Excerpt AASHTO—Geometric Design of Highways and Streets ‘© A city transit bus may be used in the design of state highway intersections with city streets that are designated bus routes and that have relatively few large trucks using them. + Depending on expected usage, a large school bus (84 passengers) or a conventional school bus (65 passengers) may be used for the design of intersections of highways with low-volume county highways and township/local roads under 400 ADT. The schoo! bus ‘ay also be appropriate for the design of some subdivision street intersections. ‘+ The WB-20 [WB-65 or 67] truck should generally be the minimum size design vehicle considered for intersections of freeway ramp terminals with arterial crossroads and for other intersections on state highways and industrialized streets that carry high volumes of traffic and/or that provide local access for large trucks. In addition to the 19 design vehicles, dimensions for a typical farm tractor are shown in Exhibit2-1, and the minimum tuning radius for a farm tractor with one wagon is shown in Exhibit 2-2, Turing paths of design vehicles can be determined from the dimensions shown in is 2-1 and 2-2 and through the use of commercially available computer programs. Minimum Turning Paths of Design Vehicles Exhibits 2-3 through 2-23 present the minimum turning paths for 19 typical design vehicles. ‘The principal dimensions affecting design are the minimum centerline turning radius (CTR), the cout-to-out track width, the wheelbase, and the path of the inner rear tire. Effects of driver characteristics (such as the speed at which the driver makes a turn) and of the slip angles of ‘wheels are minimized by assuming thatthe speed ofthe vehicle for the minimum turning radius is {ess than 15 km/h [10 mph. ‘The boundaries of the turing paths of each design vehicle for its sharpest tums are established by the outer trace of the front overhang and the path of the inner rear wheel. This turn assumes that the outer front wheel follows the circular arc defining the minimum centerline turning radius as determined by the vehicle steering mechanism. The minimum radii of the ‘outside and inside whee! paths and the centerline turning radii (CTR) for specific design vehicles are given in Exhibit 2-2. ‘Trucks and buses generally require more generous geometric designs than do passenger Vehicles. This is largely because trucks and buses are wider and have longer wheelbases and seater minimum turning radii, which are the principal vehicle dimensions affecting horizontal alignment and cross section. Single-unit trucks and buses have smaller minimum turning radi than most combination vehicles, but because of their greater offtracking, the longer combination vehicles need greater turning path widths. Exhibit 2-11 defines the turning characteristics of a typical tractor/semitrailer combination. Exhibit 2-12 defines the lengths of tractors commonly used in tractor/semitrailer combinations. A combination truck is a single-unit truck with a full trailer, a truck tractor semitrailer, or a truck tractor with a semitrailer and one or more full trailers. Because combination truck sizes and turning characteristics vary widely, there are several combination truck design 18Design Controls and Criteria Metric Sonor tional | Largo? Pas: | ‘singe: city | Schoot | Schoo! Intermed intro sengor | “Unit | Intorcity Bus | Transit | Bus (65 | Bus a4 | Arcu- lat Som-te Semi car | truck | Motordoachy | “Bus pass) |istod Bus] taller | talon [su | 6us-i2 [ aUS. 17 [onyaUs|SeusiT| SeUSI2] ASUS | WEL | WBS iim Design tumng | 7a | re | tar | tar | ze | ano | azo | ar | 22 | tar dus a Cente ine! | tuning} e4 | tte | ze | 24 | 1s | 105 | sos | we | 10 | 125 Ras | CTR iim eee