C H A P T E R 2

Differentiation

Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem . . . . . 95

Section 2.2 Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change . . 109

Section 2.3 Product and Quotient Rules and

Higher-Order Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Section 2.4 The Chain Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Section 2.5 Implicit Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Section 2.6 Related Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

C H A P T E R 2
Differentiation
Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem

1. (a) At x1, y1, slope  0. 2. (a) At x1, y1, slope
3.

2

At x2, y2, slope
52. At x2, y2, slope

5.

2

(b) At x1, y1, slope

2.

5
(b) At x1, y1, slope
3.
4

At x2, y2, slope
2. At x2, y2, slope
4.

5

f 4
f 1 5
2
3. (a), (b) 4. (a)  1
y
f )4)
4
f )1)
1
)x 1) f )1) x 1 4
1 3
f 4
f 3 5
4.75
y

 0.25
6 4
3 1
5 f )4) 5

4
)4, 5) f 4
f 1 f 4
f 3
f )4) f )1) 3 Thus, > .
3 4
1 4
3
f )1) 2
2

1
)1, 2) (b) The slope of the tangent line at 1, 2 equals f1.
x
This slope is steeper than the slope of the line through
1 2 3 4 5 6 1, 2 and 4, 5. Thus,

f 4
f 1 f 4
f 1

(c) y  x
1  f 1) < f1.
4
1 4
1
3
 x
1  2
3
 1x
1  2
x1

5. f x  3
2x is a line. Slope 
2 6. g x  2 x  1 is a line. Slope  2

3 3

g1  x
g1 g2  x
g2

7. Slope at 1,
3  lim 8. Slope at 2, 1  lim
x→0 x x→0 x
1  x2
4

3 5
2  x2
1
 lim  lim
x→0 x x→0 x
1  2x  x2
1 5
4
4x
x2
1
 lim  lim
x→0 x x→0 x
 lim 2  x  2  lim 
4
x 
4
x→0 x→0

f 0  t
f 0 h
2  t
h
2

9. Slope at 0, 0  lim 10. Slope at 
2, 7  lim
t→0 t t→0 t
3t
t2
0 
2  t2  3
7
 lim  lim
t→0 t t→0 t
 lim 3
t  3 4
4t  t2
4
t→0  lim
t→0 t
 lim 
4  t 
4
t→0

95
96 Chapter 2 Differentiation

11. f x  3 12. gx 
5 13. f x 
5x

f x  x
f x gx  x
gx f x  x
f x

f x  lim gx  lim fx  lim
x→0 x x→0 x x→0 x
3
3
5

5
5x  x

5x
 lim  lim  lim
x→0 x x→0 x x→0 x
 lim 0  0 0
x→0  lim 0  lim
5 
5
x→0 x x→0

2
14. f x  3x  2 15. hs  3  s
3
f x  x
f x
fx  lim hs  s
hs
x→0 x hs  lim
s→0 s
3x  x  2
3x  2 3  3s  s
3  3s
2 2
 lim
x→0 x  lim
s→0 s
3x 2
s 2
 lim 3
x→0 x  lim 
s→0 s 3
 lim 3  3
x→0

1
16. f x  9
x
2
f x  x
f x
fx  lim
x→0 x
9
12x  x
9
12x
 lim
x→0 x

 lim
x→0 
21 
21
17. f x  2 x 2  x
1

f x  x
f x
fx  lim
x→0 x
2x  x2  x  x
1
2x 2  x
1
 lim
x→0 x
2x 2  4x x  2x2  x  x
1
2x 2  x
1
 lim
x→0 x
4x x  2x2  x
 lim  lim 4x  2 x  1  4x  1
x→0 x x→0

18. f x  1
x 2

f x  x
f x
fx  lim
x→0 x

1
x  x2
1
x 2
 lim
x→0 x
1
x 2
2x x
x2
1  x 2
 lim
x→0 x

2x x
x2
 lim  lim 
2x
x 
2x
x→0 x x→0
 Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem 97

19. f x  x 3
12x

f x  x
f x
fx  lim
x→0 x
x  x3
12x  x
x 3
12x
 lim
x→0 x
x  3x x  3xx2  x3
12x
12 x
x 3  12x
3 2
 lim
x→0 x
3x 2 x  3x x2  x3
12 x
 lim
x→0 x
 lim 3x  3x x  x2
12  3x 2
12
2
x→0

20. f x  x 3  x 2
f x  x
f x
fx  lim
x→0 x
x  x3  x  x2
x 3  x 2
 lim
x→0 x
x 3  3x 2 x  3x x2  x3  x 2  2x x  x2
x 3
x 2
 lim
x→0 x
3x 2 x  3x x2  x3  2x x  x2
 lim
x→0 x
 lim 3x 2  3x x  x2  2x  x  3x 2  2x
x→0

1 1
21. f x  22. f x 
x
1 x2
f x  x
f x f x  x
f x
fx  lim fx  lim
x→0 x x→0 x
1 1
1 1


x  x2 x 2
x  x
1 x
1  lim
 lim x→0 x
x→0 x
x 2
x  x2
x
1
x  x
1  lim
 lim x→0 xx  x2 x 2
x→0 xx  x
1x
1

2x x
x2
 lim

x x→0 xx  x2 x 2
 lim
x→0 xx  x
1x
1

2x
x
 lim

1 x→0 x  x2 x 2
 lim
x→0 x  x
1x
1
2x

1 x4


x
12 2


x3

23. f x  x  1
f x  x
f x
fx  lim
x→0 x
x  x  1
x  1 x  x  1  x  1
 lim
x
 
x→0 x  x  1  x  1

x  x  1
x  1
 lim
x→0 x  x  x  1  x  1 
1 1 1
 lim  
x→0 x  x  1  x  1 x  1  x  1 2 x  1
98 Chapter 2 Differentiation

4
24. f x  25. (a) f x  x2  1
x
f x  x
f x
f x  x
f x fx  lim
fx  lim x→0 x
x→0 x
x  x2  1
x 2  1
4 4  lim

x→0 x
x  x x
 lim 2x x  x2
x→0 x  lim
x→0 x
 lim
x→0
4 x
4 x  x
x x x  x
  x  x  x
x  x  x   lim 2x  x  2x
x→0

4x
4x  x At 2, 5, the slope of the tangent line is m  22  4.
 lim
x→0 x x x  x x  x  x The equation of the tangent line is

4 y
5  4x
2
 lim
x→0 
x x  x x  x  x  y
5  4x
8

4
2 y  4x
3.
 
x x x  x x x
(b) 8

(2, 5)

−5 5

−2

26. (a) f x  x 2  2x  1 (b) 5

f x  x
f x (−3, 4)

fx  lim
x→0 x
−6 3
x  x2  2x  x  1
x 2  2x  1
 lim −1
x→0 x
2x x  x2  2 x
 lim
x→0 x
 lim 2x  x  2  2x  2
x→0
At 
3, 4, the slope of the tangent line is m  2
3  2 
4.
The equation of the tangent line is
y
4 
4x  3
y 
4x
8.

27. (a) f x  x 3 (b) 10

(2, 8)
f x  x
f x
fx  lim
x→0 x
−5 5

x  x3
x 3
 lim −4
x→0 x
3x 2 x  3x x2  x3
 lim
x→0 x
 lim 3x 2  3x x  x2  3x 2
x→0

At 2, 8, the slope of the tangent is m  322  12.

The equation of the tangent line is
y
8  12x
2

y  12x
16.
 Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem 99

28. (a) f x  x 3  1 (b) 4

f x  x
f x (1, 2)

fx  lim
x→0 x −6 6

x  x3  1
x 3  1
 lim
x→0 x −4

x 3  3x 2x  3xx2  x3  1
x 3
1

 lim
x→0 x
 lim 3x 2  3xx  x2  3x 2
x→0

At 1, 2, the slope of the tangent line is m  312  3.

The equation of the tangent line is
y
2  3x
1
y  3x
1.

29. (a) f x  x (b) 3

f x  x
f x
fx  lim (1, 1)
x→0 x
−1 5
x  x
x x  x  x
 lim
x
 −1
x→0 x  x  x

x  x
x
 lim
x→0 x x  x  x
1 1
 lim 
x→0 x  x  x 2 x
At 1, 1, the slope of the tangent line is
1 1
m  .
2 1 2
The equation of the tangent line is
1
y
1 x
1
2
1 1
y x .
2 2

30. (a) f x  x
1 (b) 4

(5, 2)
f x  x
f x
fx  lim −2
x→0 x 10

 lim
x→0
x  x
1
x
1
x
  x  x
1  x
1
x  x
1  x
1  −4

x  x
1
x
1
 lim
x→0 x x  x
1  x
1
1 1
 lim 
x→0 x  x
1  x
1 2 x
1
At 5, 2, the slope of the tangent line is
1 1
m 
2 5
1 4
The equation of the tangent line is
1
y
2  x
5
4
1 3
y x
4 4
100 Chapter 2 Differentiation

4
31. (a) f x  x  (b) 10
x
f x  x
f x (4, 5)
fx  lim −12
x
12
x→0

x  x 
4
x  x

x 
4
x  −6

 lim
x→0 x
x x  xx  x  4x
x 2x  x
4x  x
 lim
x→0 xxx  x
x 3  2x 2x  xx2
x 3
x 2x
4x
 lim
x→0 xxx  x
x 2x  xx2
4x
 lim
x→0 xxx  x
x 2  x x
4
 lim
x→0 x x  x
x2
4 4
 1
2
x2 x
At 4, 5, the slope of the tangent line is
4 3
m1
 .
16 4
The equation of the tangent line is
3
y
5  x
4
4
3
y  x  2.
4

1
32. (a) f x  33. From Exercise 27 we know that fx  3x2. Since the
x1
slope of the given line is 3, we have
f x  x
f x
fx  lim 3x 2  3
x→0 x
x  ± 1.
1 1


x  x  1 x  1 Therefore, at the points 1, 1 and 
1,
1 the tangent
 lim lines are parallel to 3x
y  1  0. These lines have
x→0 x
equations
x  1
x  x  1
 lim y  1  3x  1
x→0 xx  x  1x  1 y
1  3x
1 and
1 y  3x
2 y  3x  2.
 lim

x→0 x  x  1x  1
1


x  12

At 0, 1, the slope of the tangent line is

1
m 
1.
0  12

The equation of the tangent line is y 
x  1.

(b) 3

(0, 1)
−6 3

−3
 Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem 101

34. Using the limit definition of derivative, fx  3x 2. Since the slope of the given line is 3, we have
3x 2  3
x 2  1 ⇒ x  ± 1.
Therefore, at the points 1, 3 and 
1, 1 the tangent lines are parallel to 3x
y
4  0. These lines have equations
y
3  3x
1 and y
1  3x  1
y  3x y  3x  4.

35. Using the limit definition of derivative, 36. Using the limit definition of derivative,

1
1
fx  fx  .
2x x
. 2x
13 2
1
Since the slope of the given line is
2 , we have
1 Since the slope of the given line is
2, we have

1 1
1 1 



2x
132 2
2x x 2
x  1. 1  x
132
1  x
1 ⇒ x  2.
Therefore, at the point 1, 1 the tangent line is parallel to
x  2y
6  0. The equation of this line is At the point 2, 1, the tangent line is parallel to
x  2y  7  0. The equation of the tangent line is
1
y
1 
x
1 1
2 y
1 
x
2
2
1 1
y
1
x 1
2 2 y 
x  2.
2
1 3
y
x .
2 2

37. f x  x ⇒ f x  1 Matches (b). 38. f x  x 2 ⇒ fx  2x Matches (d).

39. f x  x ⇒ fx Matches (a). 40. f does not exist at x  0. Matches (c).
decreasing slope as x → 

41. g5  2 because the tangent line passes through 5, 2. 42. h
1  4 because the tangent line passes through 
1, 4.
2
0 2 1 6
4 2 1
g5   
h
1   
5
9
4 2 3

1 4 2

43. The slope of the graph of f 44. The slope of the graph of f 45. The slope of the graph of f is
is 1 ⇒ fx  1. is 0 ⇒ fx  0. negative for x < 4, positive
for x > 4, and 0 at x  4.
y y
y
4
2
3 4
f′
1
2 2
f′ f′
x x
−2 −1 1 2 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
x −2
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −1
−1 −4

−2 −2 −6

−8
102 Chapter 2 Differentiation

46. The slope of the graph of f is
1 47. Answers will vary. 48. Answers will vary.
for x < 4, 1 for x > 4, and Sample answer: y 
x Sample answer: y  x
undefined at x  4. y y

y 4 4
3 3
3
2 2
2 1 1
f′
1 x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4
x −1
1 2 3 4 5 6 −2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4

49. f x  5
3x and c  1 50. f x  x 3 and c 
2 51. f x 
x 2 and c  6 52. f x  2 x and c  9

53. f 0  2 and fx 
3, 54. f 0  4, f0  0; fx < 0 for 55. f 0  0; f0  0; fx > 0 if

 < x <  x < 0, f x > 0 for x > 0 x 0
f x 
3x  2 f x  x 2  4 f x  x3
y y y

12 f 3
f
2 10 2

1 8 1

x x
6
−3 −2 −1 2 3 −3 −2 1 2 3
−1 −1
4
−2 2 −2
f
−3 x −3
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6

56. (a) If fc  3 and f is odd, then f
c  fc  3. (b) If fc  3 and f is even, then f
c 
f  c 
3.

57. Let x 0, y0 be a point of tangency on the graph of f. By 58. Let x 0, y0 be a point of tangency on the graph of f. By
the limit definition for the derivative, fx  4
2x. the limit definition for the derivative, fx  2x. The
The slope of the line through 2, 5 and x 0, y0 equals slope of the line through 1,
3 and x 0, y0 equals the
the derivative of f at x 0: derivative of f at x 0:
5
y0
3
y0
 4
2x 0  2x 0
2
x0 1
x0
5
y0  2
x 04
2x 0
3
y0  1
x 02x 0
5
4x 0
x 0   8
8x 0  2x 0 2 2

3
x 02  2x 0
2x 02
0  x 0
4x 0  3
2
x 02
2x 0
3  0
0  x 0
1x 0
3 ⇒ x 0  1, 3 x 0
3x 0  1  0 ⇒ x 0  3,
1
Therefore, the points of tangency are 1, 3 and 3, 3, and Therefore, the points of tangency are 3, 9 and (
1, 1,
the corresponding slopes are 2 and
2. The equations of and the corresponding slopes are 6 and
2. The equations
the tangent lines are: of the tangent lines are:
y
5  2x
2 y
5 
2x
2 y  3  6x
1 y  3 
2x
1
y  2x  1 y 
2x  9 y  6x
9 y 
2x
1
y
y
7
6 10
(3, 9)
5 (2, 5) 8
4 6
3 (3, 3)
4
(1, 3)
2
1 (−1, 1)
x
x −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 1 2 3 6 −2
(1, −3)
−4
 Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem 103

59. (a) g0 
3

(b) g3  0

(c) Because g1 
3 , g is decreasing (falling) at x  1.

8

(d) Because g
4  3 , g is increasing (rising) at x 
4.

7

(e) Because g4 and g6 are both positive, g6 is greater than g4, and g6
g4 > 0.

(f) No, it is not possible. All you can say is that g is decreasing (falling) at x  2.

g x  x
g x
60. (a) f x  x 2 (b) gx  lim
x→0 x
f x  x
f x
fx  lim x  x3
x 3
x→0 x  lim
x→0 x
x  x2
x 2
 lim x 3  3x 2x  3xx2  x3
x 3
x→0 x  lim
x→0 x
x 2  2x x  x2
x 2
 lim
x→0 x x3x 2  3x x  x2
 lim
x 2x  x x→0 x
 lim
x→0 x
 lim 3x 2  3x x  x2  3x 2
x→0
 lim 2x  x  2x
x→0
At x 
1, g
1  3 and the tangent line is
At x 
1, f
1 
2 and the tangent line is y  1  3x  1 or y  3x  2.
y
1 
2x  1 or y 
2x
1. At x  0, g0  0 and the tangent line is y  0.
At x  0, f0  0 and the tangent line is y  0.
At x  1, g1  3 and the tangent line is
At x  1, f1  2 and the tangent line is y  2x
1.
y
1  3x
1 or y  3x
2.
2
2

−3 3

−3 3

−3
−2
For this function, the slopes of the tangent lines are
always distinct for different values of x. For this function, the slopes of the tangent lines are
sometimes the same.

61. f x  14 x 3 2

By the limit definition of the derivative we have fx  34 x 2.

−2 2

x
2
1.5
1
0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

−2
f x
27
14 1 1 1 27

2 32
32 0 32 4 32 2
fx 27 3 3 3 3 27
3 16 4 16 0 16 4 16 3

62. f x  2 x 2
1
3

By the limit definition of the derivative we have fx  x.

x
2
1.5
1
0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 −2 2

f x 2 1.125 0.5 0.125 0 0.125 0.5 1.125 2 −1

fx
2
1.5
1
0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

104 Chapter 2 Differentiation

f x  0.01
f x f x  0.01
f x

63. gx  64. gx 
0.01 0.01
 2x  0.01
x  0.012
2x  x 2100  3 x  0.01
3 x 100
 2
2x
0.01 8

3 f
The graph of gx is approximately
g The graph of gx is approximately 3
g
the graph of fx  .
f the graph of fx  2
2x. −1 8 2 x
−2 4 −1

−1

1
65. f 2  24
2  4, f 2.1  2.14
2.1  3.99 66. f 2  23  2, f 2.1  2.31525
4
3.99
4
f2

0.1 Exact: f2  0 2.31525
2
2.1
2 f2
 3.1525 Exact: f2  3
2.1
2

1
1 x3 3
67. f x  and fx  . 68. f x 
3x and fx  x 2
3
x 2x 32 4 4
5 6

f′
f As x → , f is nearly horizontal
−2 5 −9 9
f′ and thus f
0.
f
−5 −6

69. f x  4
x
32

f 2  x
f 2
Sx x  x
2  f 2
x
4
2  x
32
3 1
x
12
 x
2  3  x
2  3  
x  2x
2  3
x x
(a) x  1: Sx  x
2  3  x  1 5
S 0.1

x  0.5: Sx 
3
2 3
x
2  3  x
2 S1
f

−2

19
10 
7
19 4
x  0.1: Sx  x
2  3  x
−1
10 5 S 0.5

(b) As x → 0, the line approaches the tangent line to f at 2, 3.

