VOL. 9, NO.

3 WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH JUNE 1973

NitrogenandPhosphorus
Lossesin Surface
RunofffromAgricultural
LandasInfluenced
byPlacementofBroadcast
Fertilizer
D. R. T•o•s, R. E. BURWELL
•, ANDR. F. HOLT
USDA-ARS North Central Soil Conservation Research Center, Morris, Minnesota 56267

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses were determined in the sediment and water
componentsof surface runoff from fertilized and unfertilized plots on a Barnes loam soil
located in west-central Minnesota. Simulated rainfall was used to cause surface runoff from
small fallow plots that receiveduniform amounts of N and P but that had a different place-
ment of the broadcast fertilizer. Deep incorporation of the fertilizer by plowing down (and
subsequent disking) caused N and P losses about equal to those in surface runoff from
unfertilized plots. The highest nutrient lossesoccurred when the fertilizer was broadcast on
a disked surface.

The use of commercial fertilizers in the surface runoff from continuous corn, rotation
United States has increased substantially be- corn, rotation oats, and rotation hay plots con-
cause of a growing population, greater con- tained <0.1 to 1.1 lb/ac mineral N and 0 to
sumer demands for animal protein in lieu of 0.3 lb/ac P [Timmona et al., 1968]. Taylor
vegetableprotein, and depletion of native soil et al. [1971] found that nutrient losses in
nutrients [Committee on Nitrate Accumulation, streams draining farmland were significantly
1972; Stanford et al., 1970]. Nitrogen (N) and greater than the losses in streams draining
phosphorus(P) are major componentsof fertil- woodland watershedsat Coshocton,Ohio.
izer and are also consideredimportant factors Moe et al. [1967] broadcast 200 pounds of
for aquatic plant growth in surface waters. N per acre (as pelleted NH•.NO•) on fallow
Thus concernhas been expressedthat possible and sod plots establishedon a 'fragipan' soil
N and P enrichment of surface runoff from (13% slope) in Indiana, and they found that
agriculturalland becauseof increasedfertilizer 2-15% of the applied fertilizer N was lost in
use may be acceleratingthe eutrophicationof surface runoff for 5 inches of simulated rainfall.
lakes and rivers. Because of the dangers from In Georgia, White et al. [1967] also broadcast
fertilizer losses, it is important to develop 200 lb/at N (as granular NH4NO•) on fallow
methodsof fertilizer placementin the soil that and sod plots establishedon sandy loam soils
will minimize nutrient enrichment of surface with a 5% slope, but after applying 5 inches
waters. of simulated rainfall, they found only 0.15-
Losses of N and P occur in both the sediment 2.3% of the applied N in surface runoff from
andthe waterportions o• surfacerunoff.From these plots. Moe et d. [1968] also comparedN
a literature review, Barrows and Kilmer [1963] losses from urea and NH4NO• in surface runoff
concluded that significant losses of organic by using simulated rainfall and found losses
matter, accompaniedby the removal of N and rangedbetween2.4 to 12.7% of the applied N.
P, occurred through water erosion. Thomas Total mineral N losses were about twice as
et al. [1968] reported that annual P lossesin great from the NH•NO•-treated plots as from
surface runoff at Tifton, Georgia, ranged from the urea-treated plots.
0.02 to 0.06 lb/ac dependingon cropping Ws- Numerous lakes in Minnesota are surrounded
tem. In west-central Minnesota, the annual by intensivelycultivated farmland. Fertilizer is
often broadcast in the fall and plowed down.
Under some conditions fertilizer is broadcast in
•Now at USDA-ARS, Council Bluffs, Iowa
51501.
the spring and disked in on fields that were
previouslyfall plowed.Thus variousconditions
Copyright @ 1973 by the American Geophysical Union. can prevail dependingon managementpractices,
658
 TIMMONS ET AL.: CHEMICAL TRANSPORT 659

