
rectapproach.
2.Compensat
ion.
Re
act
ionst
ofr
ust
rat
ion.
3.Di
splac
eme nt.
4.Su
b l
imati
on.
1.Ne
uro
sis
-de
vel
opsi
mag
ina
rya
il
ment
s.

2.Ps
ycho
tic
-go
est
owo
rldo
ffa
nta
sy.
Ab
nor
malp
ers
ons
.
3.Anti
-so
cia
l-agg
ress
ivet
oward
sot
her
s
*ps
ychopa
th-ab
senceofgu
il
t.
 *
soc
iop
ath-l
ackss
oci
alo
rmo
ralr
esp
ons
ibi
li
ty.
1.Psyc
hos
omati
cil
lne
s s
-imp
li
esr
ela
tio
nshi
pof
mind
,bodyanddes
troys.

2.Psychoneur
osi
s-nophysi
cald
iff
icul
ty,b
ut
Typ
eso
fme
nta
ldi
sor
der
s.
maye xpe
r i
encel
ackofsl
eepandlossof
app
etit
e.

3.Ps
ycho
ses
-wi
thd
rawa
lfr
omr
eal
it
y.
1.Lacko fparentalguida
nc e.
2.Brokenho me s
.
3.Inj
uringstatusofne i
ghb ourhood-sl
um wil
l
l
owe rthesocialstat
uso fthec hi
ld.
4.Bada ssoci
atewi t
hc ri
mi nalg r
o up
s-1bad
So
cio
log
ica
lca
use
sofc
rime
.
appl
ewi lls
p o
ilab arre
lo fg oodo nes.
5.Lacko frecreat
ionalfacili
ti
e sforprop
eru s
e
ofl
e i
suretimes-useyo ure nergyi nalegi
ti
mate
way.
6.Lacko femp l
oyme nt/
po verty.
I
tma i
ntai
nedt hatap erso npursuescri
minal
be
ha vio
urt othee xtentt hatheident
ifi
eshimsel
f
wit
hr ealorima ginaryp ersonsfrom whose
Di
ff
erent
iali
dent
if
ica
tio
nthe
oryb
yDa
nie
l
per
sp ect
ivehisc ri
mina lb e
haviourseems
Gl
asse
r.
ac
cep ta
ble.Peo p
lewi thp ropens
iti
esofb ec
oming
athiefwillco
ns iderthievesa sthei
ridealper
son
t
oi d
e nti
fythems elve
s .
Dif
fere
ntialso c
ialorga
niz
ati
ontheor
y...t
herei
s
soc
ialdisor
ga ni
za t
ionwhenther
eislac
ko fwel
l-
So
cia
ldi
sor
gani
zat
iont
heo
ryi
sal
soc
all
eda
s: def
inedlimittob ehavi
our
,ab rea
kdownofrul
es
andthea bsenceo fdef
ini
terol
eforthe
adol
escenttop lay.
Thep ol
ic
es erviceisano blep r
ofess
ionand
demandsfromi tsme mber’ss p
ecial
iz
ed
knowled
gea nds kil
lsandhig hstandar
do fe t
hics
andmo ra
lit
y.Lo veo fgod,r e
spectforauthori
ty, PNPc
oreva
lue
s.
sel
fl
esslovea nds e
rviceforp eopl
e,respectfor
wome nandt hesanctit
yo fma rri
age,responsi
ble
domini
ona nds t
ewa rds
hipo verma t
eria
lthings.
Sha
lli
nhi
bitmys
elff
romo
ste
nta
tio
usd
isp
layo
f
r
esp
ons
ibl
edo
mini
on
myp r
ope
rty.
Incons
onancewiththereq
uirementsofhonour
andint
egri
tyinthePNP,allme mbersmu stha
ve
d
eli
cad
eza
moralcou
ragetosacri
fi
cesel
f-int
erestin
keep
ingwiththeti
meho nour
edp ri
ncipl
eo f
.
Al
lPNPme mb erss hal
lperfor
mt heirduti
eswith
ded
icati
on,thoroughness,eff
ici
enc y,enthu
sias
m,
det
e r
minati
on,andma ni
festconce rnforpubl
ic
d
evo
tio
nofd
uty
wel
f a
re,andsha l
lre f
rai
nfr ome ng a
ginginany
ac
tivit
ywhichs hal
lb einc onf
li
ctwi t
htheir
dut
iesa spubl
icservants.