1
70. f x  x 
x
1 5
2  x 

f 2  x
f 2 2  x 2 5
Sx x  x
2  f 2  x
2 
x x 2
22  x2  2
52  x 5 2x  3 5
 x
2   x
2 
22  x x 2 22  x 2
5 5 5 5
(a) x  1: Sx  x
2   x  4
6 2 6 6

4 5 4 9
x  0.5: Sx  x
2   x  −6
S0.1
6
5 2 5 10 S0.5
S1 f
16 5 16 41
x  0.1: Sx  x
2   x  −4
21 2 21 42
(b) As x → 0, the line approaches the tangent line to f at  2, 2 .
5
 Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem 105

71. f x  x 2
1, c  2
f x
f 2 x 2
1
3 x
2x  2
f2  lim  lim  lim  lim x  2  4
x→2 x
2 x→2 x
2 x →2 x
2 x→2

72. g x  xx
1  x 2
x, c  1

gx
g1 x2
x
0 xx
1
g1  lim  lim  lim  lim x  1
x→1 x
1 x→1 x
1 x→1 x
1 x→1

73. f x  x 3  2x 2  1, c 
2
f x
f 
2 x 3  2x 2  1
1 x 2x  2
f
2  lim  lim  lim  lim x 2  4
x→
2 x2 x→
2 x2 x →
2 x  2 x→
2

74. f x  x 3  2x, c  1

f x
f 1 x 3  2x
3 x
1x 2  x  3
f1  lim  lim  lim  lim x 2  x  3  5
x→1 x
1 x→1 x
1 x →1 x
1 x→1

75. gx  x , c  0

g0  lim
gx
g0
 lim
x

. Does not exist.

x→0 x
0 x→0 x

As x → 0
,
x


1
→
.
x x

As x → 0  ,
x

 1
→ .
x x

1
76. f x  , c  3
x
f x
f 3 1x
13 3
x
lim 
 

1 1 1
f3  lim
x→3 x
3
 lim
x→3 x
3
 lim
x→3 3x
 x
3  x→3 3x 9

77. f x  x
623, c  6

f x
f 6 x
623
0 1
f6  lim  lim  lim
x→6 x
6 x→6 x
6 x→6 x
613

Does not exist.

78. g x  x  313, c 
3

gx
g
3 x  313
0 1
g
3  lim  lim  lim
x→
3 x

3 x→
3 x3 x→
3 x  323

Does not exist.

79. h x  x  5 , c 
5

h
5  lim
hx
h
5
 lim
x5
0

 lim

x5

x→
5 x

5 x→
5 x5 x→
5 x5

Does not exist.

80. f x  x
4 , c  4 81. f x is differentiable everywhere except at x 
1.

f4  lim
f x
f 4
 lim

x
4
0
 lim

x
4

(Discontinuity)
x→4 x
4 x→4 x
4 x→4 x
4

Does not exist.

106 Chapter 2 Differentiation

82. f x is differentiable everywhere except at x  ± 3. 83. f x is differentiable everywhere except at x  3.
(Sharp turns in the graph) (Sharp turn in the graph)

84. f x is differentiable everywhere except at x  ± 2. 85. f x is differentiable on the interval 1, .
(Discontinuities) (At x  1 the tangent line is vertical.)

86. f x is differentiable everywhere except at x  0. (Discontinuity)

2x

87. f x  x  3 is differentiable 88. f x 

x
1
is differentiable 89. f x  x 25 is differentiable for
for all x
3. There is a sharp all x 0. There is a sharp corner
for all x 1. f is not defined at
corner at x 
3. at x  0.
x  1. (Vertical asymptote)
5 5
6

−6 6

−7 2 −6 6

−1 −3
−2

90. f is differentiable for all x 1.

91. f x  x
1

f is not continuous at x  1.
The derivative from the left is

3
f x
f 1 x
1
0
lim  lim

1.
x→1
x
1 x→1 x
1
−4 5
The derivative from the right is

−3 lim
f x
f 1
 lim

x
1
0
 1.

x→1 x
1 x→1 x
1

The one-sided limits are not equal. Therefore, f is not
differentiable at x  1.

92. f x  1
x 2
The derivative from the left does not exist because
f x
f 1 1
x 2
0 1
x 2 1
x 2 1x
lim
x
1
 lim

x
1
 lim

x
1
  x→1
lim


. (Vertical tangent)
x→1
x→1 x→1 1
x 2 1
x2
The limit from the right does not exist since f is undefined for x > 1. Therefore, f is not differentiable at x  1.

93. f x   x
13, x ≤ 1

x
12, x > 1
The derivative from the left is

f x
f 1 x
13
0

lim
 lim

x→1 x
1 x→1 x
1
 lim
x
12  0.
x→1

The derivative from the right is

f x
f 1 x
12
0

lim  lim
x→1 x
1 x→1 x
1
 lim x
1  0.
x→1

These one-sided limits are equal. Therefore, f is differentiable at x  1.  f1  0

 Section 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem 107

94. f x  xx,, xx >≤ 11

2

The derivative from the left is

f x
f 1 x
1

lim  lim
 lim
1  1.
x→1
x
1 x→1 x
1 x→1

The derivative from the right is

f x
f 1 x2
1
lim   lim  lim x  1  2.
x→1 x
1 x→1 x
1 x→1

These one-sided limits are not equal. Therefore, f is not differentiable at x  1.

4xx 
1,3, xx >≤ 22

2
95. Note that f is continuous at x  2. f x 

f x
f 2 x 2  1
5
The derivative from the left is lim
 lim
 lim
x  2  4.
x→2 x
2 x→2 x
2 x→2

f x
f 2 4x
3
5

The derivative from the right is lim  lim  lim 4  4.
x→2 x
2 x→2 x
2 x→2

The one-sided limits are equal. Therefore, f is differentiable at x  2.  f2  4

 x2x, 1, xx <≥ 22
1
96. Note that f is continuous at x  2. f x  2

The derivative from the left is

f x
f 2 2 x  1
2
1 1
x
2 1
lim
 lim
 lim
2  .
x→2 x
2 x→2 x
2 x→2 x
2 2
The derivative from the right is

f x
f 2 2x
2 2x  2
lim
x
2
 lim
x
2

x→2 x→2 2x  2

2x
4 2x
2 2 1
 lim  lim  lim
x→2 x
2 2x  2 x→2 x
2 2x  2 x→2 2x  2  2.

The one-sided limits are equal. Therefore, f is differentiable at x  2.  f2  12 

97. (a) The distance from 3, 1 to the line mx
y  4  0 is y

d

Ax 1  By1  C

A2  B 2 3

m3
11  4

3m  3
.
2


m2  1 m2  1
1

x
5 1 2 3 4
(b)

−4 4

−1

The function d is not differentiable at m 
1. This corresponds to the line

y 
x  4, which passes through the point 3, 1.
108 Chapter 2 Differentiation

98. (a) f x  x 2 and fx  2x (b) gx  x 3 and gx  3x 2 (c) The derivative is a polynomial of
y
y
degree 1 less than the original
5 function. If hx  x n, then
3
f 4 hx  nx n
1.
3 g′ 2
2
1 1 g
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−2 −1 1 2
f' −1
−3

(d) If f x  x4, then

f x  x
f x
fx  lim
x→0 x
x  x4
x 4
 lim
x→0 x
x 4  4x 3x  6x 2x2  4xx3  x4
x 4
 lim
x→0 x
x4x 3  6x 2x  4xx2  x3
 lim
x→0 x
 lim 4x 3  6x 2x  4xx2  x3 4x 3.
x→0

Hence, if f x  x 4, then fx  4x 3 which is consistent with the conjecture. However, this is not
a proof since you must verify the conjecture for all integer values of n, n ≥ 2.

f 2  x
f 2
99. False. The slope is lim
x→0 x
.

100. False. y  x
2 is continuous at x  2, but is not

differentiable at x  2. (Sharp turn in the graph)

101. False. If the derivative from the left of a point does not equal the derivative from the right of a point,
then the derivative does not exist at that point. For example, if f x  x , then the derivative from the

left at x  0 is
1 and the derivative from the right at x  0 is 1. At x  0, the derivative does not exist.

102. True—see Theorem 2.1.

103. f x  0,x sin1x, x 0

x0

Using the Squeeze Theorem, we have
x ≤ x sin1x ≤ x , x 0. Thus, lim x sin1x  0  f 0 and
x→0
f is continuous at x  0. Using the alternative form of the derivative, we have
f x
f 0 x sin1x
0
lim
x→0 x
0
 lim
x→0 x
0
 lim sin .
x→0
1
x  
Since this limit does not exist (sin1x oscillates between
1 and 1), the function is not differentiable at x  0.

x0, sin1x, x 0
2
gx 
x0
Using the Squeeze Theorem again, we have
x 2 ≤ x 2 sin1x ≤ x 2, x 0. Thus, lim x 2 sin1x  0  g0
x→0
and g is continuous at x  0. Using the alternative form of the derivative again, we have
gx
g0 x 2 sin1x
0 1
lim  lim  lim x sin  0.
x→0 x
0 x→0 x
0 x→0 x
Therefore, g is differentiable at x  0, g0  0.
 Section 2.2 Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change 109

104. 3

−3 3

−1

As you zoom in, the graph of y1
x 2  1 appears to be locally the graph of a horizontal line, whereas the graph of

y2
x  1 always has a sharp corner at
0, 1. y2 is not differentiable at
0, 1.

Section 2.2 Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change

1. (a) y
x 12 (b) y
x3 2. (a) y
x 12 (b) y
x 1

y
12 x 12 y
3x 2 y
 12 x 32 y
x 2
y
1
12 y
1
3 y
1
 2
1
y
1
1

3. y
8 4. f
x
2 5. y
x 6 6. y
x 8
y
0 f
x
0 y
6x 5 y
8x 7

1 1
7. y

x 7 8. y

x 8 9. y

5 x
x 15
10. y

4 x
x 14
x7 x8
1 1 1 1
7 8 y
x 45
45 y
x 34
34
y
7x 8
y
8x 9
5 5x 4 4x
x8 x9

11. f
x
x  1 12. g
x
3x  1 13. f
t
2t 2  3t  6 14. y
t 2  2t  3

f
x
1 g
x
3 f
t
4t  3 y
2t  2

15. g
x
x 2  4x 3 16. y
8  x 3 17. s
t
t 3  2t  4 18. f
x
2x 3  x 2  3x

g
x
2x  12x 2 y
3x 2 s
t
3t 2  2 f
x
6x 2  2x  3

 1
19. y
sin   cos  20. g
t
 cos t 21. y
x 2  cos x 22. y
5  sin x
2 2
 g
t
  sin t 1 y
cos x
y
cos   sin  y
2x  sin x
2 2

1 5 5
23. y
 3 sin x 24. y
 2 cos x
x 3  2 cos x
x
2x3 8
1 5 15
y
  3 cos x y

3 x 4  2 sin x
 2 sin x
x2 8 8x 4

Function Rewrite Differentiate Simplify

5 5 5
25. y
y
x 2 y
5x 3 y

2x 2 2 x3

2 2 4 4
26. y
y
x 2 y
 x 3 y

3x 2 3 3 3x 3

3 3 9 4 9
27. y
y
x 3 y
x y


2x3 8 8 8x 4
110 Chapter 2 Differentiation

Function Rewrite Differentiate Simplify

  2 2 3 2
28. y
y
x y
 x y


3x2 9 9 9x 3

x 1 1
29. y
y
x 12 y
 x 32 y

x 2 2x 32

4 y
4x 3
30. y
y
12x 2 y
12x 2
x 3

31. f
x

3
x2

3x 2,
1, 3 32. f
t
3 
3
5t
, 35, 2 1 7
33. f
x
  x 3,
2 5 0,  21
6 f
t

3
f
x

21 2
f
x
6x 3
5t 2 5
x
x3

f
1
6 f 35
35 f
0
0

34. y
3x 3  6,
2, 18 35. y

2x  12,
0, 1 36. f
x
3
5  x2,
5, 0
y
9x 2
4x 2  4x  1
3x 2  30x  75
y
2
36 y
8x  4 f
x
6x  30
y
0
4 f
5
0

37. f

4 sin   ,
0, 0 38. g
t
2  3 cos t,
, 1 39. f
x
x 2  5  3x 2
f

4 cos   1 g
t
3 sin t 6
f
x
2x  6x 3
2x 
f
0
4
1  1
3 g

0 x3

40. f
x
x 2  3x  3x 2 41. g
t
t 2  4
t 2  4t 3 42. f
x
x  x 2

t3
f 
x
2x  3  6x 3 f
x
1  2x 3
12
6 g
t
2t  12t 4
2t  4 2

2x  3  t
1
x3 x3

x 3  3x 2  4 2x 2  3x  1
43. f
x

x  3  4x 2 44. h
x

2x  3  x 1
x2 x
8 x3  8 1 2x 2  1
f
x
1  3
h
x
2 

x x3 x2 x2

45. y
x
x 2  1
x 3  x 46. y
3x
6x  5x 2
18x 2  15x 3

y
3x 2  1 y
36x  45x 2

3 x
x 12  6x 13
47. f
x
x  6 48. f
x

3 x 
5 x
x 13  x 15

1 1 2 1 1 1 1
f
x
x 12  2x 23
 f
x
x 23  x 45
23  45
2 2x x 23 3 5 3x 5x

49. h
s
s 45  s 23 50. f
t
t 23  t 13  4

4 2 4 2 2 1 2 1
h(s
s 15  s 13
15  13 f
t
t 13  t 23
13  23
5 3 5s 3s 3 3 3t 3t
 Section 2.2 Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change 111

2
51. f
x
6x  5 cos x
6x 12  5 cos x 52. f
x
3  3 cos x
2x 13  3 cos x
 x
3
f
x
3x 12  5 sin x
 5 sin x 2 43 2
x f
x
x  3 sin x
43  3 sin x
3 3x

53. (a) y
x 4  3x 2  2 54. (a) y
x 3  x

y
4x 3  6x y
3x 2  1
At
1, 0: y
4
13  6
1
2 At
1, 2: y
3
12  1
4
Tangent line: y  0
2
x  1 Tangent line: y  2
4
x  1
2x  y  2
0 4x  y  2
0
3
(b) (b) 5

−5 5

−2 2
(1, 0)
−1 −7

2
55. (a) f
x
4 3

2x 34 56. (a) y

x 2  2x
x  1
x

x 3  3x 2  2x
3 74 3
f
x
x
74
2 2x y
3x 2  6x  2

3 At
1, 6: y
3
12  6
1  2
11

At
1, 2: f
1

2 Tangent line: y  6
11
x  1
3 0
11x  y  5
Tangent line: y  2

x  1
2
(b) 12
3 7
y
 x
2 2
3x  2y  7
0
−3 3

(b) 5 −2

(1, 2)

−2 7

−1

57. y
x 4  8x 2  2 58. y
x 3  x
y
4x 3  16x y
3x 2  1 > 0 for all x.

4x
x 2  4 Therefore, there are no horizontal tangents.

4x
x  2
x  2
y
0 ⇒ x
0, ± 2
Horizontal tangents:
0, 2,
2, 14,
2, 14

1
59. y

x 2 60. y
x 2  1
x2
y
2x
0 ⇒ x
0
2
y
2x 3
cannot equal zero.
x3 At x
0, y
1.
Therefore, there are no horizontal tangents. Horizontal tangent:
0, 1
112 Chapter 2 Differentiation

61. y
x  sin x, 0 ≤ x < 2 62. y
3x  2 cos x, 0 ≤ x < 2

y
1  cos x
0 y
3  2 sin x
0
cos x
1 ⇒ x
 3  2
sin x
⇒ x
or
At x
 : y
 2 3 3

Horizontal tangent:
,   3  3

At x
: y

3 3
2 23  3
At x
: y

3 3

Horizontal tangents: 3 , 3  3

3 , 23, 2 3  3
3 
63. x 2  kx
4x  9 Equate functions. 64. k  x 2
4x  7 Equate functions.

2x  k
4 Equate derivatives. 2x
4 Equate derivatives.

Hence, k
2x  4 and Hence, x
2 and k  4
8  7 ⇒ k
3.

x2 
2x  4 x
4x  9 ⇒ x 2
9 ⇒ x
± 3.
For x
3, k
2 and for x
3, k
10.

k 3
65.
 x3 Equate functions. 66. kx
x  4 Equate functions.
x 4
k

1 Equate derivatives.
k 3 2x
 2
 Equate derivatives.
x 4
Hence, k
2x and
Hence, k
34 x 2 and

2x x
x  4 ⇒ 2x
x  4 ⇒ x
4 ⇒ k
4.
3 2
4x 3 3 3

x3⇒ x
 x3
x 4 4 4
3
⇒ x
3 ⇒ x
2 ⇒ k
3.
2

67. (a) The slope appears to be steepest between A and B. 68. The graph of a function f such y

that f > 0 for all x and the rate

(b) The average rate of change between A and B is
of change the function is decreas-
greater than the instantaneous rate of change at B.
ing
i.e., f  < 0 would, in
y x
(c) general, look like the graph at
the right.
f

B C
A E
D
x

69. g
x
f
x  6 ⇒ g
x
f
x 70. g
x
5 f
x ⇒ g
x
5 f
x
 Section 2.2 Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change 113

y
71. 72. y

3 2
f
1 f
f
1 x
−2 −1 1 3 4
x
3 2 1 1 2 3
f′

2
−3

−4

If f is linear then its derivative is a constant function. If f is quadratic, then its derivative is a linear function.
f
x
ax  b f
x
ax 2  bx  c
f
x
a f
x
2ax  b

73. Let
x1, y1 and
x2, y2 be the points of tangency on y
x 2 and y
x 2  6x  5, respectively.
The derivatives of these functions are:
y
2x ⇒ m
2x 1 and y
2x  6 ⇒ m
2x 2  6
m
2x 1
2x 2  6
x 1
x 2  3
Since y1
x 12 and y2
x 22  6x 2  5: y

y2  y1
x 22  6x 2  5 
x 12 4

m


2x 2  6 3 )2, 3)
x2  x1 x2  x1 2
)1, 1)
1

x 22  6x 2  5 
x 2  32 x

2x 2  6 2 3
x 2 
x 2  3 −1

x 22  6x 2  5 
x 22  6x 2  9

2x 2  6
2x 2  3

2x 22  12x 2  14
4x 22  18x 2  18
2x 22  6x 2  4
0 y

5
2
x 2  2
x 2  1
0 4 )2, 4)
3
x 2
1 or 2 2
1
x 2
1 ⇒ y2
0, x1
2 and y1
4 x
)1, 0) 2 3
−1
Thus, the tangent line through
1, 0 and
2, 4 is −2

y0
42  01
x  1 ⇒ y
4x  4.

x 2
2 ⇒ y2
3, x 1
1 and y1
1
Thus, the tangent line through
2, 3 and
1, 1 is

y1
32  11
x  1 ⇒ y
2x  1.

74. m1 is the slope of the line tangent to y
x. m2 is the slope of the line tangent to y
1x. Since

1 1 1
y
x ⇒ y
1 ⇒ m1
1 and y
⇒ y
2 ⇒ m 2
2 .
x x x

The points of intersection of y
x and y
1x are

1
x
⇒ x 2
1 ⇒ x
± 1.
x

At x
± 1, m 2
1. Since m 2
1m 1, these tangent lines are perpendicular at the points of intersection.
114 Chapter 2 Differentiation

75. f
x
3x  sin x  2 76. f
x
x 5  3x 3  5x

f 
x
3  cos x f 
x
5x 4  9x 2  5

 
Since cos x ≤ 1, f
x  0 for all x and f does not have Since 5x 4  9x 2 ≥ 0, f
x ≥ 5. Thus, f does not have a
a horizontal tangent line. tangent line with a slope of 3.