such as the tillage method, fertilizer incorpora- 2-3 days after plowing. Immediately before
tion method, time of tillage, time of fertilizer rainfall was applied, the remaining disking
application,and kind of fertilizer used. Since and/or fertilizer operationswere completed.All
plowing can start in August after the small tillage operations were upslope.
grain harvest,a field can be in fallow for many Municipal well water was used for simulated
months before another crop is established,and rainfall. The N and P concentrations in the
if any subsequentdiskingor diggingis done,it water were determined before each simulated
may be extremely vulnerable to erosion by rainfall application to insure that no changes
water. Therefore information is needed to evalu- occurred between rainulator runs.
ate these management practices in terms of During 1968 the plots received two storms
plant nutrient losses that occur in surface of simulated rainfall. Initially, 2.5 inches of
runoff. water were applied at 2.5 in./hr intensity to
The objectives of this study were (1) to soil whose antecedent water content in the
evaluate the effect of broadcastfertilizer place-upper 12 incheswas about equal to the 15-atm
ment on total N and P losses in surface runoff value (15.8 and 12.6% on the OD weight basis
causedby simulatedrainfall and (2) to measure for the 0- to 6- and 6- to 12-inch depths, re-
the quantities of N and P contributed by the spectively). After 24 hours, an additional 2.5
water and sediment componentsof surface inches (2.5 in./hr) were applied, and the ante-
runoff. cedent soil water in the upper 12 inches was
about equal to the •/3-atm value (27.3 and
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
24.9%, respectively, for the 0- to 6- and 6- to
Experimental plots were established on a 12-inchdepths). In 1969, one storm of 2.5 inches
Barnes loam soil (Udic Haploborolls) with a of simulated rainfall (2.5 in./hr) was applied to
7% slopelocatedat the Barnes-AastadSoil and soil whose antecedent water content was also
Water Conservation Research Association Farm about equal to the 15-atm value in the upper
near Morris, Minnesota. Twelve plots were 12 inches (10.6 and 13.0% for the 0- to 6- and
establishedduring each of 2 consecutiveyears 6- to 12-inch depths, respectively).
(four treatmentsreplicatedthree times) on oats Duplicate runoff sampleswere collectedin
stubble from which the grain and straw were quart containersat intervals of 3 min or less.
all removed. Each plot was 13.3 feet wide by One sample was used to determine sediment
72.6 feet long. and water losses,and the other was used for
The treatments for 1968 and 1969 and the N and P analyses.Runoff samplesfor nutrient
treatment numbers were as follows: analyses were separated into water and sedi-
1968 1969 ment portions. The water samples were re-
frigeratedat 2ø to 3øC until chemicalanalyses
Plot plowed and disked, no fertilizer 1 1 were initiated, and the sedimentsampleswere
applied air-dried for subsequentchemicalanalyses.
Fertilizer broadcast on oats stubble, 2 2
plot plowed and disked Water samples were analyzed for soluble
Plot plowed, fertilizer broadcast and 3 3 organicN by the Kjeldahl method,for NH4-N
disked in
and NO.• q- NO•-N by steam distillation, and
Plot plowed, fertilizer broadcast on 4
plowed surface for total soluble P by digestion with sulfuric
Plot plowed and disked, fertilizer 5 acid and ammoniumpersulfateand colordevel-
broadcast on disked surface
opmentusingthe Murphy and Riley method.
Each year fertilized plots received150 pounds Sedimentsampleswere analyzedfor organic
N per acre as granular 33.5-0-0 and 35 pounds N by the Kjeldahl method, for NH•-N and
P per acre as 0-46-0. NO.• q- NO•-N by steam distillation, and for
The four plots within a single replicate were available P using Bray's No. 1 extractant and
plowed at the same time, and fertilizer for the the Murphy and Riley method for colordevel-
plow down treatment was broadcastjust before opment.For both water and sedimentsamples,
plowing. A rainfall simulator (rainulator) de- organicN wasdetermined by subtractingNH4-N
scribedby Meyer [1960] was then set up within from Kjeldahl N.
660 TIMMONS ET AL.' CHEMICAL TRANSPORT