Shal
lconduc
tthems
elve
satallt
imesinke
epi
ng
wit
htherulesandr
egul
ati
onsofthe d
isc
ipl
ine
org
aniz
ati
on.
PNPme mbersshallstr
ivec onst
ant
lytorespec
t
therig
htsofo t
hers otha ttheycanful
fi
lthei
r
duti
esande xerci
set he
irr i
ghtsashumanb e
ings,
j
ust
ice
parent
s,chi
ldren,cit
izens,wo r
kers,l
eade
rs,or
i
no thercap
a ci
ti
esa ndt oseetoitthatot
herdo
l
ikewise.
Onced eci
si
oni sma de,al
lPNPme mbe r
sshal
l
takelegi
ti
mateme a nstoachi
evethegoaleve
n
i
nt hefaceofinternalorexte
rnaldi
ff
icul
ti
es, p
ers
eve
ranc
e
andd es
pit
ea nythi
ngwhi chmightweakenthe
re
resol
veinthec ourseo ft
ime.
Ama
nif
est
ati
onorexpre
ssi
ono
fco
nsi
der
ati
on
c
our
tes
y
a
ndr
espec
tforo
the
r .
Asetofno
rmsandsta
nd a
rdspr
otec
tedby
s
oci
ald
eco
rum
me
mb e
rsduri
ngso
cia
la ndot
herfu
ncti
ons
.
Newl
yassi
gne
dp ers
onnelr
epor
tco
mma nderf
or Co
urt
esyca
llo
fne
wlya
ssi
gne
d/a
ppo
int
ed
ac
cou
nti
ng,or
ient
ati
onandothe
rpurp
oses
. member
.
Thehostuni
text
end
sho s
pit
ali
tyt
ovisi
ti
ng
Co
urt
esyo
fthep
ost
.
per
sonne
lwhop a
yresp
ecttothecommandon
u
nit
.
PNPmember
scondu
ctthemese
lvesp
roper
lyi
n
s
oci
alg
rac
es
dea
li
ngwi
thpeo
pledur
ingso
cialf
unc
tio
ns.
Theymani
festt
heirloveofcou
ntr
ywit
ha
pl
edgeofa
ll
egia
ncet othefl
agandavo
wto p
atr
iot
ism
def
inet
heconst
it
utio
n.
Mani
fes
tedb yi ns
tinc
tiveobedi
encetolawful
or
dersandt hroughands pont
aneo
usa c
tions
d
isc
ipl
ine
t
owardsa t
tainmentofo bj
ecti
vesgui
dedb y
mora
l,ethi
ca landlegalnorms.
Actprovi
ngfortheel
imi
nat
ionoftheworst
fo
rmso fchi
ldla
bourandaf
ford
ingstr
ong RA9231
prot
ect
ionfo
rthewr o
ngchil
d.
1.Ac hi
ldbel
ow15,notmoretha
n20th
provi
de dno
tmo retha
n4hoursatanygi
ven
day..notal
lowedtoworkf
rom 8pmto6a m.
Ho
urso
fwo
rko
fawo
rki
ngc
hil
d.
2.15butbel
ow18notmo r
ethan40hou
rsa
weekprovi
dedno
tmo re8hou
rsad a
y..
not
al
lowe
dtowo rkf
rom 10pmto6a m.
Achi
ld'
sinc
omef
orf
ami
lyu
sag
eisno
tmo
re
20%
t
han.
At
rus
tfu
ndf
orac
hil
d.Atl
eas
tho
wma
ny%. 30
1.Sl
avery.
2.Pr
o s
tit
uti
o n.
Wo
rstf
ormo
fchi
ldl
abo
urs
.
3.Foril
legalacti
vit
ies
.
4.Hazardo
uswo r
ks" ci
rcu
s".
1.Offendedp arty.
2.Parentso rg uar
dian.
3.Ascend antorc ol
later
alrel
ati
vewi t
hinthe
thi
rdde greeo fconsangui
nit
y.
4.Offer,so ci
alwo r
ke r
,o rr
epresenta
tiveofa
Whomayf
il
eacomplai
ntoncas
eso
funl
awf
ul
chi
ldca ri
ngi nst
itu
tion.
ac
tsc
ommi
tte
dag
a i
nstchi
ld
ren?