2
77. f
x
x,
4, 0 78. f
x
,
5, 0
x
1 1
f 
x
x12
2
2 2x f
x

x2
1 0y

2 0y
2x 4  x 

x2 5  x
4  x
2x y
10  2x
x 2 y
4  x
2xx
4  x
2x 10  2x
x 2 2x 
x
4, y
2 10  2x
2x
The point
4, 2 is on the graph of f. 4x
10
02
Tangent line: y2

x  4 5
x
,y

4
4  4 2 5
4y  8
x  4
The point
2 , 5  is on the graph of f. The slope of the
5 4

0
x  4y  4
tangent line is f 
2 
 25.
5 8

Tangent line: y
4
5


8
25x
5
2 
25y  20
8x  20
8x  25y  40
0

79. f
1
1 80. f
4
1

3.64 16

−10 19
0.77 1.24
3.33 −1

81. (a) One possible secant is between
3.9, 7.7019 and
4, 8: 20

8  7.7019
y8

x  4
4  3.9 (4, 8)

−2
y  8
2.981
x  4
12
−2

y
S
x
2.981x  3.924

3 3
(b) f 
x
x12 ⇒ f 
4

2
3
2 2

T
x
3
x  4  8
3x  4
S
x is an approximation of the tangent line T
x.

—CONTINUED—
 Section 2.2 Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change 115

81. —CONTINUED—
(c) As you move further away from
4, 8, the accuracy of the approximation T gets worse.
20

f
T
−2 12
−2

(d)
x 3 2 1  0.5  0.1 0 0.1 0.5 1 2 3
f
4  x 1 2.828 5.196 6.548 7.702 8 8.302 9.546 11.180 14.697 18.520

T
4  x 1 2 5 6.5 7.7 8 8.3 9.5 11 14 17

82. (a) Nearby point:
1.0073138, 1.0221024 (b) f
x
3x 2

1.0221024  1 T
x
3
x  1  1
3x  2

Secant line: y  1

x  1
1.0073138  1 (c) The accuracy worsens as you move away from
1, 1.
y
3.022
x  1  1 2

(Answers will vary.) 2

(1, 1)
−3 3
(1, 1)
f
−3 3 T

−2

−2

(d) x 3 2 1  0.5  0.1 0 0.1 0.5 1 2 3

f
x 8 1 0 0.125 0.729 1 1.331 3.375 8 27 64

T
x 8 5 2  0.5 0.7 1 1.3 2.5 4 7 10

The accuracy decreases more rapidly than in Exercise 81 because y
x 3 is less “linear” than y
x 32.

83. False. Let f
x
x 2 and g
x
x 2  4. Then 84. True. If f
x
g
x  c, then f
x
g
x  0
g
x.
f 
x
g
x
2x, but f
x  g
x.

85. False. If y
 2, then dydx
0.
 2 is a constant. 86. True. If y
x

1

x, then dydx

1
1
1.

1 n
87. True. If g
x
3 f
x, then g
x
3 f
x. 88. False. If f
x

x n, then f 
x
nx n1
n1.
xn x

89. f
t
2t  7, 1, 2 90. f
t
t 2  3, 2, 2.1

f 
t
2 f 
t
2t
Instantaneous rate of change is the constant 2. Instantaneous rate of change:
Average rate of change:

2, 1 ⇒ f
2
2
2
4
f
2  f
1 2
2  7  2
1  7
2.1, 1.41 ⇒ f
2.1
4.2


2
21 1
Average rate of change:
(These are the same because f is a line of slope 2.)
f
2.1  f
2 1.41  1


4.1
2.1  2 0.1
116 Chapter 2 Differentiation

1
91. f
x
 , 1, 2
x 92. f
x
sin x, 0, 6 
1
f 
x
f 
x
cos x
x2
Instantaneous rate of change: Instantaneous rate of change:

1, 1 ⇒ f
1
1
0, 0 ⇒ f 
0
1

6 , 12 ⇒ f  6 

3
2,  21 ⇒ f
2
41 2

0.866

Average rate of change: Average rate of change:

f
6  f
0
12  0 3
f
2  f
1
12 
1 1


0.955



6  0
6  0 
21 21 2

93. (a) s
t
16t 2  1362 94. s
t
16t 2  22t  220
v
t
32t v
t
32t  22

s
2  s
1 v
3
118 ftsec

(b)
1298  1346
48 ftsec
21 s
t
16t 2  22t  220
(c) v
t
s
t
32t

112
height after falling 108 ft
When t
1: v
1
32 ftsec
16t 2  22t  108
0
When t
2: v
2
64 ftsec
2
t  2
8t  27
0
(d) 16t 2  1362
0
t
2
1362 1362
t2
⇒ t

9.226 sec v
2
32
2  22
16 4

86 ftsec
(e) v  1362
4 
32  1362
4 

81362
295.242 ftsec

95. s
t
4.9t 2  v0 t  s0 96. s
t
4.9t 2  v0 t  s0

4.9t 2  120t
4.9t 2  s0
0 when t
6.8.
v
t
9.8t  120 s0
4.9t 2
4.9
6.82
226.6 m
v
5
9.8
5  120
71 msec
v
10
9.8
10  120
22 msec

97. From
0, 0 to
4, 2, s
t
2 t ⇒ v
t
2 mimin.

1 1
98. v

v
t
2
60
1

30 mph for 0 < t < 4 50
Velocity (in mph)

40
Similarly, v
t
0 for 4 < t < 6. Finally, from
6, 2 to 30

10, 6,
20

s
t
t  4 ⇒ v
t
1 miin
60 mph. 10

v t
2 4 6 8 10
60 Time (in minutes)
Velocity (in mph)

50
40
(The velocity has been converted to miles per hour.)
30
20
10
t
2 4 6 8 10
Time (in minutes)
 Section 2.2 Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change 117

99. v
40 mph
23 mimin s

100. This graph corresponds with Exercise 97.

mimin
6 min
4 mi
2 10 s

Distance (in miles)

3 8
(10, 6) 10
v
0 mph
0 mimin

Distance (in miles)

6
(6, 4) 8
4

0 mimin
2 min
0 mi (8, 4) 6
(10, 6)
2

v
60 mph
1 mimin t
4
(0, 0) 2 4 6 8 10 (4, 2)
2 (6, 2)

1 mimin
2 min
2 mi Time (in minutes)
t
(0, 0) 2 4 6 8 10
Time (in minutes)

dT
101. (a) Using a graphing utility, (e)
0.01114v  0.418
dv
R
0.417v  0.02. For v
40, T
40
0.86.
(b) Using a graphing utility, For v
80, T
80
1.31.
B
0.00557v 2  0.0014v  0.04. For v
100, T
100
1.53.
(c) T
R  B
0.00557v 2  0.418v  0.02 (f ) For increasing speeds, the total stopping distance
(d) 80 increases.
T
B

0 120
0

102. C

gallons of fuel used
cost per gallon

15,000
x 

1.55

23,250
x
dC 23,250


dx x2

x 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

C 2325 1550 1163 930 775 664 581

dC
233 103 58 37 26 19 15
dx

The driver who gets 15 miles per gallon would benefit more. The rate of change at x
15 is larger
in absolute value than that at x
35.

dV dA
103. V
s 3,
3s 2 104. A
s 2,
2s
ds ds
dV
When s
4 cm,
48 cm2 per cm change in s. When s
4 m,
ds
dA

8 square meters per meter change in s.
ds
118 Chapter 2 Differentiation

1
105. s
t
 at 2  c and s
t
at
2

s
t0  t  s
t0  t 
12a
t0  t2  c  
12a
t0  t2  c

Average velocity:


t0  t 
t0  t 2 t

12a
t02  2t0 t 
t2 
12a
t02  2t0 t 
t2


2 t
2at 0 t


2 t

at 0

s
t0 instantaneous velocity at t
t0

1,008,000
106. C
 6.3Q
Q
dC 1,008,000

  6.3
dQ Q2

C
351  C
350
5083.095  5085
$1.91

dC
When Q
350,
$1.93.
dQ

107. N
f
p

(a) f 
1.479 is the rate of change of gallons of gasoline sold when the price is $1.479 per gallon.

(b) f
1.479 is usually negative. As prices go up, sales go down.

dT
108.
K
T  Ta 
dt

1
109. y
ax 2  bx  c 110. y
, x > 0
x
Since the parabola passes through
0, 1 and
1, 0,
1
we have: y

x2

0, 1: 1
a
02  b
0  c ⇒ c
1
At
a, b, the equation of the tangent line is

1, 0: 0
a
12  b
1  1 ⇒ b
a  1
1 1 x 2
Thus, y
ax 2 
a  1 x  1. From the tangent line y
 2
x  a or y
  .
a a a2 a
y
x  1, we know that the derivative is 1 at the point

1, 0. The x-intercept is
2a, 0.
y
2ax 
a  1
1
2a
1 
a  1
The y-intercept is 0,  2a.
1
a1
1 1
The area of the triangle is A
bh

2a
2 2
2
a

2. 
a
2 y

b
a  1
3
Therefore, y
2x 2  3x  1.
2
( )
(a, b) = a, a1
1

x
1 2 3
 Section 2.2 Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change 119

111. y
x3  9x
y
3x 2  9
Tangent lines through
1, 9:
y  9

3x 2  9
x  1

x 3  9x  9
3x 3  3x 2  9x  9
0
2x 3  3x 2
x 2
2x  3
x
0 or x
32
The points of tangency are
0, 0 and
2 ,  8 . At
0, 0, the slope is y
0
9. At
2,  8 , the slope is y
2 
 4.
3 81 3 81 3 9

Tangent lines:
y  0
9
x  0 8
4
x  2
y  81 9 3
and
9 27
y
9x y
4 x  4

9x  y
0 9x  4y  27
0

112. y
x2
y
2x
(a) Tangent lines through
0, a:
y  a
2x
x  0
x 2  a
2x 2
a
x 2
± a
x

The points of tangency are
± a, a. At
a, a, the slope is y
a 
2a.
At
 a, a, the slope is y
 a 
2a.
Tangent lines: y  a
2a
x  a  and y  a
2a
x  a 
y
2a x  a y
2a x  a
Restriction: a must be negative.
(b) Tangent lines through
a, 0:
y  0
2x
x  a
x 2
2x 2  2ax
0
x2  2ax
x
x  2a
The points of tangency are
0, 0 and
2a, 4a 2. At
0, 0, the slope is y
0
0. At
2a, 4a 2, the slope is y
2a
4a.
Tangent lines: y  0
0
x  0 and y  4a 2
4a
x  2a
y
0 y
4ax  4a 2
Restriction: None, a can be any real number.
120 Chapter 2 Differentiation

113. f
x
ax 3,

x 2  b,
x ≤ 2
x > 2

f must be continuous at x
2 to be differentiable at x
2.


lim f
x
lim ax 3
8a 8a
4  b
x→2 x→2

lim f
x
lim
x 2  b
4  b 8a  4
b

x→2 x→2

3ax
2
, x < 2
f
x

2x, x > 2

For f to be differentiable at x
2, the left derivative must equal the right derivative.
3a
22
2
2
12a
4
a
13
4
b
8a  4
 3

114. f
x
cos x,

ax  b,
x < 0
x ≥ 0  
115. f1
x
sin x is differentiable for all x  n, n
an integer.

f
0
b
cos
0
1 ⇒ b
1 
f2
x
sin x is differentiable for all x  0.
You can verify this by graphing f1 and f2 and observing
f
x
sin
a,
x, x < 0
x > 0
the locations of the sharp turns.

Hence, a
0.
Answer: a
0, b
1

116. Let f
x
cos x.

f
x  x  f
x
f
x
lim
x→0 x
cos x cos x  sin x sin x  cos x

lim
x→0 x
cos x
cos x  1 sin x

lim
x→0 x
 lim sin x
x→0  x 

0  sin x
1
sin x

Section 2.3 Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives

1. g
x

x 2  1
x 2  2x 2. f
x

6x  5
x  2

3

g
x

x 2  1
2x  2 
x 2  2x
2x f
x

6x  5
3x 2 
x 3  2
6

2x 3  2x 2  2x  2  2x 3  4x 2
18x 3  15x 2  6x 3  12

4x 3  6x 2  2x  2
24x 3  15x 2  12

3. h
t

3 t
t 2  4
t 13
t 2  4
4. g
s
s
4  s 2
s 12
4  s 2
1 1
h
t
t 13
2t 
t 2  4 t 23 g
s
s 12
2s 
4  s 2 s 12
3 2
t 2
 4 4  s 2

2t 43 
2s32 
3t 23 2s12
7t  4
2 4  5s 2



3t 23 2s 12
 Section 2.3 Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives 121

5. f
x
x 3 cos x 6. g
x
x sin x

f
x
x 3
sin x  cos x
3x 2

3x cos x  x sin x
2 3
g
x
x cos x  sin x 2 1 x
x cos x  2 1 x sin x

x t2  2
7. f
x
8. g
t

x2  1 2t  7

x 2  1
1  x
2x 1  x2
2t  7
2t 
t 2  2
2 2t 2  14t  4
f
x

2 g
t



x 2  12
x  12
2t  72
2t  72

3
x x 13 s
9. h
x

10. h
s

x 1
3
x 1
3
s  1

h
x


x 3  113x 23  x 13
3x 2
h
s


s  1
1  s
12 s 12

x 3  12
s  12

x 3  1  x
9x 2 s  1  2 s
1
s  2




3x 23
x 3  12

s  1
2


2 s  1 2
1  8x 3


3x 23
x 3  12

sin x cos t
11. g
x
12. f
t

x2 t3
x 2
cos x  sin x
2x x cos x  2 sin x t 3
sin t  cos t
3t 2 t sin t  3 cos t
g
x

f
t



x 22 x3
t 32 t4

13. f
x

x 3  3x
2x 2  3x  5 14. f
x

x 2  2x  1
x 3  1

f
x

x 3  3x
4x  3 
2x 2  3x  5
3x 2  3 f
x

x 2  2x  1
3x 2 
x 3  1
2x  2

10x 4  12x 3  3x 2  18x  15
3x 2
x  12  2
x  12
x 2  x  1

f
0
15

x  12
5x 2  2x  2
f
1
0

x2  4 x1
15. f
x
16. f
x

x3 x1

x  3
2x 
x 2  4
1
x  1
1 
x  1
1
f
x
f
x


x  32
x  12
2x 2  6x  x 2  4 x1x1




x  32
x  12
x 2  6x  4 2




x  32
x  12
164 1 2
f
1

 f
2

2

1  32 4
2  12

17. f
x
x cos x

f
x

x
sin x 
cos x
1
cos x  x sin x

f 4 

2
2
  
 2
4 2


2
8

4  
122 Chapter 2 Differentiation

sin x
18. f
x

x

x
cos x 
sin x
1
f
x

x2
x cos x  sin x


x2

6
32 
12
f 6 
 236
3 3  18


2
3
3  6


2

Function Rewrite Differentiate Simplify

x 2  2x 1 2 2 2 2x  2
19. y
y
x2  x y
x  y

3 3 3 3 3 3

5x 2  3 5 3 10 5x
20. y
y
x2  y
x y

4 4 4 4 2

7 7 3 7
21. y
y
x y
7x4 y

3x3 3 x4

4 4 8 8
22. y
y
x2 y
 x3 y

5x2 5 5 5x3

4x32 2
23. y
y
4 x, x > 0 y
2x12 y

x x

3x2  5 3 5 6x 6
24. y
y
x2  y
y
x
7 7 7 7 7

3  2x  x 2 x 3  3x  2
25. f
x
26. f
x

x2  1 x2  1

x 2  1
2  2x 
3  2x  x 2
2x
x 2  1
3x 2  3 
x 3  3x  2
2x
f
x
f
x


x 2  12
x 2  12
2x 2  4x  2 2
x  12 x 4  6x 2  4x  3


2


x 2  12
x  12
x 2  12
2

, x1

x  12

x1
27. f
x
x 1   4
x3 

x
4x
x3

28. f
x
x 4 1 
2
x1

x4 
x1


x  34  4x
1
f
x
1 

x  32
f
x
x 4

x 
1x  1
x  1 
xx  11
4x 
2
3

x 2  6x  9  12


x 2 1  

xx 11 
4x 
2


x4 3

x  32 2 2

x 2  6x  3 2x 2  x  2



x  32

2x 3

x  12 
 Section 2.3 Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives 123

2x  5
29. f
x

2x 12  5x 12
x

2x  5 2x  5


5 5
f
x
x 12  x 32
x 32 x 


2 2 2x x 2x 32

30. f
x

3
x
x  3
x 13
x 12  3 Alternate solution:
f
x


3 x x  3

f
x
x 13 12 x  
x
12 12
 3 13 x 
23

x56  3x13
5 16 5

x  x 23 f
x
x16  x23
6 6
5 1 5 1



6x 16 x 23 6x16 x23

31. h
s

s 3  22
s 6  4s 3  4 32. h
x

x 2  12
x 4  2x 2  1

h
s
6s 5  12s 2
6s 2
s 3  2 h
x
4x 3  4x
4x
x 2  1

2 
1x 2x  1 2x  1
33. f
x



x3 x
x  3 x 2  3x

x 2  3x2 
2x  1
2x  3 2x 2  6x  4x 2  8x  3
f
x



x 2  3x2
x 2  3x2
2x 2  2x  3 2x 2  2x  3


 2

x  3x
2 2 x
x  32

2x  x 1 1
2x  x x 1
2
34. g
x
x 2

x  12x  x 2
1 2
x 2  2x  1  x 2  2x x 2  2x  2

g
x
2 



x  12
x  12
x  12

35. f
x

3x 3  4x
x  5
x  1

f
x

9x 2  4
x  5
x  1 
3x 3  4x
1
x  1 
3x 3  4x
x  5
1


9x 2  4
x 2  4x  5  3x 4  3x 3  4x 2  4x  3x 4  15x 3  4x 2  20x

9x 4  36x 3  41x 2  16x  20  6x 4  12x 3  8x 2  16x

15x 4  48x 3  33x 2  32x  20

36. f
x

x 2  x
x 2  1
x 2  x  1

f
x

2x  1
x 2  1
x 2  x  1 
x 2  x
2x
x 2  x  1 
x 2  x
x 2  1
2x  1


2x  1
x 4  x 3  2x 2  x  1 
x 2  x
2x 3  2x 2  2x 
x 2  x
2x 3  x 2  2x  1

2x 5  x 4  3x 3  x  1  2x 5  2x 2  2x 5  x 4  x 3  x 2  x

6x 5  4x 3  3x 2  1
124 Chapter 2 Differentiation

x2  c2 c2  x2
37. f
x
38. f
x

x2  c2 c2  x2

x 2  c 2
2x 
x 2  c 2
2x
c 2  x 2
2x 
c 2  x 2
2x
f
x
f
x


x 2  c 22
c 2  x 22
4xc2 4xc 2




x2  c22
c 2  x 22

39. f
t
t 2 sin t 40. f


 1 cos

f 
t
t2 cos t  2t sin t f


 1
sin  
cos 
1

t
t cos t  2 sin t
cos 
 1 sin

cos t sin x
41. f
t
42. f
x

t x
t sin t  cos t t sin t  cos t x cos x  sin x
f
t

 f
x

t2 t2 x2

43. f
x
x  tan x 44. y
x  cot x

f
x
1  sec2 x
tan2 x y
1  csc2 x
cot2 x

1
45. g
t

4 t  8 sec t
t 14  8 sec t 46. h
s
 10 csc s
s
1 1
g
t
t 34  8 sec t tan t
34  8 sec t tan t 1
4 4t h
s
  10 csc s cot s
s2

3
1  sin x 3 sec x

47. y


sec x  tan x 48. y

2 cos x 2 x
3 3 x sec x tan x  sec x
y

sec x tan x  sec 2 x
sec x
tan x  sec x y

2 2 x2
3 sec x
x tan x  1


sec x tan x  tan2 x  1

2 x2

49. y
csc x  sin x 50. y
x sin x  cos x

y
csc x cot x  cos x y
x cos x  sin x  sin x
x cos x
cos x

 cos x
sin2 x

cos x
csc2 x  1

cos x cot2 x

51. f
x
x 2 tan x 52. f
x
sin x cos x

f
x
x 2 sec2 x  2x tan x f
x
sin x
sin x  cos x
cos x

x
x sec2 x  2 tan x
cos 2x

53. y
2x sin x  x 2 cos x 54. h

5 sec  tan

y
2x cos x  2 sin x  x 2
sin x  2x cos x h

5 sec tan  5 sec  sec2  tan

4x cos x  2 sin x  x 2 sin x
 Section 2.3 Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives 125

xx  12
2x  5 x x x 1 3
x

2
55. g
x
56. f
x
2
2
 x  1

2x 2  8x  1 x 5  2x 3  2x 2  2
g
x
(Form of answer may vary.) f
x
2 (Form of answer may vary.)

x  22
x 2  12

sin
57. g

58. f


1  sin 1  cos
1  sin  cos 1 cos  1
g

(Form of answer may vary.) f




sin  12 cos  1
1  cos 2

(Form of answer may vary.)