In this experiment, organic N in surface

runoffwouldnotbeaffected
by fertilizerplace-
ment.However,the organic
N in sediment and
runoffwaterwasdetermined
to compare
the
organic
andinorganic
N losses
insurface
runoff.
Nutrient lossesin the sediment and water
portions
of runoffforeachtimeintervalsampled
weredetermined
byusing
sediment
andwater
lossdata and the respectivenutrient concentra-
tions. Total sediment loss, water loss, and
nutrient
lossfromeachplotwerethenobtained
by addingthe respective
losses
for eachsampling
interval.
Thepounds
ofnutrient
loss
pertonof
sedimentand the poundsof nutrient lossper
acre-inch of runoff were then determined for
eachplot.
Theaverage
total
nutrient
losses
bytreatment
foreach
applied
rainstorm
were
thencalculated.
Nutrient losses
in the sedimentwerecalculated
by multiplying
theaverage
totaltonsof sedi-
ment lossper acrewith the averagenutrient
lossper ton of sediment
for eachtreatment,
andnutrient
losses
inrunoff
water
were
calcu-
latedbymultiplying
theaverage
totalinches
of
watbrlosswith the averagenutrientlossper
acre-inch of runoff for each treatment. Unless
otherwisenoted,eachvalue cited or shownis
an averageof threereplicates.
Differencesbetweentreatmentsfor total N
andP lossesin sediment,
in runoffwater,andin
sedimentplusrunoffwaterweredeterminedby
analysis
of varianceand Duncan'srangetest
(5% level).
P•ESULTS

Sediment
andwater
losses.
Cumulative
sedi-
ment and water lossesin surfacerunoff for
differentamountsof simulatedrainfall were
influenced
by tillageandantecedent
soilmois-
ture(Table
1).During
bothyears,
approxi-
mately1 inchof simulated
rainfallwasapplied
to the diskedsurface
with low antecedent
soil
water beforesurfacerunoff began.For the
plowed
surface
withlowantecedent
soilwater,
surfacerunoffoccurred
fromonlyoneof the
three replicatesafter 2.25 inches of water were
applied.
The soilsurface
sealed
quicker
duringthe
second
storm(1968);thusrunofffromthe
disked surface began when only 0.25 inch of
water had been applied and from the plowed
surface when 0.50 inch of water had been ap-
T•MMONS ET AL.' CX{EM•CAL TRANSr0RT 661