5.DSWD
6.Energ yc hai
rmanwhe ret
hevio l
ati
on
occur
red .
7.Atle astthreeconc e
rnedresponsi
blecit
ize
ns
wheret hevi ol
ati
ono ccur
red.
30dayspri
mafac
iecas
ewa ses
tabl
is
hedwit
hin
PIofcase
sfi
ll
edunde
rRA9231s
hal
lbe
48hours
.Tria
lshal
lbete
rminat
edwithi
n
te
rmina
tedwi
thin.
90d
ays.
Ant
iva
wcl
aw. RA9262Ma
rch8,2004
Referstoa nya ctonas eri
eso factsc o
mmi t
ted
bya nyp ersona g
a i
nstawo manwho ’swi fe,
formerwi fe,ora gai
nstawo manwi thhu mana
personha so rhadas e xualord a
ting
rel
ationshi
p,o fwithhu ma nheha sac ommo n
chil
d,o ragainstherc hil
dwi derlegi
timateor
VAWC
i
llegi
ti
ma te,withinonwhot hef amil
ya bode,
whichr esul
ti norislike l
ytor esul
tinp hysi
cal
,
sexual,psychologi
calha rmo rsuffer
ingo f
economica buseincludingthreat
so fs uc
ha ct
s,
batter
y,a ssaul
t,coercion,harass
me nto f
arbit
raryd epri
vatio
no fl i
bert
y.
1.Physic
alvi
olence.
2.Sexualvi
ol
enc e
.
VAWCi
ncl
ude
sbu
tno
tli
mit
ed.
3.Psychol
ogi
calviol
enc
e.
4.Economicabuse.
Refer
stos itu
at i
onwhe r
e i
nt hep art
iesli
vea s
husba
nda ndwi fewhot heb ene f
it
so fma rri
age
ofareroma nti
c a
llyi
nvolvedo vertimea ndo fon
aconti
nu i
ngb asisduri
ngthec ours
eo fthe d
ati
ngr
ela
tio
nshi
p
rel
ati
onship
.Ac asualacquai
nt a
nceo fordinary
soc
ial
izat
ionb etweentoindividual
sinab usi
ness
onsocia
lc ontextisnotad atingrelat
ionship
.
Theissuanc
eo faBPOo nt
hependenc
yo fan
app
li
ca t
ionfo
rBPOs hal
lno
tpre
c l
udea
ye
s
pet
it
ionerfr
oma pp
lyi
ngfor
,orthecourtf
rom
gr
anti
ngaTPOo rPPO.
Mustbei
nwr i
ti
ng,s
ignedandveri
fi
edunde
r
Ho
wtoa
ppl
yfo
rpr
ote
cti
ono
rde
r. oa
thbytheappl
ic
ant
.Itma ybefi
ll
edasan
i
ndepe
ndenta
cti
onora si
nci
dent
alrel
ie
finany
 c
ivi
lorc
rimi
nalc
ase
.
TPOs& PPOsa
ree
nfo
rce
abl
e. Anywhe
rei
nthePhi
li
ppi
nes
.
Ef
fec
tive
lyo
fBPO. 15d
ays
.
Ef
fec
tive
lyo
fTPO. 30d
ays
.
Vi
ol
ati
ono
fBPOi
spe
nal
iz
edwi
th. 30t
hei
mpr
iso
nme
nt.
Thewo manvi
cti
ms hal
lbeent
it
ledt
othe Bel
ow7ye ar
s.Ba
tte
redwo
mans
hal
lno
tbe
cus
tod
ya ndsu
pportofherc
hil
d. di
squa
li
fi
ed.
Awoma
nvict
imofvi
ol
ences
hal
lbee
nti
tl
ed
10d
ays
wi
thap
aidl
eaveo
fabse
nceupt
o.
Anyi ndi
vid
ualorg ro
upo findi
vidua
lsengagedin
thepr o
ducti
onofmo vie
s,fil
ms ,moti
onp i
ctur
es,
showso radvert
ise
me nts
,wi d
ero ncinema, Pr
odu
cer
theat
re,radi
oo rtel
evis
ion,whe r
eintheservi
ce
ofsuchc hi
ld/
employeearehired.