1  csc x
59. y

1  csc x

1  csc x
csc x cot x 
1  csc x
csc x cot x 2 csc x cot x
y



1  csc x2
1  csc x2
2
2
3 
y 6 

1  22

4 3

sec t
60. f
x
tan x cot x
1 61. h
t

t
f
x
0 t
sec t tan t 
sec t
1 sec t
t tan t  1
h
t


f
1
0 t2 t2
sec 
 tan   1 1
h


2
2 

62. f
x
sin x
sin x  cos x 63. (a) f
x

x 3  3x  1
x  2,
1, 3
f 
x
sin x
cos x  sin x 
sin x  cos x cos x f
x

x 3  3x  1
1 
x  2
3x 2  3

sin x cos x  sin2 x  sin x cos x  cos2 x
4x 3  6x 2  6x  5

sin 2x  cos 2x f
1
1; Slope at
1, 3

f 4 
sin 2  cos 2
1 Tangent line: y  3
1
x  1 ⇒ y
x  2

(b) 10

− 10 10
(1, − 3)

− 10

x
64. (a) f
x

x  1
x 2  2,
0, 2 65. (a) f
x
,
2, 2
x1
f
x

x  1
2x 
x 2  2
1
3x 2  2x  2
x  1
1  x
1 1
f
x


f
0
2; Slope at
0, 2
x  12
x  12

Tangent line: y  2
2x ⇒ y
2x  2 1

f
2

1; Slope at
2, 2

2  12
(b) 4

Tangent line: y  2
1
x  2 ⇒ y
x  4

6
−4 4 (b)

(2, 2)
−4 −3 6

−3
126 Chapter 2 Differentiation

66. (a) f
x

x1
x1
, 2, 13 67. (a) f
x
tan x, 4 , 1

x  1
1 
x  1
1 2 f
x
sec2 x
f
x



x  12
x  12
f 4 
2; Slope at 4 , 1
2
f
2
; Slope at 2,
9
1
3   
1 2 2 1
Tangent line: y1
2 x 4 
Tangent line: y 

x  2 ⇒ y
x 
3 9 9 9 
y  1
2x 
(b) 4 2
4x  2y    2
0
−3 4
6 (b)
( π4 , 1(
− 
−4

−4

68. (a) f
x
sec x, 3 , 2 (b) 6

f
x
sec x tan x

3 
2 3; Slope at 3 , 2

− 
f
−2


Tangent line: 
y  2
2 3 x 
3 
6 3x  3y  6  2 3
0

3, 23
8 27
69. f
x
;
2, 1 70. f
x
;
x2  4 x2  9

x 2  4
0  8
2x 16x
x 2  9
0  27
2x 54x
f 
x

2 f 
x

2

x 2  42
x  42
x 2  92
x  92
16
2 1 54
3 1
f 
2

 f 
3



4  42 2
9  92 2
1 3 1
y  1

x  2 y

x  3
2 2 2
1 1
y
 x2 y
x3
2 2
2y  x  4
0 2y  x  6
0

71. f
x

16x
x 2  16
; 2,  58 72. f
x

4x
x2  6
; 2, 45

x 2  16
16  16x
2x 25616x 2
x 2  6
4  4x
2x 244x2
f 
x

2 f 
x

2

x 2  162
x  162
x 2  62
x  62
24  16 2
256  16
4 12 f 
2


f 
2

10 2 25
20 2 25
4 2
8 12 y

x  2
y 

x  2 5 25
5 25
2 16
12 16 y
x
y
x 25 25
25 25
25y  2x  16
0
25y  12x  16
0
 Section 2.3 Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives 127

x2 x2 4x  2
73. f
x
74. f
x
75. f
x

x1 x2 1 x2

x  1
2x  x 2
1
x 2  1
2x 
x 2
2x x 2
4 
4x  2
2x

f
x
f
x
f
x


x  12
x 2  12 x4

x 2  2x x
x  2 2x 4x 2  8x 2  4x






x  12
x  12

x2  12 x4
f
x
0 when x
0 or x
2. f
x
0 when x
0. 4  4x


x3
Horizontal tangents are at
0, 0 Horizontal tangent is at
0, 0.
and
2, 4. f 
x
0 for 4  4x
0 ⇒ x
1.
f
1
2
f has a horizontal tangent at
1, 2.

x4
76. f
x

x2  7

x2  7
1 
x  4
2x x2  7  2x2  8x x2  8x  7
x  7
x  1
f 
x





x  7
2 2

x  7
2 2

x2  72
x2  72
1 1
f 
x
0 for x
1, 7; f
1
, f
7

2 14

f has horizontal tangents at 1,  12 and 7, 141 .

x1 x
77. f
x
78. f
x

x1 x1

x  1 
x  1 2
x  1  x 1
f 
x

f 
x



x  12
x  12
x  12
x  12
1 1 Let
x, y

x, x
x  1 be a
2y  x
6 ⇒ y
 x  3; Slope:  point of tangency on the graph y
2 2 (−1, 5) f(x) = x
x−1
of f.
2 1 6

 5 
x
x  1 1

x  12 2
y = −x + 4
1  x
x  12 (2, 2)

x  1
4 2 y = − 4x + 1
4x  5 1
x  1
±2
−4 −2
x

x  1
x  1
x  12 2 4
−2 (12 , − 1)
x
1, 3; f
1
0, f
3
2
4x  5
x  1
x  1
1 1 1 4x 2  10x  4
0
y  0

x  1 ⇒ y
 x 
2 2 2
1
1 1 7
x  2
2x  1
0 ⇒ x
, 2
y  2

x  3 ⇒ y
 x  2
2 2 2

2y + x = 7
y
f(x) =
x+1
x−1
f 12
1, f
2
2; f  12
4, f 
2
1
6

Two tangent lines:

(3, 2)
(−1, 0)

−6 −4 −2
−2
2 4 6
x y  1
4 x   1
2  ⇒ y
4x  1
−4
y  2
1
x  2 ⇒ y
x  4
−6 2y + x = −1
128 Chapter 2 Differentiation

x  23  3x
1 6 x
cos x  3 
sin x  3x
1 x cos x  sin x

79. f
x

80. f
x



x  22
x  22 x2 x2

x  25 
5x  4
1 6 x
cos x  2 
sin x  2x
1 x cos x  sin x
g
x

g
x



x  22
x  22 x2 x2
5x  4 3x 2x  4 sin x  2x sin x  3x  5x
g
x


f
x  2 g
x


f
x  5

x  2
x  2
x  2 x x
f and g differ by a constant. f and g differ by a constant.

81. (a) p
x
f 
xg
x  f
xg
x 82. (a) p
x
f 
xg
x  f
xg
x

p
1
f 
1g
1  f
1g
1
1
4  6   21
1 1

p
4

8  1
0
4
2
g
x f 
x  f
xg
x g
x f 
x  f
xg
x
(b) q
x
(b) q
x

g
x2 g
x2
3
1  7
0 1 4
2  4
1 12 3
q
4

 q
7



32 3 42 16 4

83. Area
A
t

2t  1 t
2t32  t12 84. V
 r 2h

t  2 12 t

A
t
2 32 t   21 t
12 12
1


t 32  2t 12
2
1

3t12  t12 3t  2
2 V
t

1 3 12
2 2
t  t 12 
4t 12
 cubic inchessec
6t  1 2

cm sec
2 t

200 x  30 
x k
85. C
100  , 1 ≤ x 86. P

x 2 V

 
dC 400 30 dP k

100  3 
 2
dx x
x  302 dV V

dC
(a) When x
10:
$38.13
dx
dC
(b) When x
15:
$10.37
dx
dC
(c) When x
20:
$3.80
dx
As the order size increases, the cost per item decreases.


4t Gm1m2
87. P
t
500 1  88. F

Gm1m2 d 2
50  t 2 d2

50  t 2
4 
4t
2t 2 Gm1m2
P
t
500

50  t 22 
dF
dd

F
d

d3
200  4t 2

500

50  t  2 2

5050  tt  
2

2000 2 2

P
2  31.55 bacteria per hour

 Section 2.3 Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives 129

1
89. (a) sec x

cos x

cos x
0 
1
sin x


d d 1 sin x 1 sin x
dx
sec x

dx cos x



cos x2



cos x cos x cos x

cos x
sec x tan x
1
(b) csc x

sin x

sin x
0 
1
cos x


d d 1 cos x 1 cos x
dx
csc x

dx sin x



sin x2


sin x sin x


sin x

sin x

csc x cot x

cos x
(c) cot x

sin x
sin x
sin x 
cos x
cos x sin2 x  cos2 x


d d cos x 1
cot x



 2
csc2 x
dx dx sin x
sin x2 sin2 x sin x

90. f
x
sec x

g
x
csc x, 0, 2
f
x
g
x
1 sin x
sec x tan x

cos x cos x sin3 x

sec x tan x
csc x cot x ⇒
1 ⇒
1 ⇒
1 ⇒ tan3 x
1 ⇒ tan x
1
csc x cot x 1 cos x cos3 x

sin x sin x
3 7
x
,
4 4

91. (a) n
t
3.5806t 3  82.577t 2  603.60t  1667.5 (b) 350 12

v
t
0.1361t 3  3.165t 2  23.02t  59.8

n(t)
v
t 0.1361t3  3.165t 2  23.02t  59.8 v(t)
(c) A


n
t 3.5806t3  82.577t 2  603.60t  1667.5 5 12 5 12
0 0
0.05

(d) A
t represents the rate of change of the average retail

value per 1000 motor homes.

5 12
0

A represents the average retail value (in millions of

dollars) per 1000 motor homes.

r
92. (a) sin

rh
(b) h

r
csc
cot 
r  h
r csc h
30
h 6 
h
r csc  r
r
csc  1

3960
2
3 
7920 3 miradian

32
93. f
x
4x32 94. f
x
x 
x2
f
x
6x12
64
f
x
1 
3 x3
f 
x
3x12

x
192
f 
x

x4
130 Chapter 2 Differentiation

f
x

x x2  2x  1 1
95.
x1 96. f
x

x2
x x

x  1
1  x
1 1 1
f
x

f
x
1 

x  12
x  12 x2
2 2
f 
x
f 
x


x  13 x3

97. f
x
3 sin x 98. f
x
sec x

f 
x
3 cos x f
x
sec x tan x
f 
x
3 sin x f 
x
sec x
sec2 x  tan x
sec x tan x

sec x
sec2 x  tan2 x

99. f 
x
x2 100. f 
x
2  2x1 101. f
x
2 x 102. f
4
x
2x  1

f 
x
2x 2 1 1
f 
x
2x2
f
4
x

2x12
f
5
x
2
x2 2 x
f
6
x
0

103. y
104. The graph of a differentiable function f such that f > 0
4
and f  < 0 for all real numbers x would, in general, look
like the graph below.
3
y
2

x
1 2 3 4

f
2
0 f
x

One such function is f
x

x  2 2.

105. f
x
2g
x  h
x 106. f
x
4  h
x

f
x
2g
x  h
x f
x
h
x
f
2
2g
2  h
2 f
2
h
2
4

2
2  4

0

g
x
107. f
x
108. f
x
g
xh
x
h
x
f
x
g
xh
x  h
xg
x
h
xg
x  g
xh
x
f
x

h
x2 f
2
g
2h
2  h
2g
2
h
2g
2  g
2h
2

3
4 
1
2
f
2

h
22

14

1
2 
3
4



12

10
 Section 2.3 Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives 131

y
109. 110. y

f′
2
3 f′ f

1 f f ′′

x x
2 1 1 2 −2 −1 2 3 4
−1

−2

f″

It appears that f is cubic; so f  would be quadratic and It appears that f is quadratic; so f would be linear and f 
f  would be linear. would be constant.

y
111. y
112. y
113.
4 f″ 4
f′ 3
3 f′ f′ f″
2
2
1
1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 1 x
π 2π
−1 2
−3
f″ x −2
−4 −3 −1
−4 −3
−1
−5 −4

114. y
115. v
t
36  t 2, 0 ≤ t ≤ 6
2
a
t
2t
1
f″ f′ v
3
27 msec
x
π
2
π
a
3
6 msec2
The speed of the object is decreasing.

100t 1500
116. v
t
(a) a
5

2.4 ftsec2
2t  15 2
5  152

2t  15
100 
100t
2 (b) a
10

1500
 1.2 ftsec2
a
t
2
10  152

2t  152
1500 1500

(c) a
20
 0.5 ftsec2

2t  152 2
20  152

117. s
t
8.25t 2  66t Average velocity on:

v
t
16.50t  66 57.75  0
0, 1 is
57.75.
10
a
t
16.50
99  57.75
1, 2 is
41.25.
t
sec 0 1 2 3 4 21
s
t
ft 0 57.75 99 123.75 132 123.75  99
v
t
s
t
ftsec 2, 3 is
24.75.
66 49.5 33 16.5 0 32
a
t
v
t
ftsec2  16.5  16.5  16.5  16.5  16.5
132  123.75
3, 4 is
8.25.
43
132 Chapter 2 Differentiation

118. (a) y (b) The particle speeds up (accelerates) when a > 0 and
16 slows down when a < 0.
12
8
s Answers will vary.
4 v
t
−1 1 4 5 6 7

s position function
v velocity function
a acceleration function

1
119. f
x
x n 120. f
x

x
f
n
x
n
n  1
n  2 . . .
2
1
n!

1n
n
n  1
n  2 . . .
2
1
f
n
x

Note: n!
n
n  1 . . . 3
2
1 (read “n factorial”) x n1

1nn!


x n1

121. f
x
g
xh
x

(a) f
x
g
xh
x  h
xg
x
f 
x
g
xh
x  g
xh
x  h
xg
x  h
xg
x

g
xh
x  2g
xh
x  h
xg
x
f
x
g
xh
x  g
xh
x  2g
xh
x  2g
xh
x  h
xg
x  h
xg
x

g
xh
x  3g
x h
x  3g
xh
x  g
xh
x
f
4
x
g
xh
4
x  g
xh
x  3g
xh
x  3g
xh
x  3g
xh
x  3g
xh
x
 g
xh
x  g
4
xh
x

g
xh
4
x  4g
xh
x  6g
xh
x  4g
xh
x  g
4
xh
x
n
n  1
n  2 . . .
2
1 n
n  1
n  2 . . .
2
1
(b) f
n
x
g
xh
n
x  g
xh
n1
x  g
xh
n2
x
1
n  1
n  2 . . .
2
1
2
1
n  2
n  3 . . .
2
1
n
n  1
n  2 . . .
2
1
 g
xh
n3
x  . . .

3
2
1
n  3
n  4 . . .
2
1
n
n  1
n  2 . . .
2
1
n1
 g
xh
x  g
n
xh
x

n  1
n  2 . . .
2
1
1
n! n!

g
xh
n
x  g
xh
n1
x  g
xh
n2
x  . . .
1!
n  1! 2!
n  2!
n!
 g
n1
xh
x  g
n
xh
x

n  1!1!
Note: n!
n
n  1 . . . 3
2
1 (read “n factorial”)

122. x f
x
x f
x  f
x

x f
x
x f 
x  f
x  f
x
x f 
x  2 f
x
x f
x
x f
x  f 
x  2 f 
x
x f
x  3 f 
x
In general, x f
x
n
x f
n
x  n f
n1
x.
 Section 2.3 Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives 133

cos x
123. f
x
x n sin x 124. f
x

xn cos x
xn
f
x
x n cos x  nx n1 sin x
f
x
xn sin x  nxn1 cos x


x cos x  n sin x
x n1

xn1
x sin x  n cos x
When n
1: f
x
x cos x  sin x
x sin x  n cos x


When n
2: f
x
x
x cos x  2 sin x xn1
When n
3: f
x
x2
x cos x  3 sin x x sin x  cos x
When n
1: f
x

x2
When n
4: f
x
x3
x cos x  4 sin x
x sin x  2 cos x
When n
2: f
x

For general n, f
x
x n1
x cos x  n sin x. x3
x sin x  3 cos x
When n
3: f
x

x4
x sin x  4 cos x
When n
4: f
x

x5
x sin x  n cos x
For general n, f
x
 .
x n1

1 1 2
125. y
, y
 2 , y
3 126. y
2x3  6x  10
x x x
y
6x 2  6



2 1
x3y  2x2y
x3  2x 2  2
2  2
0
x3 x y
12x
y
12
y  xy  2y
12  x
12x  2
6x 2  6
24x2

127. y
2 sin x  3 128. y
3 cos x  sin x

y
2 cos x y
3 sin x  cos x
y
2 sin x y
3 cos x  sin x
y  y
2 sin x 
2 sin x  3
3 y  y

3 cos x  sin x 
3 cos x  sin x
0

129. False. If y
f
xg
x, then 130. True. y is a fourth-degree 131. True

polynomial.
dy h
c
f
cg
c  g
c f
c

f
xg
x  g
x f
x. dny
dx
0 when n > 4.
dx n
f
c
0  g
c
0

0

132. True 133. True 134. True.

If v
t
c then a
t
v
t
0.