vvvv vv

ddoo oddd dddd •

vv v vv

dddd V • oddoz • dddd •

662 T•oNs s? AL.: C•S•CAL TRaNSfOR?

plied. Total sediment and water losseswere per acre-inch of runoff were higher for the
much greater for the secondstorm (1968) than broadcaston plowedsurfacetreatment than for
for the first storm (1968) from both disked and the disked-in treatment, but the solubleNO•-N
plowed surfaces.Also, total sedimentloss was lossesfrom the plowedsurfacewere lessbecause
six times greater and total water loss was four of smaller water losses.
times greater from the diskedsurfacethan from In comparisonwith the NH4-N and NO•-N
the plowed surface during the second storm forms, total organic N losses (sediment -•-
(1968). water) were much greater. During 1968, total
Nutrient lossesin surface runo#. Lossesof organicN losses(sediment-•- water) were sig-
N and P in surface runoff from the rainulator nificantly smaller fromm
the plowed surfacefor
plots are presentedin Table 2. In addition to both storms because sediment and water losses
total nutrient losses for each treatment, the were the least. Organic N lossesin sediment
quantities of N and P contributed by sediment comprisedover 99% of the total organic N
and runoff water are also given. Statistical losses(sediment -•- water) for each treatment
differencesbetween treatments are shown by during the 2 years.
the Duncan'srangetest. In Table 3, the pounds The lossesof organic N per ton of sediment
of N and P loss per ton of sedimentand per were extremelyhigh comparedto the respective
acre-inchof runoff are given. NH•-N and NO•-N losses,but the lossesof
During 1968, the total NH4-N losses(sedi- solubleorganic N per acre-inch of runoff were
ment -•- water) within stormswere significantly less than the highest respective NH,-N and
higher from the disked-in treatment, but no NO•-N losses.
differences occurred between the remaining Total P losses(sediment -•- water) for both
treatments.Application of the secondstorm to storms in 1968 were significantly higher from
wet soil resulted in 5-19 times more total NH4-N the disked-intreatment, and applicationof the
lossesdependingon treatment. In 1969, the second storm resulted in 9-16 times more total
total NH,-N loss (sediment -•- water) from the P lossesthan the first storm. For 1969, total P
broadcaston diskedsurfacetreatment was sig- loss (sediment-•- water) was significantlyhigher
nificantly higher than losses from the other from the broadcast on disked surface treatment.
treatments.
For both years, the lossesof P per ton of
The lossesof NH,-N per ton of sedimentand sediment and per acre-inch of runoff were
per acre-inch of runoff were lowest for the greatest from treatmentsthat receivedsurface
check and plow down treatments.Although the fertilizer applications,and were lowestfrom the
per ton and per acre-inchNH,-N losseswere check and plow down treatments.
generally greater for the broadcaston plowed Nutrient concentrations in surface runo#.
surface treatment than for the disked-in treat-
Average inorganic N and P concentrationsin
ment, the total NH,-N lossesfrom the plowed both sediment and runoff water generally were
surface were less b•cause of smaller sediment
in the followingorder: fertilizer broadcaston
and water losses.
a disked surfacegreater than fertilizer broad-
Differences between treatments for total
cast on a plowedsurfacegreaterthan fertilizer
NO•-N losses(sediment•- water) within storms
disked in greater than fertilizer plowed down
were small when simulated rainfall was applied
greater than check. The smallestaverage con-
to soilwith low antecedentmoisture (first storm,
centration differences occurred between the
1968 and 1969), and statisticaltreatment differ-
enceswere obtained for 1968 only. Depending checkand the plow downtreatments.
Concentrations of N and P in sediment and
on treatment, the second storm (1968) re-
runoff water at different times after the start
sulted in 5-14 times more total NO3-N losses
than the first storm (1968.), but the statistical of surfacerunoff are presentedin Figures 1-6.
differencesamong treatments were similar for Each value is an average of three replicates,
both storms. except those representingthe broadcaston
Lossesof NO•-N per ton of sedimentwere plowedsurfacetreatment (1968, low soil mois-
the smallest of all the nutrients studied and ture) are for one replicate only. Organic •N
were also the most uniform. The lossesof NO3-N concentrations
are not presentedsincethey were
TIMMONS ET AL.' CHEMICAL TRANSPORT 663
664 TIMMONS ET AL.' CHEMICAL TRANSPORT
CHECK CHECK
.............. PLOWDOWN .............. PLOWDOWN
•. BROADCAST 8• DISKED IN •. BROADCAST & DISKED IN
............. BROADCAST ON DISKED SURFACE ............. BROADCAST ON DISKED SURFACE
BROADCAST ON PLOWED SURFACE BROADCAST ON PLOWED SURFACE

1968 1968 1969

1968 1968
40 _

LOWSOIL HzO HIGH SOIL H20 LOWSOIL H20 LOWSOIL H30

:• 30 -:, f,
HIGH
SOIL
H30
•'..; \._

1969

LOWSOILH•O

0 ,• ;o
0 60 0 15 30 45
MINUTES AFTER START OF SURFACE RUNOFF
MINUTES AFTER START OF SURFACE RUNOFF

Fig. 3. Concentration of NO,-N in sediment for

Fig. 1. Concentration of NH4-N in sediment for different times after start of surface runoff.
different times after start of surface runoff.

