1.1.

Definition of Terms

Wind loads –Refers to loads that do, or can, change over time, such as people walking
around a building (occupancy) or movable objects such as furniture.
1.2 Scope

Buildings, towers, and other vertical structures, including the Main Wind-Force

Resisting System (MWFRS) and all components and cladding thereof, shall be designed

and constructed to resist wind loads as specified herein.

1.3 Wind Pressures Acting on Opposite Faces of Each Building Surface

In the calculation of design win loads for the MWFRS and for components and cladding for

buildings, the algebraic sum of the pressures acting on opposite faces of each building

surface shall be taken into account.

1.4 Minimum Design Wind Loading

The design wind load, determined by any one of the procedures specified in

Section 207.1.2. shall be not less than specified in this section.

1.5. Main Wind-Force Resisting System

The wind load to be used in the design of the MWFRS for an enclosed or partially

enclosed building or other structure shall not be less than 0.5 kPa multiplied by the area of

the building or structure projected onto a vertical plane normal to the assumed wind

direction. The design wind force for open buildings and other structures shall be not less

than 0.5 kPa multiplied by the area Af as defined in Section 207.3

1.6 Parameters for Wind Loads

 Basic Wind Speed

 Manila,V=200kph

 Wind Directionality Factor

 Buildings, kd= 0.85

 Topographic Factor, kzt= 1

 Terrain Exposure Constants

 Exposure B

 α=7

 zg=365

 Enclosure Classification

 Enclosed Buildings, GCpi= ±0.18

 Importance Factor

 Standard Occupancy, Iw= 1.00

 Wall Pressure Coefficients

 Windward Wall, Cp= 0.8

 Leeward Wall

 Longitudinal, Cp= -0.5

 Transverse, Cp= -0.3

1.7 Results of Wind Load Analysis (tabulated)

1.7.1 Transverse Frame

Level 2nd Floor 3rd Floor 4th Floor Roof

Velocity Pressure 0.5725 0.6215 0.6978 0.7576
Coefficient (𝐾𝑧 )
Velocity 0.9207 0.9995 1.1222 1.2184
Pressure (q), 𝑁/𝑚2
Pressure, Windward 0.6628 0.6486 0.6265 0.6092
𝑁/𝑚2 Leeward -0.1450 -0.1308 -0.1087 -0.0914
Force, Windward 15.9072 15.5664 15.0360 3.6552
N Leeward -3.4800 -3.1392 -2.6088 -0.5484

1.7.2. Longitudinal Frame

Level 2nd Floor 3rd Floor 4th Floor Roof

Velocity Pressure 0.5725 0.6215 0.6978 0.7576
Coefficient (𝐾𝑧 )
Velocity 0.9207 0.9995 1.1222 1.2184
Pressure (q), 𝑁/𝑚2
Pressure, Windward 0.6628 0.6486 0.6265 0.6092
𝑁/𝑚2 Leeward -0.3521 -0.3379 -0.3158 -0.2985
Force, Windward 23.8608 23.3946 22.5540 6.8535
N Leeward -12.6756 -12.1644 -11.3688 -10.7460

1.8 Summary of Results in the project

1.8.1 Transverse Frame

1.8.1.1. Dead and Live Loads

 Roof, 9.416 kPa, 23.160 kPa, 19.7195 kPa

 Second, Third and Fourth Floor, 9.416 kPa, 20.484 kPa, 19.7195 kpa, 17.714 kPa

1.8.1.2. Wind Load Analysis

 Windward

 Second Floor, 15.9072 N

 Third Floor, 15.5664 N

  Fourth Floor, 15.0360 N

 Roof, 3.6552 N

 Leeward

 Second Floor, -3.4800 N

 Third Floor, -3.1392 N

 Fourth Floor, -2.6088 N

 Roof, -0.5484 N

1.8.2. Longitudinal Frame

1.8.2.1. Dead and Live Loads

 Roof, 30.023 kPa

 Second, Third and Fourth Floor, 26.018 kPa

1.8.2.2. Wind Load Analysis

 Windward

 Second Floor, 23.8608 N

 Third Floor, 23.3946 N

 Fourth Floor, 22.5540 N

 Roof, 6.8535 N

 Leeward

 Second Floor, -12.6756 N

 Third Floor, -12.1644 N

 Fourth Floor, -11.3688 N

 Roof, -10.7460 N
1.9 Wind Load Effect

Wind effects on structures can be classified as Static and Dynamic. Static wind effect

primarily causes elastic bending and twisting of structure. And for tall, long span and slender

structures a dynamic analysis of the structure is essential. Wind gusts cause fluctuating forces on

the structure which induces large dynamic motions, including oscillations.

Tall buildings and skyscrapers are becoming increasingly complex in overall design and

architectural and design engineers must ensure a safe, sustainable and cost-efficient design by

utilizing wind engineering studies. These studies are now an industry standard and are conducted

to first evaluate the dynamic effect of wind on the structure and then to optimize the design to

mitigate these effects.