135. f
x
ax 2  bx  c
f 
x
2ax  b
x-intercept at
1, 0: 0
a  b  c

2, 7 on graph: 7
4a  2b  c
Slope 10 at
2, 7: 10
4a  b
Subtracting the third equation from the second, 3
b  c. Subtracting this equation from the first, 3
a.
Then, 10
4
3  b ⇒ b
2. Finally, 3

2  c ⇒ c
1.
f
x
3x 2  2x  1
134 Chapter 2 Differentiation

136. f
x  ax3  bx 2  cx  d, a  0

f

x  3ax 2  2bx  c
2b ± 4b2  12ac
f

x  0 ⇒ x 
6a

(a) No horizontal tangents: f

x  0 (b) Exactly one horizontal tangent (c) Exactly two horizontal tangents
4b2  12ac < 0 4b2  12ac  0 4b2  12ac > 0
Example: a  c  1, b  0: Example: a  1, b  3, c  3: Example: b  1, a  1, c  0:
f
x  x3  x f
x  x3  3x 2  3x f
x  x3  x 2

x
x , if x ≥ 0
2

137. f
x  x x  2
, if x < 0
138. (a)
fg
 f
g
 fg  f
g
 f
g
 f g
 fg  f g True
f

x  
2x, if x < 0
2x, if x ≥ 0
 2x
(b)
fg 
fg
 f
g

f 
x  
2, if x > 0  fg  f
g
 f
g
 f g
2, if x < 0
 fg  2f
g
 f  g
f 
0 does not exist since the left and right derivatives
 fg  f g False
are not equal.

Section 2.4 The Chain Rule

y  f
g
x u  g
x y  f
u

1. y 
6x  54 u  6x  5 y  u4

1
2. y  ux1 y  u12
x  1

3. y  x2  1 u  x2  1 y  u

4. y  3 tan
 x 2 u   x2 y  3 tan u

5. y  csc3 x u  csc x y  u3

3x 3x
6. y  cos u y  cos u
2 2

7. y 
2x  73 8. y  3
4  x 25

y
 3
2x  72
2  6
2x  72 y
 15
4  x 24
2x  30x
4  x 24

9. g
x  3
4  9x4 10. f
t 
9t  223

g

x  12
4  9x3
9  108
4  9x3 2 6
f

t 
9t  213
9  3
3 9t  2
 Section 2.4 The Chain Rule 135

11. f
t 
1  t12 12. g
x  5  3x 
5  3x12

1 1 1 3
f

t 
1  t12
1   g

x 
5  3x12
3 
2 21  t 2 25  3x

13. y 
9x2  413 14. g
x  x2  2x  1  
x  12  x  1  

1
y

9x2  423
18x 
3
6x

9x2  423
g

x  1,1, x > 1
x < 1

15. y  2
4  x 214 16. f
x  3

4 2  9x

x f
x  3
2  9x14

y
 2 14
4  x 2 34
2x  4
4  x23

3 27
f

x  
2  9x34
9 
4 4
2  9x34

1
17. y 
x  21 18. s
t  19. f
t 
t  32
t2  3t  1
1 2
y
 1
x  22
1  s
t 
t 2  3t  11 f

t  2
t  33 

x  22
t  33
s

t  1
t 2  3t  12
2t  3

2t  3


t2  3t  12

20. y  
5

t  33
21. y 
x  212 22. g
t  t 2
1
2
dy 1
y  5
t  33  
x  232 g
t 
t 2  212
dx 2
15 1
y
 15
t  34  1 g

t  
t 2  232
2t

t  34  2
2
x  232
t


t 2  232

23. f
x  x2
x  24 24. f
x  x
3x  93

f

x  x2
4
x  23
1 
x  24
2x f

x  x
3
3x  92
3 
3x  93
1

 2x
x  23
2x 
x  2 
3x  92
9x  3x  9

 2x
x  23
3x  2  27
x  32
4x  3

1
25. y  x1  x2  x
1  x212 26. y  x 216  x 2
2

 2
1  x 
1
y
 x 2 12
2x 
1  x212
1 1 1

y
 x 2
16  x 212
2x  x
16  x 212
2 2
 x2
1  x212 
1  x212
x3
  x16  x 2

1  x212
x2 
1  x2 216  x 2
1  2x2 x
3x 2  32
 
1  x2 216  x 2
136 Chapter 2 Differentiation

x x
27. y   x
x2  112 28. y 
x2 1 x  4
4

x 4  412
1  x 12
x 4  412
4x 3

1
y
 x 
x2  132
2x 
x2  112
1 y

2 x4  4
 x2
x2  132 
x2  112 x 4  4  2x 4


x 4  432

x2  132
x2 
x2  1
4  x4
1 
 2
x 4  432

x  132

t
2

xx  52
t2
29. g
x  30. h
t 
2 3
2

xx  52 
x  2 
x  5
2x

t t2

t  2
2t  t 2
3t 2

2 3
g

x  2 h

t  2
2
x 2  22 3
2
t 3  22
2
x  5
2  10x  x 2 2t 2
4t  t 4 2t 3
4  t 3
   3

x 2  23
t 3  23
t  23

112vv
3

3x2x  32
2
31. f
v  32. g
x 

112vv 
1  v

2 
1  2v

2


2x  3
6x
2x 
33x  2
2

2
3x 2  2

2
f

v  3 g

x  3
1  v 2
2x  3 2

9
1  2v2 3
3x 2  22
6x 2  18x  4

 

1  v4
2x  34
6
3x 2  22
3x 2  9x  2


2x  34

33. y 
x  1
x2  1
2 34. y  x 2x 1 7

y y
1  3x2  4x32 1
y
 −1 5
y

2x
x2  12 y′ 2x
x  132
y′

−6 6
The zero of y
corresponds to −2 y
has no zeros. −1
the point on the graph of y
where the tangent line is horizontal.

35. y  x x 1 4 36. g
x  x  1  x  1

1 1

x  1x y g

x  
y
  2x  1 2x  1
2x
x  1 −5 4
y′
g
has no zeros. 6
y
has no zeros. −2
g

g′
−2 10

−2
 Section 2.4 The Chain Rule 137

cos  x  1 1
37. y 3 38. y  x2 tan 6
x y x
y
dy   x sin  x  cos  x  1 −5 dy 1 1
 5
 2x tan  sec2 −4 5
dx x2 y′
dx x x y′

 x sin  x  cos  x  1 −3 The zeros of y
correspond to

 −6
x2 the points on the graph of y
where the tangent lines are horizontal.
The zeros of y
correspond to the points on the graph of y
where the tangent lines are horizontal.

y  sin x y  sin 2x
39. (a)
y
 cos x
(b)
40. (a) y  sin 3x (b) y  sin 2x
y
 2 cos 2x
y
 3 cos 3x
y

0  1 y

0  2
y

0  3
y
 12 cos2x
1 cycle in
0, 2 2 cycles in
0, 2
3 cycles in
0, 2 1
y

0 
The slope of sin ax at the 2
origin is a.
Half cycle in
0, 2
The slope of sin ax at the
origin is a.

41. y  cos 3x 42. y  sin  x 43. g
x  3 tan 4x 44. h
x  sec
x2

dy dy g

x  12 sec2 4x h

x  2x sec
x2 tan
x2

 3 sin 3x   cos  x
dx dx

45. y  sin
 x2  sin
 2x 2 46. y  cos
1  2x2  cos

1  2x2

y
 cos
 2 x2
2 2x  2 2x cos
 2x 2 y
 sin
1  2x2
2
1  2x
2
 4
1  2x sin
1  2x2

47. h
x  sin 2x cos 2x 48. g
  sec
12  tan
12 

h

x  sin 2x
2 sin 2x  cos 2x
2 cos 2x g

  sec
12  sec2
12 12  tan
12  sec
12  tan
12 12
 2 cos2 2x  2 sin2 2x  12 sec
12 
sec2
12   tan2
12 
 2 cos 4x
Alternate solution: h
x  2 sin 4x
1

h

x  2 cos 4x
4  2 cos 4x

1

cot x cos x cos v

49. f
x   2 50. g
v   cos v
sin v
sin x sin x csc v
sin2 x
sin x  cos x
2 sin x cos x g

v  cos v
cos v  sin v
sin v
f

x 
sin4 x
 cos2 v  sin2 v  cos 2v
sin2 x2 cos2 x 1  cos2 x
 
sin3 x sin3 x

51. y  4 sec2 x 52. g
t  5 cos 2  t  5
cos  t2 53. f
  14 sin2 2  14
sin 2 2
y
 8 sec x
sec x tan x g

t  10 cos  t
sin  t
 f

  2
14 
sin 2 
cos 2 
2
 8 sec2 x tan x  10
sin  t
cos  t 1
 sin 2 cos 2  2 sin 4
 5 sin 2 t
138 Chapter 2 Differentiation

54. h
t  2 cot2
 t  2 55. f
t   3 sec2
 t  1

h

t  4 cot
 t  2
csc2
 t  2
 f

t  6 sec
 t  1 sec
 t  1 tan
 t  1

 4 cot
 t  2 csc2
 t  2 6 sin
 t  1
 6 sec2
 t  1 tan
 t  1 
cos3
 t  1

1
56. y  3x  5 cos
 x 2 57. y  x  sin
2x 2
4
 3x  5 cos
 2x 2
1
 x  sin
4x2
dy 4
 3  5 sin
 2x 2
2 2x
dx
dy 1 12 1
 x  cos
4x2
8x
 3  10 2x sin
x2 dx 2 4
1
  2x cos
2x2
2x

58. y  sin x13 
sin x13 59. s
t 
t 2  2t  812,
2, 4

13 x  31
sin x
1 2
y
 cos x13 23 23
cos x s

t 
t  2t  812
2t  2
2
t1

1 cos x13

cos x
  
3 x23
sin x23 t 2  2t  8

3
s

2 
4

60. y 
3x3  4x15,
2, 2 61. f
x 

3
x3  4
 3
x3  41, 1,  53
1
y

3x3  4x45
9x2  4 9x2
5 f

x  3
x3  42
3x2  

x3  42
9x2  4
 9
5
3x3  4x45 f

1  
25
1
y

2 
2

3t  2
62. f
x 
1

x2  3x2

x2  3x2, 4, 161 63. f
t 
t1
,
0, 2

2
2x  3
t  1
3 
3t  2
1 5

f

x  2
x2  3x3
2x  3  f

t  

x2  3x3
t  12
t  12
5 f

0  5
f

4  
32

x1
64. f
x  ,
2, 3 65. y  37  sec3
2x,
0, 36
2x  3
y
 3 sec2
2x
2 sec(2x tan
2x

2x  3
1 
x  1
2 5
f

x  

2x  32
2x  32  6 sec3
2x tan
2x
f

2  5 y

0  0
 Section 2.4 The Chain Rule 139

66. y 
1
x
 cos x, 2 , 2
1 sin x
y
  
x2 2cos x
y

2 is undefined.

67. (a) f
x  3x2  2 ,
3, 5 (b) 7

1 3x (3, 5)
f

x 
3x2  212
6x 
2 3x2  2
−5 5

9
f

3  −3
5
Tangent line:
9
y  5 
x  3 ⇒ 9x  5y  2  0
5

1
68. (a) f
x  xx2  5 ,
2, 2 (b) 6
3


1 1 1
f

x  x
x2  512
2x 
x2  512 −9 9
3 2 3
x2 1
  x2  5 −6
3x2  5 3
4 1 13
f

2  
3 
3
3 3 9
13
Tangent line: y  2 
x  2 ⇒ 13x  9y  8  0
9

69. (a) y 
2x3  12,
1, 1 70. (a) f
x 
9  x 223,
1, 4
y
 2
2x3  1
6x 2  12x 2
2x3  1 2 4x
f

x 
9  x 213
2x 
3 3
9  x213
y

1  12
1  12
4 2
f

1  
Tangent line: y  1  12
x  1 3
813 3
2
y  12x  11 Tangent line: y  4  
x  1
3
(b) 4
2 14
y x
3 3
(− 1, 1) (b) 6
−3 2
(1, 4)
−1

−2 5

−1

71. (a) f
x  sin 2x,
, 0 (b) 2

f

x  2 cos 2x
(π , 0)
0 2
f

  2
Tangent line: −2

y  2
x   ⇒ 2x  y  2  0
140 Chapter 2 Differentiation

72. (a) y  cos 3x, 4 ,  22 

73. (a) f
x  tan2 x, 4 , 1
y
 3 sin 3x f

x  2 tan x sec2 x

y
4  3 sin34  32

2
f
4  2
1
2  4
32 

2 Tangent line:
Tangent line: y   x
2 2 4

32 32  2
y14 x  4
⇒ 4x  y 
1    0
y x 
2 8 2
(b) 4

(b) 2

( π4 , − 22 ( − 

−π
2
π
2 ( (
π
4
,1

−4
−2

74. (a) y  2 tan3 x, 4 , 2 75. (a) g
t 

t 2
3t 2
 2t  1
, 12, 32
y
 6 tan2 x
sec2 x 3t
t 2  3t  2
g

t  

t 2  2t  132
y
4  6
1
2  12

g
12  3
Tangent line: y  2  12 x  

4 3 1
(b) y   3 x 
2 2
y  12x  2  3
y  3x  3
(b) 3

(c) 5
( π4 , 2(
−π π
2 2
−2
(12 , 32 ( 4
−1

−2

4  2t1  t
76. (a) f
x  x
2  x2,
4, 8 77. (a) s
t  
3
, 0, 43

x  2
5x  2
f

x  21  t 2t
2x s

t  
3 31  t
f

4  9
s

0  0
(b) y  8  9
x  4
4
(b) y   0
x  0
y  9x  28 3
(c) 12 4
y
3
(4, 8)
(c) 3

0 6 (0, 43 (
0

−2 4

−1
 Section 2.4 The Chain Rule 141

78. (a) y 
t 2  9t  2,
2, 10 79. f
x  25  x2,
3, 4
5t 2  8t  9 x
y
 f

x 
2t  2 25  x2

27 3
y

2  f

3  
4 4
27 3
(b) y  10 
t  2 y  4  
x  3
4 4
27 47 3 25
y t y   x  ; Tangent line
4 2 4 4
(c) 3 8

−2 5
(3, 4)

−9 9
(2, −10)

−18 −4

80. f
x 
x ,
1, 1 81. f
x  2 cos x  sin 2x, 0 < x < 2
2  x2
f

x  2 sin x  2 cos 2x
2
f

x  for x > 0  2 sin x  2  4 sin2 x  0

2  x232
f

1  2 2 sin2 x  sin x  1  0

y  1  2
x  1
sin x  1
2 sin x  1  0

y  2x  1; Tangent line 3
sin x  1 ⇒ x 
2
3

1  5
sin x  ⇒ x ,
2 6 6
(1, 1)
−2 2  3 5
Horizontal tangents at x  , ,
−1
6 2 6

Horizontal tangent at the points 6 , 3 2 3 , 32, 0 , and



56,  3 2 3


x
82. f
x  83. f
x  2
x2  13
2x  1
f

x  6
x2  12
2x

2x  112  x
2x  112
f

x 
2x  1  12x
x 4  2x2  1
2x  1  x  12x5  24x3  12x


2x  132
f 
x  60x 4  72x2  12
x1
  12
5x2  1
x2  1

2x  132
x1
0 ⇒ x1

2x  132
Horizontal tangent at
1, 1
142 Chapter 2 Differentiation

84. f
x 
x  21 85. f
x  sin x 2

1 f

x  2x cos x 2
f

x  
x  22 

x  22
f 
x  2x
2x
sin x2  2 cos x2
2
f 
x  2
x  23   2
cos x2  2x2 sin x2

x  23

86. f
x  sec2  x

f

x  2 sec  x
 sec  x tan  x
 2 sec2  x tan  x
f 
x  2 sec2  x
sec2  x
  2 tan  x
2 sec2  x tan  x
 2 2 sec4  x  4 2 sec2  x tan2  x
 2 2 sec2  x
sec2  x  2 tan2  x
 2 2 sec2  x
3 sec2  x  2

87.
1
h
x 
3x  13,
9 1, 649 88. f
x 
x  4
1

x  412, 0, 21
1 1
h

x  3
3x  12
3 
3x  12 f

x  
x  432
9 2
h
x  2
3x  1
3  6
3x  1 3 3
f 
x 
x  452 
4 4
x  452
h
1  24
3
f 
0 
128

89. f
x  cos
x 2,
0, 1 90. g
t  tan
2t, 6 , 3

f

x  sin
x 2
2x  2x sin
x 2
g

t  2 sec2
2t
f 
x  2x cos
x 2
2x  2 sin
x 2
g
t  4 sec
2t
sec
2t tan
2t2
 4x 2 cos
x 2  2 sin
x 2
 8 sec2
2t tan
2t
f 
0  0
g 6  323
91. y
92. y

f′ 3 f 3
f′ f
2 2
1 1
x x
2 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
f f′
2 −2
3 −3

The zeros of f
correspond to the points where the graph f is decreasing on
 , 1 so f
must be negative there.
of f has horizontal tangents. f is increasing on
1,  so f
must be positive there.
 Section 2.4 The Chain Rule 143

y
93. 94. y

3 4
f 3
2
2
f
x x
3 1 2 −1 4
f′
−2
−3
f′ −4

The zeros of f
correspond to the points where the graph The zeros of f
correspond to the points where the graph
of f has horizontal tangents. of f has horizontal tangents.

95. g
x  f
3x 96. g
x  f
x 2

g

x  f

3x
3 ⇒ g

x  3 f

3x g

x  f

x 2
2x ⇒ g

x  2x f

x 2

97. (a) f
x  g
xh
x (b) f
x  g
h
x

f

x  g
x h

x  g

x h
x f

x  g

h
x h

x

f

5 
3
2 
6
3  24 f

5  g

3
2  2g

3

g
x Need g

3 to find f

5.

(c) f
x 
h
x (d) f
x 
g
x3
h
xg

x  g
x h

x f

x  3
g
x 2g

x
f

x 

h
x2
f

5  3
32
6  162

3
6 
3
2 12 4
f

5   

32 9 3

98. (a) g
x  f
x  2 ⇒ g

x  f

x

(b) h
x  2 f
x ⇒ h

x  2 f

x x 2 1 0 1 2 3
f

x
2
(c) r
x  f
3x ⇒ r

x  f

3x
3  3 f

3x 4 3  13 1 2 4
g

x
2
Hence, you need to know f

3x. 4 3  13 1 2 4
h

x
4
r

0  3 f

0 
3
 13   1 8 3  23 2 4 8

r

1  3 f

3 
3
4  12 r

x 12 1

s

x 1
3 1 2 4
(d) s
x  f
x  2 ⇒ s

x  f

x  2
Hence, you need to know f

x  2.
s

2  f

0   3, etc.
1

99. (a) h
x  f
g
x, g
1  4, g

1   12, f

4  1, h

x  f

g
xg

x
h

1  f

g
1g

1
 f

4g

1

1
 12   12
(b) s
x  g
f
x, f
5  6, f

5  1, g

6 does not exist.
s

x  g

f
x f

x
s

5  g

f
5 f

5  g

6
1
Since g

6 does not exist, s

5 is not defined.
144 Chapter 2 Differentiation

100. (a) h
x  f
g
x (b) s
x  g
f
x

h

x  f

g
xg

x s

x  g

f
x f

x
h

3  f

g
3g

3 s

9  g

f
9 f

9
 f

5
1  g

8
2

1
2
1
 2

 2

101. (a) F  132,400
331  v1 (b) F  132,400
331  v1

F

1
132,400
331  v2
1 F

1
132,400
331  v2
1
132,400 132,400
 

331  v 2
331  v 2
When v  30, F
 1.461. When v  30, F
 1.016.