highest concentrationsin the sediment. Gen-

not affectedby fertilizer placementduring this
erally, the N0,-N concentrations
in runoff water
study.
from the disked-in and surface-appliedtreat-
The concentration of NH,-N in sediment for
ments decreased from the start to the finish of
all treatments except the broadcaston plowed surface runoff.
surfacetreatment tended to be greatest at the Concentrations of P in sediment and runoff
start of surfacerunoff and gradually decreased
water were fairly constant for the check and
until runoff stopped.SolubleNH,-N concentra-
tions in runoff water were much lower than in
plow down treatments, and concentrationdif-
ferences between the two treatments were small.
sediment, and the concentrationpatterns were
A rapid concentrationdecreaseoccurredduring
either fairly constant throughout runoff or runoff in both sediment and runoff water when
started out low, increasedto a peak or plateau, fertilizer was broadcast on a disked surface.
and then decreased.
The most variable concentrations in sediment
Also, P concentrationsin this treatment were
and runoff water occurred for NO,-N with the
extremely high in both sediment and runoff
water comparedto the other treatments.

CHECK
CHECK
......... ß.... PLOWDOWN ß...o......... PLOWDOWN
BROADCAST 8• DISKED IN BROADCAST • DISKED IN
............. BROADCAST ON DISKED SURFACE ............. BROADCAST ON DISKED SURFACE
BROADCAST ON PLOWED SURFACE BROADCAST ON PLOWED SURFACE

--, • _

1968 1968 1969 1968 1968 1969

3.0 LOWSOIL HaO HIGHSOIL H20 LOWSOIL H•O 0.8 LOWSOILH20 HIGHSOILH20 LOWSOIL H20

\,',."..•
2.0•-,,,"/\ ß .
o;o.,
/",, .' ,.." g,.,,- \
!.,.
r,/.• •._.
1.0

0.5
o.,
J:.
"',.
o.•-
/ :''"-'
'".'Pt'.. '•
"\/
0
0 15

MINUTES
30 45 0

AFTER
15

START
30

OF
45 60

SURFACE
0 15

RUNOFF
50 45 øo
••,•(5t•• • •o
MINUTES •FTER $T•.T OF $U"FACE .UNOFF

Fig. 2. Concentration of NH•-N in runoff water Fig. 4. Concentration of NO•-N in runoff water
for different times after start of surface runoff. for different times after start of surface runoff.
 TIMMONS ET AL.' CHEMICAL TRANSPORT 665
CHECK
.............. PLOWDOWN
B.OADCAST
a D•S•ED,N
fertilizer placementand do not representlosses
............. BROADCAST
ON DISKED SURFACE
BROADCAST ON PLOWED SURFACE from larger areasfor natural precipitation.The
, presence of statistically significant treatment
1968
160 differencesdoes not imply that N and/or P

1968
/•i'
LOWSOIL H30 HIGH SOIL H20
50

140 • lossesfrom one or more treatments will sig-

•20a.• nificantly accelerateeutrophicationof surface
i 'ø 30 ,/ I00•
:,-'%.2•,,X,.\ waters, nor does the lack of significant treat-
ment differencespreclude any or all of the
.•./'•.j.•.•.•./ ",'-..'x •o •
• 20
....-'-..............
different treatments from acceleratingthe eu-
4o • trophication process.
io • 1969