For tall high aspect-ratio structures, the analysis of unsteady vortex shedding is vital

because this induces oscillating crosswind forces with certain frequency. If these coincide with the

natural frequency of the structure, it could enhance the motion and either lead to damage or even

failure of the structure

2.0 Computations

Parameters:
V=200kph; Manila
𝑘𝑑 = 0.85
𝑘𝑧𝑡 = 1
α=7
𝑧𝑔 = 365
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = ±0.18
𝐼𝑤 = 1
Solution:

For 𝑧 ≤ 4.5𝑚
𝟐
𝟒.𝟓 𝜶
Use 𝑲𝒛 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟏 ( 𝒛 )
𝒈
For 4.5𝑚 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧𝑔
𝟐
𝒛 𝜶
Use 𝑲𝒛 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟏 (𝒛 )
𝒈
2
4.5 7
𝐾2 = 2.01 (365) =0.5725
2
6 7
𝐾3 = 2.01 ( ) =0.6215
365
2
9 7
𝐾4 = 2.01 (365) =0.6978
2
12 7
𝐾𝑟 = 2.01 (365) =0.7576

𝒒𝒛 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒌𝒅 𝒌𝒛 𝒌𝒛𝒕 𝑽𝟐 𝑰𝒘

𝑞2 = 47.3 × 10−6 (0.85)(0.5725)(1)(2002 )(1)=0.9207 𝑵⁄ 𝟐
𝒎
𝑞3 = 47.3 × 10−6 (0.85)(0.6215)(1)(2002 )(1)=0.9995 𝑵⁄ 𝟐
𝒎
𝑞4 = 47.3 × 10−6 (0.85)(0.9995)(1)(2002 )(1)=1.1222 𝑵⁄ 𝟐
𝒎
𝑞𝑅 = 47.3 × 10−6 (0.85)(1.2184)(1)(2002 )(1)=1.2184 𝑵⁄ 𝟐
𝒎

For longitudinal frame:

𝑙 8
For leeward 𝑏 = 12 = 0.67
Use 𝐶𝑝 = −0.5
𝑷 = 𝒒𝑮𝑪𝒑 − 𝒒(𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 )
 Second Floor
 Windward 𝑃 = 1.2184(0.85)(0.8) − 0.9207(0.18) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟖 𝑁⁄𝑚2
 Leeward 𝑃 = 1.2184(0.85)(−0.5) − 0.9207(−0.18) = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟏 𝑁⁄𝑚2
 Third Floor
 Windward 𝑃 = 1.2184(0.85)(0.8) − 0.9995(0.18) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟖𝟔 𝑁⁄𝑚2
 Leeward 𝑃 = 1.2184(0.85)(−0.5) − 0.9995(−0.18) = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟗 𝑁⁄𝑚2
 Fourth Floor
 Windward 𝑃 = 1.2184(0.85)(0.8) − 1.1222(0.18) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟔𝟓 𝑁⁄𝑚2
 Leeward 𝑃 = 1.2184(0.85)(−0.5) − 1.1222(−0.18) = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝑁⁄𝑚2
 Roof
 Windward 𝑃 = 1.2184(0.85)(0.8) − 1.2184(0.18) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟐 𝑁⁄𝑚2
 Leeward 𝑃 = 1.2184(0.85)(−0.5) − 1.2184(−0.18) = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟖𝟓 𝑁⁄𝑚2

Wind Load (Longitudinal Frame)

 Second Floor
 Windward 𝐹 = 0.6628(12)(3) = 23.8608 𝑁
 Leeward 𝐹 = −0.3521(12)(3) = −12.6756 𝑁
 Third Floor
 Windward 𝐹 = 0.6486(12)(3) = 23.3496 𝑁
 Leeward 𝐹 = −0.3379(12)(3) = −12.1644 𝑁
 Fourth Floor
 Windward 𝐹 = 0.6265(12)(3) = 22.5540 𝑁
 Leeward 𝐹 = −0.3158(12)(3) = −11.3688 𝑁
 Fourth Floor
 Windward 𝐹 = 0.6092(7.5)(1.5) = 6.8535 𝑁
 Leeward 𝐹 = −0.2985(7.5)(1.5) = −10.7460 𝑁

For transverse frame:

𝑙 12
For leeward 𝑏 = = 1.5
8
Use 𝐶𝑝 = −0.3

𝑷 = 𝒒𝑮𝑪𝒑 − 𝒒(𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 )

 Second Floor
 Windward 𝑃 = 1.2184(0.85)(0.8) − 0.9207(0.18) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟖 𝑁⁄𝑚2
 Leeward 𝑃 = 1.2184(0.85)(−0.3) − 0.9207(−0.18) = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝑁⁄𝑚2
 Third Floor
 Windward 𝑃 = 1.2184(0.85)(0.8) − 0.9995(0.18) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟖𝟔 𝑁⁄𝑚2
 Leeward 𝑃 = 1.2184(0.85)(−0.3) − 0.9995(−0.18) = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟖 𝑁⁄𝑚2
 Fourth Floor
 Windward 𝑃 = 1.2184(0.85)(0.8) − 1.1222(0.18) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟔𝟓 𝑁⁄𝑚2
 Leeward 𝑃 = 1.2184(0.85)(−0.3) − 1.1222(−0.18) = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟕 𝑁⁄𝑚2
 Roof
 Windward 𝑃 = 1.2184(0.85)(0.8) − 1.2184(0.18) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟐 𝑁⁄𝑚2
 Leeward 𝑃 = 1.2184(0.85)(−0.3) − 1.2184(−0.18) = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟒 𝑁⁄𝑚2

Wind Load (Transverse Frame)

 Second Floor
 Windward 𝐹 = 0.6628(8)(3) = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟗𝟎𝟕𝟐 𝑵
 Leeward 𝐹 = −0.3521(8)(3) = −𝟑. 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑵
 Third Floor
 Windward 𝐹 = 0.6486(8)(3) = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟒 𝑵
 Leeward 𝐹 = −0.3379(8)(3) = −𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟐 𝑵
 Fourth Floor
 Windward 𝐹 = 0.6265(8)(3) = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝑵
 Leeward 𝐹 = −0.3158(8)(3) = −𝟐. 𝟔𝟎𝟖𝟖 𝑵
 Fourth Floor
 Windward 𝐹 = 0.6092(4)(1.5) = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟓𝟓𝟐 𝑵
 Leeward 𝐹 = −0.2985(4)(1.5) = −𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟖𝟒 𝑵