1 1
102. y  cos 12t  sin 12t 103.  0.2 cos 8t
3 4
The maximum angular displacement is  0.2 (since
1 1
v  y

12 sin 12t 
12 cos 12t 1 ≤ cos 8t ≤ 1.
3 4
d
 4 sin 12t  3 cos 12t  0.2
8 sin 8t  1.6 sin 8t
dt
When t  8, y  0.25 feet and v  4 feet per second.
When t  3, d dt  1.6 sin 24  1.4489 radians per
second.

104. y  A cos t 105. S  C
R 2  r 2

(a) Amplitude: A 
3.5
2
 1.75
dS
dt
 C 2R
dR
dt 
 2r
dr
dt
y  1.75 cos t Since r is constant, we have drdt  0 and
2  dS
Period: 10 ⇒    
1.76 105
2
1.2 102
105
10 5 dt
t  4.224 102  0.04224.
y  1.75 cos
5
 t t
(b) v  y
 1.75   5
sin
5
 0.35 sin
5

106. (a) Using a graphing utility, or trial and error, you obtain
a model similar to
(c) T

t  11 cos 6t  2.1
15

T
t  65  21 sin 6t  2.1 .

0 13
(b) 100

−15

(d) The temperature changes most rapidly in the spring

0 13
0 (April–June) and fall (September–November).
 Section 2.4 The Chain Rule 145

107. (a) x  1.6372t3  19.3120t2  0.5082t  0.6162

(b) C  60x  1350
 60
1.6372t3  19.3120t2  0.5082t  0.6162  1350
dC
 60
4.9116t2  38.624t  0.5082
dt
 294.696t2  2317.44t  30.492
The function dCdt is quadratic, not linear. The cost function levels off at the end of the day, perhaps due to fatigue.

108. f
x  sin  x 109. f
x  p  f
x for all x.

(a) f

x   cos  x (a) Yes, f

x  p  f

x, which shows that f
is
periodic as well.
f 
x   2 sin  x
(b) Yes, let g
x  f
2x, so g

x  2 f

2x.
f



x   3 cos  x
Since f
is periodic, so is g
.
f
4   4 sin  x
(b) f 
x  2f
x   2 sin  x  2
sin  x  0
(c) f
2k
x 
1k2k sin  x
f
2k1
x 
1k1 2k1 cos  x

110. (a) r

x  f

g
xg

x (b) s

x  g

f
x f

x

r

1  f

g
1g

1 s

4  g

f
4 f

4
50 5 64 1
Note that g
1  4 and f

4   .
62 4
5
Note that f
4  , g

2
5
2
 
 and
62 2
Also, g

1  0. Thus, r

1  0. 5
f

4  . Thus, s

4 
4
1 5
2 4
5
 .
8 
111. (a) g
x  sin2 x  cos 2 x  1 ⇒ g

x  0 (b) tan2 x  1  sec2 x
g

x  2 sin x cos x  2 cos x
sin x  0 g
x  1  f
x
Taking derivatives of both sides, g

x  f

x.
Equivalently, f

x  2 sec x
sec x
tan x and
g

x  2 tan x
sec2 x, which are the same.

112. (a) If f
x  f
x, then (b) If f
x  f
x, then

d d d d

f
x 
f
x
f
x 
f
x
dx dx dx dx
f

x
1  f

x f

x
1  f

x
f

x  f

x. f

x  f

x.
Thus, f

x is even. Thus, f
is odd.

113. u  u2 

114. g
x  2x  3 

u  
u 2  
u212
2uu
 2x2x  33 ,
d d 1

3
g

x  2 x
dx dx 2 2
uu
u
  u
, u0
u2 
u
146 Chapter 2 Differentiation

115. f
x  x2  4   
116. h
x  x cos x 
117. f
x  sin x 
xx  44 , sin
sin x
2
x

x
f

x  2x x  ±2 h

x   x sin x  cos x, x  0 f

x  cos x , x  k
2
x
x
118. (a) f
x  tan f
1  1
4
 x  
f

x  sec2 f

1 
2 
4 4 4 2
 x x  2 2
f 
x 
2
sec2
4

tan 4 4  f 
1 
8

2
1 
4

P1
x  f

1
x  1  f
1 
x  1  1
2
1 2 2 
P2
x  
2 4

x  12  f

1
x  1  f
1 
x  12 
x  1  1
8 2

(b) 2

P1
P2

f
0 3
0

(c) P2 is a better approximation than P1.

(d) The accuracy worsens as you move away from x  c  1.

119. (a) f
x  sec
2x (b) 6

f

x  2
sec 2x
tan 2x P2

f 
x  2
2
sec 2x
tan 2x tan 2x  2
sec 2x
sec2 2x
2
P1
f

 4

sec 2x
tan2 2x  sec3 2x 0
0
0.78

f 6  sec3  2 (c) P2 is a better approximation than P1.

(d) The accuracy worsens as you move away
  
f
 6
 2 sec
3
tan
3  
 43 from x  6.

f 6  4
2
3  2   56 3


P1
x  43 x   6
2
 
P2
x 
1
2

56 x 
6  2

 43 x 
6
2

 

 28 x 
6 2
 43 x   6
2

120. False. If y 
1  x12, then 121. False. If f
x  sin2 2x, then 122. True
y
 12
1  x12
1. f

x  2
sin 2x
2 cos 2x.
 Section 2.5 Implicit Differentiation 147

123. f x
a1 sin x  a2 sin 2x  . . .  an sin nx

f  x
a1 cos x  2a2 cos 2x  . . .  nan cos nx
f  0
a1  2a2  . . .  nan

a1  2a2  . . .  nan


f  0

lim
x→0


f x  f 0
x0

lim
x→ 0




f x
sin x

sin x
x

lim
x→0


f x
sin x
≤ 1

Pnx x k  1 n1Pn x  Pn xn  1x k  1 n kx k1

 
d
n1

124.
dx x  1
k
x k  12n2
x k  1Pn x  n  1kx k1Pnx


x k  1 n2

 ⇒
dn 1
Pnx
x k  1n1
dx n x k  1

  
x
d dn 1
Pn1x
x k  1n2 k
 1Pn x  n  1kx k1Pnx
dx dx n x k  1
Pn11
 n  1 kPn1
kx k1 P1 x
 
d 1
For n
1,
k
⇒ P11
k. Also, P01
1.
dx x k  1 x  12 x k  12
We now use mathematical induction to verify that Pn1
knn! for n ≥ 0. Assume true for n. Then
Pn11
 n  1 k Pn 1

 n  1kknn!

kn1n  1!.

Section 2.5 Implicit Differentiation

1. x2  y2
36 2. x2  y2
16 3. x12  y12
9
2x  2yy
0 2x  2yy
0 1 12 1 12
x  y y
0
2 2
x x
y
y

y y x12
y

y12

 xy
4. x3  y3
8 5. x3  xy  y2
4
3x2  3y2y
0 3x2  xy  y  2yy
0
x2 2y  xy
y  3x2
y

y2
y  3x2
y

2y  x
148 Chapter 2 Differentiation

6. x2y  y2x
2 7. x3y3  y  x
0

x2y  2xy  y2  2yxy
0 3x3y2y  3x2y3  y  1
0
x2  2xyy
  y2  2xy 3x3y2  1y
1  3x2y3
y y  2x 1  3x2y3
y
y

xx  2y 3x3y2  1

8. xy12  x  2y
0 9. x3  3x 2y  2xy 2
12
1 3x 2  3x 2y  6xy  4xyy  2y2
0
xy12xy  y  1  2y
0
2
4xy  3x 2y
6xy  3x 2  2y 2
x y
y   1  2y
0 6xy  3x 2  2y 2
2xy 2xy y

4xy  3x 2
xy  y  2xy  4xy y
0
2xy  y
y

4xy  x

10. 2 sin x cos y
1 11. sin x  2 cos 2y
1

2sin xsin yy  cos ycos x
0 cos x  4sin 2yy
0
cos x cos y cos x
y
y

sin x sin y 4 sin 2y

cot x cot y

12. sin  x  cos  y2
2 13. sin x
x1  tan y

2sin  x  cos  y cos  x   sin  y y
0 cos x
xsec2 yy  1  tan y1
 cos  x  sin  yy
0 cos x  tan y  1
y

x sec2 y
cos  x
y

sin  y

1
14. cot y
x  y 15. y
sinxy 16. x
sec
y
csc2 yy
1  y y
xy  y cosxy
y 1 1
1
 sec tan
1 y  x cosxyy
y cosxy y2 y y
y

1  csc2 y
y cosxy y2
y
y

1 1  x cosxy sec1y tan1y


tan2 y
cot 2 y

y2 cos
1y  cot
1y 
17. (a) x2  y2
16 (b) y

6 16 − x 2
y2
16  x2 y1 =

y
± 16  x2 2

x
−6 −2 2 6
(c) Explicitly:
dy 1 y2 = − 16 − x 2

± 16  x2122x −6
dx 2
x x x (d) Implicitly: 2x  2yy
0




16  x2 ± 16  x2 y x
y

y
 Section 2.5 Implicit Differentiation 149

18. (a) x2  4x  4   y2  6y  9
9  4  9 (b) y

x  22   y  32
4, Circle 1 2 3 4 5

x

−1 2
y = −3 + 4 − (x − 2)
 y  32
4  x  22 −2

y
3± 4  x  22 −3

−4
(c) Explicitly:
−5
dy 1

± 4  x  22 122x  2 y = −3 − 4 − (x − 2)2
dx 2
x  2 (d) Implicitly:


4  x  22
2x  2yy  4  6y
0
 x  2

2y  6y
2x  2
± 4  x  22
 x  2  x  2

y

y3
3 ± 4  x  22  3
 x  2


y3

19. (a) 16y2
144  9x2 (b) y

6
1 9 y1 = 34 16 − x2
y2
144  9x2
16  x2 4
16 16 2

x
3
y
± 16  x2 −6 −2 2 6
4
−4
y2 = − 43 16 − x2
(c) Explicitly: −6

dy 3

± 16  x2122x (d) Implicitly: 18x  32yy
0
dx 8
9x
3x 3x 9x y




16y
4 16  x2 443y
 16y

20. (a) 9y 2
x 2  9 (b) 4

x2 x2  9
y2
1
−6 6
9 9
± x 2  9
y
−4
3
(c) Explicitly: (d) Implicitly: 9y 2  x 2
9

dy ± 2x 2  9122x
1 18yy  2x
0


dx 3 18yy
2x
±x ±x x 2x x



y


3x 2  9 3± 3y 9y 18y 9y

21. xy
4 22. x2  y3
0
xy  y1
0 2x  3y2y
0
x y
y 2x
y

3y2
y
y

x 2
At 1, 1: y

3
1
At 4, 1: y

4
150 Chapter 2 Differentiation

x2  4
23. y2
24. x  y3
x3  y3
x2  4
x3  3x2y  3xy2  y3
x3  y3
x 2  42x  x 2  42x
2yy

x 2  42 3x2y  3xy2
0
16x x 2 y  xy 2
0
2yy

  42
x2
x 2y  2xy  2xyy  y 2
0
8x
y
x2  2xyy
  y2  2xy
yx 2  42
y y  2x
At 2, 0: y is undefined. y

xx  2y
At 1, 1: y
1

25. x23  y23
5 26. x3  y3
4xy  1

2 13 2 13 3x 2  3y 2y
4xy  4y
x  y y
0
3 3
3y 2  4xy
4y  3x 2
y

x13
y13

 xy
3
y

4y  3x 2
3y 2  4x
1
At 8, 1: y
 4  12 8
2 At 2, 1: y


38 5

27. tanx  y
x 28. x cos y
1

1  y  sec2x  y
1 xy sin y  cos y
0
1  sec2x  y cos y
y
y

sec2x  y x sin y
tan2x  y 1


cot y
tan2x  y  1 x

sin2x  y cot y


x
x2



At 0, 0: y
0
x2  1

3 : y
21 3
At 2,

29. x2  4y
8 30. 4  xy2
x3

x2  4y  y2x
0 4  x2yy   y21
3x2
2xy 3x2  y2
y
y

x2  4 2y4  x
2x8x2  4 At 2, 2: y
2


x2  4
16x


x2  42
32 1
At 2, 1: y


64 2

Or, you could just solve for y: y
x 2
8
4 
 Section 2.5 Implicit Differentiation 151

31. x2  y22
4x2y 32. x3  y3  6xy
0

2x2  y22x  2yy 
4x2y  y8x 3x2  3y2y  6xy  6y
0
4x3  4x2yy  4xy2  4y3y
4x2y  8xy y 3y2  6x
6y  3x2
4x2yy  4y3y  4x2y
8xy  4x3  4xy2 6y  3x2 2y  x2
y


3y2  6x y2  2x
4y x2y  y3  x2
42xy  x3  xy2

y

2xy  x3  xy2 At
43, 83: y
163   169 32 4
649  83



40 5
x2y  y3  x2
At 1, 1: y
0

33.  y  22
4x  3, 4, 0 34. x  12   y  22
20, 3, 4
2 y  2y
4 2x  1  2 y  2y
0
2 2 y  2y
2x  1
y

y2
 x  1
y

At 4, 0: y
1 y2
Tangent line: y  0
1x  4 At 3, 4: y
2
y
x  4 Tangent line: y  4
2x  3
y
2x  10

35. xy
1, 1, 1 36. 7x 2  63 xy  13y 2  16
0, 3, 1

xy  y
0 14x  63 xy  63 y  26yy
0
y 63 y  14x
y
y

x 26y  63 x
At 1, 1: y
1 63  143 83
At 3, 1: y


 3
26  633 8
Tangent line: y  1
1x  1
Tangent line: y  1
 3x  3 
y
x  2
y
 3 x  4

37. x2y 2  9 x 2  4y 2
0, 4, 23 38. x23  y23
5, 8, 1

x 2 2yy  2xy2  18x  8yy
0 2 13 2 13
x  y y
0
3 3
18x  2xy2
y

2x2y  8y x13


13
y
y


y13 x
184  2412
At 4, 23 : y

21623   163 1
At 8, 1: y

2
24 1 3




483 23 6 1
Tangent line: y  1
 x  8
2
3
Tangent line: y  23
x  4
6 1
y
 x5
2
3 8
y
x  3
6 3
152 Chapter 2 Differentiation

39. 3x 2  y 22
100x 2  y 2, 4, 2 40. y 2x 2  y 2
2x 2, 1, 1

6x 2  y 22x  2yy 
1002x  2yy  y 2x 2  y 4
2x 2
At 4, 2: 2yyx 2  2xy 2  4y3y
4x
616  48  4y 
1008  4y  At 1, 1:
960  480y
800  400y 2y  2  4y
4
880y
160 6y
2
y
2
 11 y
13
Tangent line: y  1
3 x  1
1
Tangent line: 2
y  2
 11 x  4
1 2
11y  2x  30
0 y
3x  3
2
y
 11 x  30
11

x2 y2 x2 y2 2x 2yy b2x
41. (a) 
1, 1, 2 (b)  2
1 ⇒ 2  2
0 ⇒ y
2
2 8 a2 b a b ay
yy b2x0
x
0 y  y0
x  x0, Tangent line at x0, y0
4 a2y0
4x y0 y y02 x0 x x02
y
  2
2  2
y b2 b a a
At 1, 2: y
2 x02 y02 y y x x
Since  2
1, you have 02  02
1.
a2 b b a
Tangent line: y  2
2x  1
y
2x  4
1x 2 y 1 1
Note: From part (a), 
1 ⇒ y
 x  1 ⇒ y
2x  4, Tangent line.
2 8 4 2

x2 y2 x2 y2 2x 2yy xb2
42. (a) 
1, 3, 2 (b)  2
1 ⇒ 2  2
0 ⇒ y
2
6 8 a2 b a b ya
x y x0 b2
 y
0 y  y0
x  x0, Tangent line at x0, y0
3 4 y0a2
y x yy0 y02 x0 x x02
y
 2
2  2
4 3 b2 b a a
4x x02 y02 x x yy
y
Since  2
1, you have 02  20
1.
3y a2 b a b
43
At 3, 2: y

2
32
Tangent line: y  2
2x  3
y
2x  4
3x 2 y 1 y
Note: From part (a), 
1 ⇒ x 
1 ⇒ y
2x  4, Tangent line.
6 8 2 4
 Section 2.5 Implicit Differentiation 153

43. tan y
x 44. cos y
x

y sec2 y
1 sin y  y
1
1   1
y

cos2 y,  < y < y
, 0 < y < 
sec2 y 2 2 sin y
sec2 y
1  tan2 y
1  x2 sin2 y  cos2 y
1
1 sin2 y
1  cos2 y
y

1  x2
sin y
1  cos2 y
1  x 2
1
y
, 1 < x < 1
1  x 2

45. x 2  y 2
36
2x  2yy
0
x
y

y
y1  xy y  xxy y 2  x 2 36
y



3
y2 y2 y3 y

46. x2y2  2x
3
2x2yy  2xy2  2
0
x2yy  xy2  1
0
1  xy2
y

x2y
2xyy  x2 y 2  x2yy  2xyy  y2
0
4xyy  x2 y 2  x2yy  y2
0
4  4xy2 1  xy22
  x2yy  y2
0
x x2y2
4xy2  4x2y 4  1  2xy2  x2y 4  x 4y 3y  x 2y 4
0
x 4y 3y
2x2y 4  2xy2  1
2x2y 4  2xy2  1
y

x 4y3

47. x2  y2
16 48. 1  xy
x  y 49. y2
x3

2x  2yy
0 y  xy
x  1 2yy
3x2
x x1 3x2 3x2 xy
y

y
y

1x

1 y

2y


2y
 xy
x  yy
0 y
0 3y x3 3y


2x
 y2
2x
1  yy   y 2
0 y
0
2x3y   3y2
y


 x 2
1  yy 
0 4x2
y
y2  y3y
x2

2x3  3y2x  6y
4x2
y2  x2 16
y

3 3y 3x
y3 y


4x2 4y
154 Chapter 2 Differentiation

50. y2
4x 51. x  y
4 9

2yy
4 1 12 1 12

x  y y
0
2 2
2
y
(9, 1)
y  y −1 14
y
−1
x
2 4
y y

2
y
2y2y
2 y3 1
At 9, 1: y

3
1
Tangent line: y  1
 x  9
3
1
y
 x4
3
x  3y  12
0

x1
52. y2
1
x2  1
(2, )5
5

x  11  x  12x
2
2yy
−1 5
x2  12
x2  1  2x2  2x

−1
x2  12
1  2x  x2
y

2yx2  12

5 
5 144 1
At 2, : y


2 55 4  1 10
 2 5

5 1
Tangent line: y
x  2
5 105
105y  10
x  2
x  105y  8
0

53. x2  y2
25
2x  2yy
0
x
y

y
At 4, 3: 6

4 (4, 3)
Tangent line: y  3
x  4 ⇒ 4x  3y  25
0 −9 9
3
3
Normal line: y  3
x  4 ⇒ 3x  4y
0 −6
4
At 3, 4: 6

