Carterfest UlrichBecker

Recent Advances in
Computational RF Techniques
Ulrich Becker
CST AG
Darmstadt, Germany
CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

Challenges in 3D EM Simulation
 Increasing Complexity of Devices
 Growing operating frequency  smaller EM tolerances
 Increasing need for coupled simulations

(EM + Particle + Thermal + Mechanics)
 Need for accurate material models (EM, Particle emission)
 Higher demand for efficient engineering workflow, including

model import, solver setup and design optimization.
 Always demand for faster simulations (HPC)

Workflow Integration

CST STUDIO SUITE™
 easy to use 3D
 fully parametric
 optimizer
 automated
postprocessing

Workflow Integration II
Geometry import
 robust import of 3D structures
 automatic healing and simplification
 easy modification of imported structure
 parameterization of imported structure
www.cst.com | Jul-10
Cluster Computing (MPI)
Application Example: IBM Benchmark
Message Passing Interface (MPI)-based parallelization of

CST Solvers available (Windows and Linux) :
MWS-T (v2009), PS-WAK (v2010), MWS-F (v2011)
 Multiple workstations in parallel

 Problem size: up to billions of unknowns

GPU Computing - NVIDIA® CUDA™
 Compute Unified Device Architecture

 NVIDIA® Tesla™ 10 series computing processors
 Up to 4 GPUs
 Upto 960 cores
 Speed-up factor 19
compared to Intel Woodcrest Dual CPU Dual Core system
CST Solvers available (Windows and Linux) :

MWS-T (v2008), PS-PIC (v2011)

GPU Computing
Typical Speedup of Solver
Loop
= Memory limit of
GPU hardware
Compared to Nehalem (2 x Quad Core Intel Xeon X5550, 2.66 GHz)
Sensitivity and Yield Analysis
Three independent parameters
Two-Post Filter

Gaussian or Uniform Distribution?
All the mechanical dimensions All the component values

Post height, Iris Height Resistors, Capacitors
Material parameters Other “Pre-selected” quantities
permittivity of substrate

Yield Analysis - Results
Yield: 95.33 %

Coupled Simulations (EM-Thermal-Mechanical)
EM-field computation Stress analysis /
deformation
Thermal
analysis
EM-properties of deformed geometry

can be fed into sensitivity analysis
Which EM-Solver can feed Thermal run?
Loss distributions can be exported from:
CST MWS
CST EMS
CST PS

Stationary Thermal Simulation
5 kW peak Power

Features of Structural Mechanics Solver
• Import of Temperature Distribution

• Fixture of faces/bodies in space
• Apply external forces
fixed support traction: force/area
Zero displacement defines a fixture

Results of Structural Mechanics Solver
L=8.8mm u
Strain ε = u/L = 4.16e-5 / 8.8e-3 = 4.7e-3

Mechanical Stress Simulation
Fixed face

Resulting S-parameters

Small Selection
of
Application Examples

Circulator
(Simulation of gyrotropic frequency dependent Materials)
Quadrupole ALL EMS-Solvers have
2nd order TET now
H-Field
H r ( )

Wakefield Simulations
Collimator
Tesla-Type 9-Cell Cavity
Wakefield-Solver
now available
Wakefield as
Cluster version

Multipacting Analysis Multipactor-
X-Band Transformer Gap recognization
input
E-Field @9.5GHz Particle Trajectory

Electron Gun Structure
Anode
potential
Cathode
potential
Potentials define the For focussing serves a

E-static simulation periodic permanent
problem magnet (PPM)

Resulting Fields
Magnetic field and

corresponding1D description
B/Tesla
Electric field and
potential

Collector-Simulation
Particle Trajectory Temperature
E0 = 200 keV
I = 10 mA
Crashed particles lead to temperature rising

Collector - Monitoring results
Current and Power

deposited by the particles
in objects are recorded as
1D Result

Folded Waveguide TWT
[1] R. Zheng and X. Chen, "Design and 3-D Simulation of Microfabricated Folded Waveguide for a
220GHz Broadband Travelling-Wave Tube Application", Proceedings of the IVEC 2009, Rome, Italy, April
28-30, pp. 135-136, 2009.
Particle Beam
RF In Slow Wave Structure RF Out
Emission surface

Helical TWT Simulation

TWT - Phase Space Monitor
Velocity modulation, entry energy and loss of mean
energy can be seen in the phase space plot.

TWT - Analyze Gain / Amplification
RF In RF Out

Vircator - Analysis
[1] E. H. Choi et al, „High Power Microwave Generation from an Axially Extracted Virtual
Cathode Oscillator“, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2000

Compact Foil Model
Sheet has a transparency of
50%
In addition to a fixed trans-
parency an ASCII file containing
energy and transparency can be
loaded

Virtual Cathode Oscillation
Electron cloud,
where particles
show zero energy.
Change of sign in Ez
shows evolution of
virtual cathode

Virtual Cathode Distance @24ns
Virtual cathode distance
~ anode-cathode spacing Particles are accelerated between
cathode and anode and decelerated
towards the virtual cathode.
Virtual Cathode Anode Virtual Cathode

cathode
Anode
position

Summary
 Different 3D-solvers can be
driven from same GUI
within CST STUDIO SUITE™
Thermal
Particles
 Accuracy of integrated solution
and solver technology
 Various Solvers for Statics,

Structural
Frequency and Time Domain EM
Mechanics
Simultion, MPI+GPU Computing
 Parametric variations, Sensitivity

Analysis and Design Optimization
Thank you!