LOWSOIL H20 20
Incorporation of broadcastfertilizer by plow-
ød •'5 ing down was effective in minimizing total N
and P lossesin surface runoff, since there was
Fig. 5. Concentration of available P in sediment no significant differencebetween this treatment
for different times after start of surface runoff. and the check.The deep placementof fertilizer
can also increase plant nutrient uptake efh-
ciency under conditions where the topsoil is
Discttssion. Simulatedrainfall wasappliedto
dry for intervals during the growing season
reproduce natural summer storms that occur
[Black, 1966].
at a frequency of 1 in 30 years in west-central
Fertilizer broadcaston a plowed surfacewas
Minnesota.The 2.5 in./hr rainfall intensity for
a 60-min duration has been used to evaluate
also effective in minimizing nutrient lossesin
surface runoff since total N and P losses from
soil erosion parameters for soil loss and runoff
models. Thus the same storm conditions were
this treatment were either significantly less or
not significantlydifferent from the check.Favor-
used in this study to insure that surface runoff able infiltration conditions caused much lower
would occur for evaluating the effectsof fertil-
sediment and water losses from the plowed
izer placement and that nutrient loss data surface and this resulted in reduced nutrient
could be used in any erosionand runoff models
losses.Fertilizer broadcaston a plowedsurface,
developed from simulated rainfall studies. The
however, would be worked into the soil during
upslope tillage operations used in simulated
secondarytillage or during post planting culti-
rainfall studiesresultedin greater sedimentand
vation under most tillage systems.Total N and
water lossesthan if tillage operationshad been P losses in surface runoff that could occur after
on the contour.
secondary tillage were not determined in this
The N and P losses. determinedin this study
study.
are relative values for evaluatingthe effectsof
Incorporation of broadcast fertilizer by disk-
ing generally resulted in total N and P losses
CHECK
.............. PLOWDO•N that were significantly higher than lossesfrom
BROADCAST
& DISKEDIN
............. BROADCAST ON DISKED SURFACE the check treatment for two of the three simu-
........ BROADCAST ON PLOWED SURFACE

, ,
lated rainstorms. During 1969, nutrient losses
1968 1968 1969 from the disked-in and check treatments were
0.4 LOWSOIL H20 HIGH
SOIL
H20 LOW
SOILH20
6
not statistically different, but the total NH•-N
and P losseswere greater from the disked-in
!--- ?' , .
treatment. Thus the data indicatethat disking-in
is not as effective in minimizing nutrient losses
o.•. ß•.•./. ß..... .•.
• V' in surface runoff as the plow down or the
broadcastingon plowed surface methods.