(−3, 4)
3
Tangent line: y  4
x  3 ⇒ 3x  4y  25
0 −9 9
4
4
Normal line: y  4
x  3 ⇒ 4x  3y
0 −6
3
 Section 2.5 Implicit Differentiation 155

54. x2  y2
9
x
y
4
y (0, 3)

At 0, 3: −6 6

Tangent line: y
3
Normal line: x
0 −4

At 2, 5 : 4

2 (2, 5 )
Tangent line: y  5
x  2 ⇒ 2x  5y  9
0 −6
5 6

5
Normal line: y  5
x  2 ⇒ 5x  2y
0 −4
2

55. x2  y2
r 2 56. y2
4x
2x  2yy
0 2yy
4
x 2
y

slope of tangent line y

1 at 1, 2
y y
y Equation of normal line at 1, 2 is y  2
1x  1,

slope of normal line
x y
3  x. The centers of the circles must be on the
normal line and at a distance of 4 units from 1, 2.
Let x0, y0 be a point on the circle. If x0
0, then the Therefore,
tangent line is horizontal, the normal line is vertical and,
hence, passes through the origin. If x0 0, then the x  12  3  x  2 2
16
equation of the normal line is
2x  12
16
y0
y  y0
x  x0 x
1 ± 22 .
x0
Centers of the circles: 1  22, 2  22  and
y0
y
x 1  22, 2  22 
x0
Equations: x  1  22  2   y  2  22  2
16
which passes through the origin.
x  1  22  2   y  2  22  2
16

57. 25x2  16y2  200x  160y  400
0

50x  32yy  200  160y
0
200  50x
y
y
160  32y (− 4, 10)
10

Horizontal tangents occur when x
4:

6
2516  16y2  2004  160y  400
0 (− 8, 5) (0, 5)
4

y y  10
0 ⇒ y
0, 10 (− 4, 0)
x
Horizontal tangents: 4, 0, 4, 10 −10 − 8 − 6 − 4
−2
2

Vertical tangents occur when y
5:

25x2  400  200x  800  400
0
25xx  8
0 ⇒ x
0, 8
Vertical tangents: 0, 5, 8, 5
156 Chapter 2 Differentiation

58. 4x2  y2
8x  4y  4  0 y

(1, 0)
8x  2yy
8  4y  0 −1 1 2 3 4
x

−1
8
8x 4
4x
y   (0, − 2) (2, − 2)
2y  4 y2
−3

Horizontal tangents occur when x  1: −4

(1, − 4)
4
12  y2
8
1  4y  4  0 −5

y2  4y  y
y  4  0 ⇒ y  0,
4
Horizontal tangents:
1, 0,
1,
4
Vertical tangents occur when y 
2:
4x2 

22
8x  4

2  4  0
4x2
8x  4x
x
2  0 ⇒ x  0, 2
Vertical tangents:
0,
2,
2,
2

59. Find the points of intersection by letting y2  4x in the equation 2x2  y2  6.

2x2  4x  6 and
x  3
x
1  0
The curves intersect at
1, ± 2. 2x 2 + y 2 = 6 4 y 2 = 4x

Ellipse: Parabola: (1, 2)

−6 6
4x  2yy  0 2yy  4
(1, − 2)
2x 2
y 
y  −4
y y
At
1, 2, the slopes are:
y 
1 y  1
At
1,
2, the slopes are:
y  1 y 
1
Tangents are perpendicular.

60. Find the points of intersection by letting y2  x3 in the equation 2x2  3y2  5.
2x2  3x3  5 and 3x3  2x2
5  0 2x2 + 3y2 = 5
2

Intersect when x  1. (1, 1)

Points of intersection:
1, ± 1 −2 4

(1, − 1)
y2  x3: 2x2  3y2  5:
−2
y 2= x 3
2yy  3x2 4x  6yy  0
3x2 2x
y  y 

2y 3y
At
1, 1, the slopes are:
3 2
y  y 

2 3
At
1,
1, the slopes are:
3 2
y 
y 
2 3
Tangents are perpendicular.
 Section 2.5 Implicit Differentiation 157

61. y
x and x
sin y 4

x = sin y
Point of intersection: 0, 0
−6 6
(0, 0)
y
x: x
sin y:
y
1 1
y cos y −4
x+y=0

y
sec y
At 0, 0, the slopes are:
y
1 y
1
Tangents are perpendicular.

62. Rewriting each equation and differentiating: x (3y − 29) = 3 15 x 3 = 3y − 3

x3
3 y  1 x3y  29
3

y

x3
3
1 y

1 3
3 x
 29  −15 12

−3
1
y
x2 y

x2
For each value of x, the derivatives are negative reciprocals of each other. Thus, the tangent lines are orthogonal
at both points of intersection.

63. xy
C x2  y2
K 2 2

C=4
xy  y
0 2x  2yy
0
−3 3 −3 3
C=1
y x
y
 y
K = −1 K=2
x y
−2 −2
At any point of intersection x, y the product of the
slopes is yxxy
1. The curves are orthogonal.

64. x2  y2
C 2 y
Kx 2 2

K=1
2x  2yy
0 y
K K = −1
C=1
−3 3 −3 3
x
y
 C=2
y
−2 −2
At the point of intersection x, y, the product of the slopes
is xyK
xKxK
1. The curves are orthogonal.

65. 2y2  3x 4
0 66. x2  3xy2  y3
10

(a) 4yy  12x3
0 (a) 2x  3y2  6xyy  3y2y
0
4yy
12x3 6xy  3y2y
3y2  2x
12x3 3x3 3y2  2x
y

y

4y y 3y2  6xy
dy dx dx dx dy dy
(b) 4y  12x3
0 (b) 2x  3y 2  6xy  3y2
0
dt dt dt dt dt dt
dy dx dx dy
y
3x3 2x  3y2
6xy  3y2
dt dt dt dt
158 Chapter 2 Differentiation

67. cos  y  3 sin  x
1 68. 4 sin x cos y
1

(a)   sinyy  3 cos  x
0 (a) 4 sin xsin yy  4 cos x cos y
0

3 cos  x y

cos x cos y
y

sin y sin x sin y

dy dx dy dx
(b)   siny  3 cosx
0 (b) 4 sin xsin y  4 cos x cos y
0
dt dt dt dt

dy dx dx dy
siny
3 cosx cos x cos y
sin x sin y
dt dt dt dt

69. A function is in explicit form if y is written as a function
of x: y
f x. For example, y
x3. An implicit equation
is not in the form y
f x. For example, x 2  y 2
5.
70. Given an implicit equation, first differentiate both sides
with respect to x. Collect all terms involving y on the left,
and all other terms to the right. Factor out y on the left
side. Finally, divide both sides by the left-hand factor that
does not contain y.

71. 72. Highest wind speed near L

18
1671 00

B
1994
A
00
18

Use starting point B.

73. (a) x 4
44x2  y2 10

4y2
16x2  x 4
− 10 10
1
y2
4x2  x 4
4
− 10

y
±  1
4x2  x 4
4
1 4
(b) y
3 ⇒ 9
4x 2  x 10
4
36
16x2  x 4 − 10 10

y1 y4
x4  16x2  36
0 y3 y2

− 10
16 ± 256  144
x2

8 ± 28
2
Note that x2
8 ± 28
8 ± 27
1 ± 7  2. Hence, there are four values of x:
1  7, 1  7, 1  7, 1  7
x8  x2
To find the slope, 2yy
8x  x3 ⇒ y
.
23

—CONTINUED—
 Section 2.5 Implicit Differentiation 159

73. —CONTINUED—
1
For x
1  7, y

3
7  7, and the line is

y1

1
3
7  7x  1  7   3
317  7x  87  23 .
1
For x
1  7, y

3
7  7, and the line is

y2

1
3
7  7x  1  7   3
317  7x  23  87 .
1
For x
1  7, y
 7  7, and the line is
3

y3
 7  7x  1  7   3
 7  7x  23  87  .

1 1
3 3
1
For x
1  7, y
 7  7, and the line is
3

y4
 7  7x  1  7   3
 7  7x  87  23 .

1 1
3 3
(c) Equating y3 and y4:
1

3
7  7x  1  7   3
 31 7  7x  1  7   3
7  7x  1  7 
7  7x  1  7 
7x  7  7  7x  7  77
7x  7  7  7x  7  77

167
14x
87
x

7

If x

87
7

, then y
5 and the lines intersect at

87
7 
,5 .

74. x  y
c 75. y
x pq; p, q integers and q > 0

1 1 dy y q
xp

0
2x 2y dx
qy q1y
px p1
dy y

 p x p1 p x p1y
dx x y

q
 y q1
q  yq
y0
Tangent line at x0, y0: y  y0
 x  x0 p x p1 pq p pq1
x0

q
 xp
x
x
q
x-intercept: x0  x0y0, 0
Thus, if y
x n, n
pq, then y
nx n1.
y-intercept: 0, y0  x0y0 
Sum of intercepts:

x0  x0y0    y0  x0y0 
x0  2x0y0  y0

x0  y0 2

c 2
c
160 Chapter 2 Differentiation

3
76. x 2  y 2
25, slope
77. y 4
y2  x2
4
4y3y
2yy  2x
2x  2yy
0
2x
2y  4y3y
x 3 4
y

⇒ y
 x
y 4 3 2x
y

0 ⇒ x
0
2y  4y3
x2 
169 x 
25
2
Horizontal tangents at 0, 1 and 0, 1

25 2 Note: y 4  y 2  x 2
0
x
25
9 1 ± 1  4x2
y2

x
±3 2

Points: 3, 4 and 3, 4 If you graph these four equations, you will see that these
are horizontal tangents at 0, ± 1, but not at 0, 0.

x2 y2
78. 
1, 4, 0
4 9
2x 2yy

0
4 9
9x
y

4y
9x y  0


4y x4
9xx  4
4y 2
But, 9x 2  4y 2
36 ⇒ 4y 2
36  9x 2. Hence, 9x 2  36x
4y 2
36  9x 2 ⇒ x
1.

Points on ellipse:
1, ± 323 
9x 9


3 3
At 1, 3 : y



2 4y 4323 2


3 3
At 1,  3 : y

2 2
3 3
Tangent lines: y
 x  4
 x  23
2 2
3 3
y
x  4
x  23
2 2

79. x
y 2
1
2yy
1
y
, slope of tangent line
2y
Consider the slope of the normal line joining x0, 0 and x, y
 y 2, y on the parabola.
y0
2y

y2  x0
1
y 2  x0

2
1
y 2
x0 
2

—CONTINUED—
 Section 2.6 Related Rates 161

79. —CONTINUED—
(a) If x0
4, then y 2
4  2
 4, which is impossible. Thus, the only normal line is the x-axis  y
0.
1 1 1 1

(b) If x0
2, then y 2
0 ⇒ y
0. Same as part (a).

1

1
(c) If x0
1, then y 2
2
x and there are three normal lines:

The x-axis, the line joining x0, 0 and 12, 12 , and the line joining x , 0 and 12,  12

0


If two normals are perpendicular, then their slopes are 1 and 1. Thus,
y0 1 1
2 1 1 3
2y
1
⇒ y
and
1 ⇒  x0
 ⇒ x0
.
y2  x0 2 1
4  x0 4 2 4
3 3
The perpendicular normal lines are y
x  4 and y
x  4.

x2 y2 x2 2x  62
80. (a) 
1 (c) 
1
32 8 32 8
2x 2yy x x2  4 4x 2  24x  36
32

0 ⇒ y

32 8 4y
17x 2  96x  112
0
4 1
At 4, 2: y

 28
42 2 17x  28x  4
0 ⇒ x
4,
17
Slope of normal line is 2.
y  2
2x  4
Second point: 28
17 17 
,
46

y
2x  6
(b) 4

−6 6

−4

Section 2.6 Related Rates

1. y
x 2. y
2x 2  3x
dy
dt


1
 dx
2x dt  dy
dt

4x  6
dx
dt
dx dy dx 1 dy

2x

dt dt dt 4x  6 dt
(a) When x
4 and dx
dt
3, (a) When x
3 and
dy 1 3 dx dy

3
.
2,
43  62
12.
dt 24 4 dt dt
(b) When x
25 and dy
dt
2, (b) When x
1 and
dx dy dx 1 5

225 2
20.
5,
5
 .
dt dt dt 41  6 2
162 Chapter 2 Differentiation

3. xy
4 4. x2  y2
25
dy dx dx dy
x y
0 2x  2y
0
dt dt dt dt
dy
dt

  
y dx
x dt
dy
dt  


x dx
y dt
dx
dt

  
x dy
y dt
dx
dt  


y dy
x dt
(a) When x
8, y
1
2, and dx
dt
10, (a) When x
3, y
4, and dx
dt
8,
dy 1
2 5 dy 3

 10
 .
 8
6.
dt 8 8 dt 4
(b) When x
1, y
4, and dy
dt
6, (b) When x
4, y
3, and dy
dt
2,
dx 1 3 dx 3 3

 6
.
 2
.
dt 4 2 dt 4 2

1
5. y
x2  1 6. y

1  x2
dx

2 dx
dt
2
dt
dy dx

2x 2x

dy dx
dt dt

dt 1  x22 dt
(a) When x
1,
(a) When x
2,
dy

212
4 cm
sec. dy 222 8
dt

cm
sec.
dt 25 25
(b) When x
0,
(b) When x
0,
dy

202
0 cm
sec. dy
dt
0 cm
sec.
dt
(c) When x
1,
(c) When x
2,
dy

212
4 cm
sec. dy 222 8
dt

cm
sec.
dt 25 25

7. y
tan x 8. y
sin x
dx dx

2
2
dt dt
dy dx dy dx

sec2 x
cos x
dt dt dt dt
(a) When x
 
3, (a) When x

6,

dy
dt

222
8 cm
sec.
dy
dt  

cos 2
3 cm
sec.
6
(b) When x
 
4, (b) When x

4,

dy
dt

2 22
4 cm
sec.
dy
dt  

cos 2
2 cm
sec.
4
(c) When x
0, (c) When x

3,

dy
dt

122
2 cm
sec.
dy
dt  

cos 2
1 cm
sec.
3
 Section 2.6 Related Rates 163

dx dy dx dy
9. (a) negative ⇒ positive 10. (a) negative ⇒ negative
dt dt dt dt
dy dx dy dx
(b) positive ⇒ negative (b) positive ⇒ positive
dt dt dt dt

11. Yes, y changes at a constant rate. 12. Answers will vary. See page 149.
dy dx

a
dt dt
No, the rate dy
dt is a multiple of dx
dt.

13. D
x2  y2
x2  x2  12
x 4  3x2  1 14. D
x2  y2
x2  sin2 x
dx dx

2
2
dt dt
dD 1 4 dx dD 1 2 dx

x  3x2  11
24x3  6x
x  sin2 x1
22x  2 sin x cos x
dt 2 dt dt 2 dt
2x3  3x dx x  sin x cos x dx



x 4  3x2  1 dt x2  sin2 x dt

4x3  6x 2x  2 sin x cos x

x 4  3x2  1 x2  sin2 x

15. A
r2 16. A
r2

dr dA dr

3
2 r
dt dt dt
dA dr If dr
dt is constant, dA
dt is not constant.

2 r
dt dt
dA
dt depends on r and dr
dt.
dA
(a) When r
6,
2 63
36 cm2
min.
dt
dA
(b) When r
24,
2 243
144 cm2
min.
dt

 1
2b 
17. (a) sin
⇒ b
2s sin
2 s 2
θ
 h 
cos
⇒ h
s cos s s
2 s 2 h


A

1
2
1

bh
2s sin
2 2 s cos 2  b

 


2
s2
2 sin cos
2 2 s2

sin 
2
dA s2 d d 1 d dA
(b)
cos  where
rad
min. (c) If is constant, is proportional to cos .
dt 2 dt dt 2 dt dt

When 

 dA s2 3
,
6 dt


2 2  12
3s 2
8
.

 dA s2 1
 12
s8 .
2
When 
,

3 dt 2 2
164 Chapter 2 Differentiation

4 4 dV
18. V
r3 19. V
 r 3,
800
3 3 dt
dr dV dr

2
4 r 2
dt dt dt

 
dV dr dr 1 dV 1

4 r 2

800
dt dt dt 4 r 2 dt 4 r 2
(a) When r
6, (a) When r
30,
dV dr 1 2

4 622
288 in3
min.
800
cm
min.
dt dt 4 302 9
When r
24, (b) When r
60,
dV dr 1 1

4 2422
4608 in3
min.
800
cm
min.
dt dt 4 60 2 18
(b) If dr
dt is constant, dV
dt is proportional to r 2.