MIT A6 Magnetron
Dimensions:
Angle =20°
Number of Vanes=6
[1] J. Benford, J. A. Swegle, E. Schmiloglu, „High Power Microwaves“, 2nd Edition,

Taylor & Francis, 2007.
[2] A. Palevsky and G. Bekefi, „Microwave Emission from Pulsed Relativistic Beam
Diodes. II. The multiresonator magnetron.“, Phys. Fluids, 22, 986, 1979.
Pi-Mode

2Pi-Mode

Sources
V = 0.8 MV
B = 1T
=> Operation in 2Pi-Mode

Particle Emission
Explosive emission model
was used for particle
extraction.
 Velvet-like properties
 Eth = 2 kV/cm

Diagnostics
Voltage Monitor
Field Probes

Results
Published Frequency for
operation in 2Pi-Mode:
4.6 GHZ

Trajectory
Particle spokes
in every cavity
as expected due
to operation in
2Pi-Mode.

Appendix
CST PARTICLE STUDIO®
2010 New Features

Changed Emission Model Values
For the field emission and explosive emission, the default

initial kinetic settings are changed according to their physical
meaning, namely the cathode temperature.

Circular Sources
Emission from circular areas provides

now the possibility to define spatial
distributions of the beam.

Circular Sources
Temporal Spatial
Emission Emission

Multiple External Field Support
Mode 1 Mode 2 External B

FD Monitors from CST MWS can be loaded as well!! from ASCII File
Performance
Version 2009
Due to an OpenMP
paralellisation a speed
up of 1.5-2* can be
obtained.
Example:
 50 Turn Helical TWT
Speedup:
Version 2010
 Faktor 2
Computer:
 Woodcrest
 2 CPU
 4 Cores
 Intel Xeon@2GHz
* depending on the number of cores.

News for Vircator Simulations

Explosive Emission Model

Explosive Emission Model
Field in front of the
emission surface
Starting from an E-field

threshold the particles
are emitted

Sheet Transparency
A percentage of particles passing

infinitely thin sheets can be
defined to model grid or foils.
2009: Either 0% or 100%.

Sheet Transparency
A curve of Transparency vs.

Energy can be imported to model
more realistic sheets.

Summary
 Large number of improvements for all products
 Improved links between the tools
 New products in CST STUDIO SUITE
 CST PCB STUDIO – PI Solver
 CST MICROSTRIPES
 Asymptotic solver
 Mechanical stress solver
 Large effort on improving QA process
www.cst.com
Appendix

News for Wakefield Simulations

Wakefield Mesh Settings
Local mesh properties in
longitudinal direction to improve
the dispersion characteristics
Non checked
Checked

Wakefield Postprocessor
User defined Fourier

transformation to obtain
impedance data

MPI for Wakefields
Volume
~ comp. time of node
Surface
~ data exchange time

MPI Performance
Intel Xeon 5130, 2.0 GHz

Gigabit Ethernet Interconnect

EM field analysis
of a Sony Ericsson mobile
phone at 1.8 GHz

News for Multipacting Simulations

Multipacting Stopping Criterion
Automatic detection of
exponential increase.

Predefined SEE Materials
Curve is now
given in the tree.
Material properties are

already predefined.

Wakefields
Collimator
Wakefield-integration
now available as
Absolute value of the electric field vs. time. separate PP-Step

16 Way Power Divider
Feed for Butler Matrix
Suspended Air Stripline(SAS)

Breaking it Up
Simulation in CST DESIGN STUDIO™

CST DS Description of SAS 16 Way Power-Divider

Comparison
Wehnelt electrode
Cathode
 Anode voltage： 20kV
 Cathode diam.：8mm
 Setting of emission
Space charge limit
Anode

Comparison
Trajectory and Potential and

electric field Trajectory

Comparison
EGUN
CST PARTICLE STUDIO®
W.B.Herrmannsfeldt, “EGUN –AN ELECTRON OPTICS

AND GUN DESIGN PROGRAM“, SLAC-REPORT 331
Emission Current
CST PS 1.518 A
EGUN 1.537 A

Field Emitter Display
single tip E-Field

Carterfest UlrichBecker

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Recent Advances in

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

 Increasing Complexity of Devices

 Growing operating frequency  smaller EM tolerances

 Increasing need for coupled simulations

 Need for accurate material models (EM, Particle emission)

 Higher demand for efficient engineering workflow, including

 Always demand for faster simulations (HPC)

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

Message Passing Interface (MPI)-based parallelization of

 Multiple workstations in parallel

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

 Compute Unified Device Architecture

CST Solvers available (Windows and Linux) :

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

All the mechanical dimensions All the component values

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

EM-properties of deformed geometry

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

• Import of Temperature Distribution

fixed support traction: force/area

Zero displacement defines a fixture

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

Strain ε = u/L = 4.16e-5 / 8.8e-3 = 4.7e-3

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

Tesla-Type 9-Cell Cavity

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

E-Field @9.5GHz Particle Trajectory

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

Potentials define the For focussing serves a

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

Magnetic field and

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

Particle Trajectory Temperature

Crashed particles lead to temperature rising

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

Current and Power

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

RF In Slow Wave Structure RF Out

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

Virtual Cathode Anode Virtual Cathode

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

 Various Solvers for Statics,

Simultion, MPI+GPU Computing

 Parametric variations, Sensitivity

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

[1] J. Benford, J. A. Swegle, E. Schmiloglu, „High Power Microwaves“, 2nd Edition,

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10

CST – COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | Jul-10