o,
......•
øo •
r •b •sd • • • •oo •s •o •o
,... The broadcast on a disked surface treatment
was used to obtain the highest nutrient losses
MINUTES AFTER START OF SURFACE RUNOFF that could occur from a disked surface (with
Fig. 6. Concentration of total soluble P in low antecedentsoil moisture) and not to repre-
runoff water for different times after start of sur- sent any present farming practice in the area.
face runoff. Any use of this method in agriculture,however,
666 T•oNs ET AL..' CI-IEMICAL TRANSPORT
would result in the greatest nutrient lossesin
surface runoff compared to the other methods
in this study.
When evaluating nutrient lossesin surface
runoff, it is necessaryto measureboth the nu-
trient concentrations in the sediment and runoff
water and the quantities of sedimentand water
in surface runoff. Failure to do so could cause
an erroneousconclusion,sinceit is possiblefor
runoff to have high nutrient concentrationsand
yet contribute the lowest total nutrient losses
because of small sediment and water losses. An
example in this study was the broadcast on
plowed surfacetreatment.
For soil with low antecedentmoisture, it
appears that infiltration at the beginning of
each storm was sufiqcient to leach NO3-N to
somedepth below the sedimentthat was eroded.
During runoff, sediment would be subject to
further N03-N loss to the runoff water by
aggregate breakdown and agitation from the
time of detachmentto sample collection.Since
the moist sedimentwas air-dried after being
separated from runoff water, N0•-N in the
solution filling the intra-aggregatepores would
be reportedin the sedimentportion of runoff.
The Barnesloamtopsoilcontainedabout 0.4%
organic N (8000 lb/ac in the 0- to 6-inch
depth), an extremely large quantity compared
with the NH4-N and N0•-N forms. Since soil
organic N content is fairly uniform within a
small area having one soil type and similar
cropping history, organic N loss is related to
sediment loss. Although the loss.of organic N
was not affectedby fertilizer placementin this
study, the organic N in sediment needs to be
quantified becauseit constitutesa sizable fer-
tility loss and is a substantial N reservoir for
aquatic plant growth (providing it is deposited
in surface waters and converted to usable
forms).
Both NH4-N and NO•-N are important and
readily available N sourcesfor aquatic plant
growth [Flaigg and Reid, 1954; Harvey, 1960;
Kratz, 1965; Lee, 1970a;McKee, 1962],whereas
the roles of sedimentand solubleorganicN in
the eutrophicationprocesshave been more diffi-
cult to define because of the numerous and com-
plex N transformations that can occur in a
water environment [Keeney, 1971].
SolubleP (as orthophosphate)is also an im-
portant and readily available P source for
aquaticplant growth [Harvey, 1960; Lee, 1970a;
Moore, 1958; Riglet, 1964]. However, the use
of sedimentP by aquatic plants is still not com-
pletely defined, since P may be adsorbedfrom
the water by sedimentor may be releasedfrom
sedimentto the water dependingon environ-
mental conditions [Hatter, 1968; Hayes and
Anthony, 1958; Holden, 1961; Latterell et al.,
1971; Lee, 1970b; Liet al., 1972; Mortimer,
1941-1.
CONCLUSIONS
The incorporationof broadcastfertilizer by
plowing
downanddisking
effectively
minimized
N and P losses. in surface runoff to the same
level as for the disked unfertilized treatment.
Losses of N and P in surface runoff were
lowest (or equal to the disked unfertilized
treatment) when fertilizer was broadcast on a
plowedsurfacebecauseof reducedsedimentand
water losses. The N and P losses, in surface
runoff could be altered if runoff occurred after
any secondary
tillageoperations,
but thisvari-
able was not includedin this study.
Disking-in broadcastfertilizer was not effec-
tive in reducingnutrient losses,and the highest
N and P losses.in surface runoff occurredwhen
fertilizer was broadast on a disked surface.
When determining nutrient lossesin surface
runoff, it is necessaryto measure both the
nutrient concentrations in sediment and runoff
water and the quantitiesof sedimentand water
in surface runoff. Otherwise, the conclusions
could be erroneous.
Acknowledgment. Contribution from the North
Central Soil Conservation Research Center, North
Central Region, ARS-USDA, Morris, Minnesota,
in cooperation with the Minnesota Agricultural
Experiment Station.
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Barrows, I-I. L., and V. J. Kilmer, Plant nutrient
lossesfrom soils by water erosion, in Advances
in Agronomy, vol. 15, edited by A. G. Norman,
pp. 303-316, Academic, New Yo.rk, 1963.
Black, C. A., Crop yields in relation to water sup-
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D. Kirkham, J. Pesek, and R. Shaw, pp. 177-
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Committee on Nitrate Accumulation, Acc.umula,
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of Sciences,Washington, D.C., 1972.
 TIMMONS ET AL.: CHEMICAL TRANSPORT
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I-Iarter, R. D., Adsorption of phosphorusby lake
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I-Iarvey, H. W., The Chemistry and Fertility of
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Hayes, F. R., and E. H. Anthony, Lake water
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I-Iolden, A. V., The removal of dissolved phos-
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Keeney, D. R., The nitrogen cycle in sediment-
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Kratz, W. A., and J. Myers, Nutrition and growth
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Latterell, J. J., R. F. Holt, and D. R. Timmons,
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Lee, G. F., Eutrophication, Occas. Pap. 2, pp.
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Lee, G. F., Factors affecting the transfer of ma-
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Li, W. C., et al., Rate and extent of inorganic
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Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., 36(2), 279-285, 1972.
McKee, H. S., Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants,
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Meyer, L. D., Use of the rainulator for runoff plot
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667
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