eet ee fees | ere see ra) |e roe pees sot ea Fads im) Tape “Double | Triple | Doubie motor | Farm Design Bottom" | Somi- | Som carand | carand | Home | Tractor Interstate (Combina aler! | trailer? | Motor Boat [and Boat] wione Somivatior | “tion” | tale |_raler_| Home Symbot | w5-10 [we20~ | we-200 | wesor [we-350"| mit rma Design tuning | 197 | 137 | 137 | t37 | tes | 22 | tor | 73 | 152 | 55 Radius ) Tener tne tumng | 125 | 125 | ws | ws | wa | to | 04 | 64 | mo | aa Radus cry im Minimam Inside aos cn) ‘Nolo. — Nambevelh table have boon rounded t ho neareat tanh ofa meer. s)= _Design vehi with 14.83-m tale as adoptog in 1962 Surface Traneportaion Assistance Act (STAM) [Design vehicle with 16.16-m tale: as grandtathered in wih 1982 Surface Tranepotaion Assistance Ac STAR) ‘The turing radius assumed by @ designer when investigating possible turing paths and is st alte cenatine of the font aso ofa vehicle. Ifthe miimar tuning path's assumed, the CTR approxmately equals the minimum setign tring radius minus one-half he font with ofthe venice, % = School buses are manuactured from 42-passenger to Bt-passenger sizes. This covtesponds to wheotbaeo lengths of 8:35 m 10 61 m,respecthely. For these different sizes, the minimum design ‘uring rad vary fom 8.78m'o 12.01 mand ine minimum ini ral vary tom 4.27 mo 7.74 m, “Turing racus i or 180-200 np tracter ath one 5-641 lng wagon altached to fitch point. Front whee ve is sisengaged and without brakes boing applied ratlor_|"Traler | Wagon Pre | ws | TR ze | is | se | 30 | as | ro | ss | 26 | tor | a2 Exhibit 2 . Minimum Turning Radii of Design Vehicles 19AASHTO—Geometric Design of Highways and Streets US Customary Conver" tional | Large? | Design | pase | single cciy | sehoot | Sehoot Intormod-intermed | Vehicle | senger | “Unt” | intercity Bus | Transit | Bue (85 | Bus (84 | Articu- ite Som |ate Som | ‘type | “car | truck | (motor oscny | “Bus | ‘pees | pass) ated Bus| trailor |-traler | Syneot|—P | su | Bus | Bus <5 [ory eUs|S aus] Sas] ASUS | WE40 | WESD | Bn | Design | tumng | 2 | az | as | 4s | 420 | seo | ace | ap8 | ao | as Racios | ra Tene ‘ne | suming | 21 | aa | aos | aoe | are | x49 | ac4 | ass | a | at | Radi cre) 7 Nam wrsae | twa | 20s | ze | 255 | m5 | m0 | asa | ars | toa | 170 w ‘Double | Teple Motor | Farm Design Bottom? | Som. Carand | carand | Home | Tractor | Voriso | interstate [Combina-| trailer totor | Camper | “Boat” |and Boat| wine “Type | Somivate [tion | tars Home| rater | trates |“Traler | Wagon | symbol | we-s2" | WEES | we.67D | we-100T jwe-to90"] Ml Pr pe | Mee | TRW | ro Design tung | 4s | as | as | 4s | oo | ao | om | mw | © | wo Radius | ©. L Toni ine! umro| a1 | se | oat | oak | os | oe | oo | om | we | Reds | (cre) ‘nim trde'| ro | 44 | 19s | oo | uo | 259 | sa | oo | an1 | tos fa Design vehicle with 46:8 Waler as adopted in 1982 Surface Transportation Aesatance Ac (STAA). Design vehicle with 53:1 alr as grandiathored in with 1082 Surtace Transportation Assistance Ac (STAA). = The turing radius assumed by a designer when investigating possible turing paths and is sot atthe centaine of ‘na font ane of @ vehicle. If the mim tuming path assumed, the CTR approximately equals the minimum sign turing racius minus one-half he font with of he von, = School buses are manufactured trom a2-passenge to B&-pacsenger sizes. This coresponds to wheelbase Tongihs of 1.0°% to 20.0, respecivay. For these aferent sizes, the minimum dosign tuning radi vary fom 28.8 to 304 Rand th minimum inside rad van fom 14.0140 254 fy ‘= Turning rai for 160-200 hp trate wth ona 18.5 long wagon attached to htc point. Font wheel dive is ‘sengaged and without brakes bing appeod Exhibit 2-2, Minimum Turning Radii of Design Vehicles (Continued) | 20