20. V
x3 21. s
6x2

dx dx

3
3
dt dt
dV dx ds dx

3x 2
12x
dt dt dt dt
(a) When x
1, (a) When x
1,
dV ds

3123
9 cm3
sec.
1213
36 cm2
sec.
dt dt
(b) When x
10, (b) When x
10,
dV ds

310 2 3
900 cm3
sec.
12103
360 cm2
sec.
dt dt

22.
1
3
1
V
 r 2h
 r 23r
 r 3
3
23.
1 1 9
V
 r 2h
 h2 h
3 3 4   since 2r
3h

dr 3 3

2
h
dt 4
dV dr dV

3 r 2
10
dt dt dt
(a) When r
6, dV 9 2 dh dh 4 dV
dt

h ⇒

dt 4 dt dt 9h2
dV

3 622
216 in3
min.
dt When h
15,
(b) When r
24, dh 410 8


ft
min.
dt 9 152 405
dV

3 2422
3456 in3
min.
dt

r
 Section 2.6 Related Rates 165

25 3
24.
1
3
1 25 3
V
 r 2h

3 144
h

3144
h By similar triangles, 5r
12h ⇒ r
125 h.
dV

10 5
dt
dV 25 2 dh
dt


144
h
dt
⇒
dh
dt


144 dV
25 h 2 dt   r
12
dh 144 9
When h
8,
10
ft
min.
dt 2564 10 h

25. 12
1
6

3
1

(a) Total volume of pool
2 2126  1612
144 m3

1
2

2 166
1
Volume of 1 m of water

18 m3 (see similar triangle diagram) h=1

144 100%
18
% pool filled

12.5% 12

b=6
(b) Since for 0 ≤ h ≤ 2, b
6h, you have
1
V
bh6
3bh
36hh
18h2
2
dV dh 1 dh 1 1 1

36h
⇒


m
min.
dt dt 4 dt 144h 1441 144

1
26. V
bh12
6bh
6h2 since b
h
2
12 ft
dV dh dh 1 dV
(a)
12h ⇒
3 ft
dt dt dt 12h dt
3 ft h ft
dV dh 1 1
When h
1 and
2,
2
ft
min.
dt dt 121 6

(b) If
dh 3
dt

in./min

8
1
32
ft/min and h
2 feet, then
dV
dt

(12)2
1
32
3
 

ft3
min.
4

27. x2  y2
252
dx dy
2x  2y
0
dt dt 25
y
dy x dx 2x dx
dt


y
 dt


y
since
dt

2.

dy 27 7 x
(a) When x
7, y
576
24,

ft
sec.
dt 24 12
dy 215 3
When x
15, y
400
20,

ft
sec.
dt 20 2
dy 224 48
When x
24, y
7,

ft
sec.
dt 7 7

—CONTINUED—
166 Chapter 2 Differentiation

27. —CONTINUED—
1
(b) A
xy
2
dA 1 dy
dt

x
2 dt 
y
dx
dt 
dx dy 7
From part (a) we have x
7, y
24,
2, and
 . Thus,
dt dt 12

 

dA 1 7 527

7   242
 21.96 ft2
sec.
dt 2 12 24
x
(c) tan 

y
d 1 dx x dy
sec2 
dt


y
 dt
 2
y
 dt
θ
y 25

d

1 dx x dy
dt

cos2 
y
 dt
 2
y
 dt
x
dx dy 7 24
Using x
7, y
24,
2,
 and cos 
, we have
dt dt 12 25
d
  241 2  247   127 

121 radsec.
2
24

2
dt 25

28. x2  y2
25
dx dy
2x  2y
0
dt dt
y 5
dx
dt


y
x

dy
dt


0.15y
x  since
dy
dt

0.15 
x
dx 18.75
When x
2.5, y
18.75,
 0.15  0.26 m
sec.
dt 2.5

29. When y
6, x
122  62
63, and s
x2  12  y2

s
12 − y

108  36
12.
x ( x, y )

x2  12  y2
s2 y
12
dx dy ds
2x  212  y1
2s
dt dt dt
dx dy ds
x   y  12
s
dt dt dt
Also, x2  y2
122.
dx dy dy x dx
2x  2y
0⇒

dt dt dt y dt
x dx
Thus, x
dx
dt
  y  12
y dt
ds

s .
dt  
126 1  3

dx 12x ds dx sy ds
xx
s ⇒

0.2

m
sec (horizontal)
dt y dt dt 12x dt 1263 53 15
dy x dx 63



 3 
1 m
sec (vertical)
dt y dt 6 15 5
 Section 2.6 Related Rates 167

30. Let L be the length of the rope.

4 ft/sec
dx
(a) L2
144  x2 13 ft (b) If
4, and L
13:
dt
dL dx 12 ft
2L
2x dL x dx 5 20
dt dt

4
ft
sec
dt L dt 13 13
dx L
dt


x

dL
dt


4L
x since dLdt
4 ft
sec dL


x dx L2  144

4
dt L dt L
When L
13:
dL 4
lim
lim  L2  144
0
x
L2  144
169  144
5 L→12 dt L→12 L
dx 413 52



10.4 ft
sec
dt 5 5
Speed of the boat increases as it approaches the dock.

31. (a) s2
x2  y2
dx

450 y
dt
200

dy

600 150
s
dt 100 y

ds dx dy 50
2s
2x  2y x
dt dt dt −50 50 100 150 200
x

ds xdx
dt  ydy
dt


dt s
ds 150450  200600
When x
150 and y
200, s
250 and

750 mph.
dt 250
250 1
(b) t

hr
20 min
750 3

32. x 2  y 2
s2 33. s2
902  x2

2x
dx
dt
 0
2s
ds
dt since dydt
0 x
30
dx

28
dx s ds dt


dt x dt
ds dx ds x dx
When s
10, x
100  25
75
53,
2s
dt

2x ⇒

dt dt s
 dt
dx 10 480 When x
30, s
902  302
3010,

240

1603  277.13 mph.
dt 53 3
ds 30 28

28
 8.85 ft
sec.
y
dt 
30 10 10
x 2nd

s
5 mi 30 ft

3rd x
1st
x s

90 ft

Home
168 Chapter 2 Differentiation

15 y
34. s2
902  x2 35. (a)
⇒ 15y  15x
6y
6 yx
x
60
5
y
x
dx 3

28
dt
dx

5
ds x dx dt
dt


s
 dt
dy 5 dx 5 25
When x
60, s
902  602
3013, dt


3
 dt

5

3 3
ft
sec

ds 60 56

28
 15.53 ft
sec.
dt 3013 13

2nd 30 ft 15

x 6
1st
3rd s
x
y
90 ft

Home d y  x dy dx 25 10
(b)

5
ft
sec
dt dt dt 3 3

20 y
36. (a)

6 yx
20y  20x
6y
20
14y
20x
10 6
y
x
7 x
y
dx

5
dt
dy 10 dx 10 50


5
ft
sec
dt 7 dt 7 7
d y  x dy dx 50 50 35 15
(b)

 5

ft
sec
dt dt dt 7 7 7 7

1 t
37. xt
sin , x 2  y 2
1
2 6

(a) Period:
2

6

12 seconds
1
(c) When x
, y

4 1  14 2


15
4
and t
1:

1
(b) When x
, y

2 1  12
2
2


3
2
m.
dx 1 
dt


2 6
cos
t
6 



12
cos
t
6

Lowest point: 0, 23 



dx
x2  y2
1
dy dy x dx
2x  2y
0⇒

dt dt dt y dt
 
 12 cos 6 
dy 1
4
Thus,

dt 15
4


 1  23
24 15
1205.
 


15 12

Speed

 
 5
120


5
120
m
sec
 Section 2.6 Related Rates 169

3
38. xt
sin  t, x2  y2
1
5
2
(a) Period:
2 seconds

3
(b) When x
, y

5 1  35 2


4
5
m.

Lowest point: 0, 54 

3
1  14 15 3 3 1 1
2
(c) When x
,y

and
sin  t ⇒ sin  t
⇒ t
:
10 4 10 5 2 6
dx 3

 cos  t
dt 5
x2  y2
1
dx dy dy x dx
2x  2y
0 ⇒

dt dt dt y dt
3
10 
 5  cos 6 
dy 3
Thus,

dt 15
4

9 95


.
255 125

Speed

 95
125 
 0.5058 m
sec

1 1 1
39. Since the evaporation rate is proportional to the surface 40.

R R1 R2
area, dV
dt
k4 r 2. However, since V
4
3 r 3,
we have dR1

1
dt
dV dr

4 r 2 .
dt dt dR2

1.5
dt
dr dr
Therefore, k4 r 2
4 r 2 ⇒k
.
dt dt 1 dR 1 dR1 1 dR2
R2
 dt

2
R1
 dt
 2
R2
 dt
When R1
50 and R2
75:
R
30
dR

1 1

302 1  1.5
0.6 ohms
sec
dt 502 752

41. pV 1.3
k 42. rg tan 
v2

dV dp 32r tan 
v2, r is a constant.
1.3pV 0.3  V 1.3
0
dt dt
d dv
32r sec2 
2v

V 0.3 1.3p
dV
dt
V
dp
dt

0  dt dt
dv 16r d

sec2 
dV dp dt v dt
1.3p
V
dt dt
d v dv
Likewise,
cos2  .
dt 16r dt
170 Chapter 2 Differentiation

y
43. tan 
y
30
dy

3 m
sec
dt
d 1 dy y
sec2   dt


30 dt θ
x
d 1 dy

30

cos2 
dt 30 dt
 d

2 1 1 1
When y
30, 
, and cos 
. Thus,
3
rad
sec.
4 2 dt 30 2 20

10
44. sin 

x
dx

1 ft
sec
dt x
10
d 10
cos  
dt

2
x

dx
dt θ

d 10 dx

2 sec 
dt x dt
10 25 10 1 2 221

1


 0.017 rad
sec
252 252  102 25 521 2521 525

y
45. tan 
, y
5
x
L
y=5
dx

600 mi
hr θ
dt x

d 5 dx
sec2 
dt

 2
x
 dt
d
dt
5 dx

cos2   2
x dt  
x2 5 dx

2  2
L x dt  
 L5 15 dxdt
sin 15600
120 sin 
2

 2
2 2

(a) When 
30 , (b) When 
60 , (c) When 
75 ,

d 120 d d
dt


4 dt

120 
3
4 dt

120 sin2 75

1 3  111.96 rad
hr  1.87 rad
min.

30 rad
hr
rad
min.
90 rad
hr
rad
min.
2 2

x
46. tan 

Police

50
d

302
60 rad
min
 rad
sec θ
dt 50 ft

sec2  ddt
501 dxdt

x
d
dx
dt

50 sec2 
dt  
dx 200 dx dx
(a) When 
30 ,
ft
sec. (b) When 
60 ,
200 ft
sec. (c) When 
70 ,  427.43 ft
sec.
dt 3 dt dt
 Section 2.6 Related Rates 171

d
47.
10 rev
sec2 rad
rev
20 rad
sec
dt
x
(a) cos 
(b) 2000
30
P
d 1 dx
sin 
30 0 4
dt 30 dt θ
x
x
dx d − 2000

30 sin 
dt dt
(d) For 
30 ,

30 sin 20
dx

600 sin 
600 sin30 
dt
  
(c) dx
dt
600 sin  is greatest when  1

600
300 cm
sec.

sin 
1 ⇒ 
2  n or 90  n  180 .
2
For 
60 ,
dx
dt is least when 
n or n  180 . dx

600 sin60 
dt
3

600
3003 cm
sec.
2

x x
48. sin 22
49. tan 
⇒ x
50 tan 
y 50

x dy 1 dx dx d
0
   
50 sec2 
y2 dt y dt dt dt

dx x dy d


sin 22 240  89.9056 mi
hr 2
50 sec2 
dt y dt dt
d 1  
y
cos2 ,  ≤  ≤
x dt 25 4 4
22˚

50. (a) dy
dt
3dx
dt means that y changes three times as fast as x changes.
(b) y changes slowly when x  0 or x  L. y changes more rapidly when x is near the
middle of the interval.

d 2y
51. x2  y2
25; acceleration of the top of the ladder

dt 2
dx dy
First derivative: 2x  2y
0
dt dt
dx dy
x y
0
dt dt
d 2x dx dx d 2y dy dy
Second derivative: x
dt 2

dt
 dt
y 2 
dt dt
 dt

0

d 2y
  x ddt x  dxdt  dydt

2
1 2 2


dt 2 y 2

dy 7 dx dx d 2x
When x
7, y
24,
 , and
2 (see Exercise 27). Since is constant, 2
0.
dt 12 dt dt dt
d 2y
dt 2


1
24
70  22  
7
12  

241 4  144
2 49


241  144
625

 0.1808 ft
sec 2
172 Chapter 2 Differentiation

d 2x
52. L2
144  x2; acceleration of the boat

dt 2
dL dx
First derivative: 2L
2x
dt dt
dL dx
L
x
dt dt
d 2L dL dL d 2x dx dx
Second derivative: L
dt 2

dt
 dt

x 2 
dt dt
 dt
d 2x
  L ddtL  dLdt  dxdt

1 2 2 2


dt 2 x 2

dx dL dL d 2L
When L
13, x
5,
10.4, and
4 (see Exercise 30). Since is constant, 2
0.
dt dt dt dt
d 2x 1

130  42  10.42
dt 2 5
1 1

16  108.16
92.16
18.432 ft
sec2
5 5

53. (a) ms
0.3754s3  18.780s2  313.23s  1707.8

dm ds
(b)
1.1262s2  37.560s  313.23
dt dt
ds dm
If t
10 and
0.75, then s
17.8 and  1.1154 million
year.
dt dt

54. y t
4.9t 2  20 y

dy

9.8t
dt
y 1
4.9  20
15.1
y 1
9.8 20
y

12
20 y x
By similar triangles:
(0, 0)
x
x x  12
20x  240
xy
When y
15.1: 20x  240
x15.1
20  15.1 x
240
240
x

4.9
20x  240
xy
dx dy dx
20
x y
dt dt dt
dx x dy


dt 20  y dt
dx 240
4.9
At t
1,
9.8  97.96 m
sec.
dt 20  15.1
 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 173

Review Exercises for Chapter 2

1. f
x
x2  2x  3
f
x  x  f
x
f 
x
lim
x→0 x

x  x2  2
x  x  3  x2  2x  3

lim
x→0 x

x2  2x
x 
x2  2x  2
x  3 
x2  2x  3

lim
x→0 x
2x
x 
x2  2
x

lim
lim
2x  x  2
2x  2
x→0 x x→0

2. f
x
x  1
f
x  x  f
x
f 
x
lim
x→0 x

x  x  1 
x  1

lim
x→0 x
x  x  x x  x  x

lim
x

x→0 x  x  x

x  x  x

lim
x→0 x
x  x  x
1 1

lim

x→0 x  x  x 2x

x1
3. f
x

x1
x  x  1 x  1

f
x  x  f
x x  x  1 x  1
f 
x
lim
lim
x→0 x x→0 x

x  x  1
x  1 
x  x  1
x  1

lim
x→0 x
x  x  1
x  1

x2  x x  x  x  x  1 
x2  x x  x  x  x  1

lim
x→0 x
x  x  1
x  1
2 x 2 2

lim
lim

x→0 x
x  x  1
x  1 x→0
x  x  1
x  1
x  12

2
4. f
x
x

2 2

f
x  x  f
x x  x x
f 
x
lim
lim
x→0 x x→0 x
2x 
2x  2 x

lim
x→0 x
x  xx
2 x

lim
x→0 x
x  xx
2 2

lim
2
x→0
x  xx x
174 Chapter 2 Differentiation

5. f is differentiable for all x  1. 6. f is differentiable for all x  3.

x1 4x4xx2,, if x < 2

2
7. f
x
4  x  2   8. f
x
2
if x ≥ 2
(a) Continuous at x
2
(a) Nonremovable discontinuity at x
2
(b) Not differentiable at x
2 because of the sharp turn
(b) Not differentiable at x
2 because the function is
in the graph.
discontinuous there.
y
y
7
6 5
5
4 4
3
2

x 1
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
−5 −4 −2 −1 1 2
−2 −1
−3
−2

9. Using the limit definition, you obtain g
x
43 x  16. At 10. Using the limit definition, you obtain h
x
38  4x. At
x
1, x
2,
4 1 3 3 67
g
1
 
. h
2
 4
2
.
3 6 2 8 8

11. (a) Using the limit definition, f 
x
3x 2. At x
1, 12. (a) Using the limit definition,
f 
1
3. The tangent line is
2
y 
2
3
x 
1 f 
x
.

x  12
y
3x  1. At x
0, f 
0
2. The tangent line is
(b) −4
0
2 y  2
2
x  0
y
2x  2.
(−1, −2)
(b) 4

(0, 2)
−4
−6 6

−4

g
x  g
2 f
x  f
2

13. g
2
lim 14. f 
2
lim
x→2 x2 x→2 x2

x 2
x  1  4 1 1

lim 
x→2 x2 x1 3

lim
x→2 x2
x3  x 2  4

lim
x→2 x2 3x1

lim
x→2
x  2
x  13

x  2
x 2  x  2

lim
x→2 x2 1 1

lim

x→2
x  13 9

lim
x 2  x  2
8
x→2

15. y
25 16. y
12 17. f
x
x8 18. g
x
x12

y
0 y
0 f 
x
8x7 g
x
12x11
 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 175

19. h
t
3t 4 20. f
t
8t 5 21. f
x
x3  3x2 22. g
s
4s4  5s2
h
t
12t 3 f 
t
40t 4 f 
x
3x2  6x g
s
16s3  10s

3x
x  2

23. h
x
6x  3

3
x
6x12  3x13 24. f
x
x12  x12
3 1 1 1 x1
h
x
3x12  x23
 f 
x
x12  x32
32
x 
3 2
x 2 2 2x

2 2
25. g
t
t 2 26. h
x
x2 27. f

2  3 sin 
3 9
f 

2  3 cos 
4 3 4 4 3 4
g
t
t
3 h
x
x
3
3 3t 9 9x

sin  5 sin
28. g

4 cos  6 29. f

3 cos   30. g

 2
4 3
g

4 sin
cos  5 cos
f 

3 sin   g

2
4 3

31. y
32. y 33. F
200T
f′ f
100
F 
t

2 1
f
T
1 x
−
π
2
π
2
(a) When T
4,
x
F 
4
50 vibrations/sec/lb.
−1 f′
−1 1
(b) When T
9,
F
9
333 vibrations/sec/lb.
1

34. s
16t 2  s0
First ball: Second ball:
16t 2  100
0 16t 2  75
0

t
100
16


10
4

2.5 seconds to hit ground t2
7516
5 4 3 2.165 seconds to hit ground


Since the second ball was released one second after the first ball, the first ball will hit the ground first.
The second ball will hit the ground 3.165  2.5
0.665 second later.

35. s
t
16t 2  s0 36. s
t
16t 2  14,400
0

s
9.2
16
9.22  s0
0 16t 2
14,400
s0
1354.24 t
30 sec
1
The building is approximately 1354 feet high (or 415 m). Since 600 mph
6 mi/sec, in 30 seconds the bomb
will move horizontally
6 
30
5 miles.
1
176 Chapter 2 Differentiation

37. (a) y (c) Ball reaches maximum height when x
25.

15
(d) y
x  0.02x2

10
y
1  0.04x

5
y
0
1

x
y
10
0.6
20 40 60
y
25
0
Total horizontal distance: 50 y
30
0.2
(b) 0
x  0.02x2 y
50
1

0
x 1
x
50implies x
50. (e) y
25
0

38. y

v02
64 v02 v02
( ,
64 128 ) 2
( v32 , 0 )
0

x
v02
128


32 2 32 64
(a) y
x  x
x 1  2x (b) y
1  x
v02 v0 v02


v02 v02 64 v02

0 if x
0 or x
When x
, y
1  2
0.
32 64 v0 64

Projectile strikes the ground when x
v0232. (d) v0
70 ftsec

Projectile reaches its maximum height at x
v0 264 v02
702

Range: x


153.125 ft
(one-half the distance). 32 32
v02
702
(c) y
x 
32 2
v02
32

x
x 1  2x
0
v0  Maximum height: y

128


128
38.28 ft

when x
0 and x
s0232. Therefore, the range is 50

x
v0232. When the initial velocity is doubled the

range is

2v02 4v02
x

0 160
32 32 0

or four times the initial range. From part (a), the

maximum height occurs when x
v0264. The
maximum height is



v02 v02 32 v02 2 v02 v02 v02
y
 2

.
64 64 v0 64 64 128 128
If the initial velocity is doubled, the maximum
height is


64

128
128
2v0 2 2v0 2 v02
y
4

or four times the original maximum height.

 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 177

39. x
t
t 2  3t  2

t  2
t  1

(a) v
t
x
t
2t  3 (b) v
t < 0 for t <
3
2

(c) v
t
0 for t
2 (d) x
t
0 for t
1, 2

3

x

 2
 1



v
1
2
1  3
1

3 3
 12 1
2 2 2  14

v
2
2
2  3
1
The speed is 1 when the position is 0.

40. (a) y
0.14x2  4.43x  58.4 (b) 320

(c) 12

0 60
0

0 60
0 (d) If x
65, y 362 feet.
(e) As the speed increases, the stopping distance increases
at an increasing rate.

41. f
x

3x2  7
x2  2x  3 42. g
x

x3  3x
x  2

f 
x

3x2  7
2x  2 
x2  2x  3
6x g
x

x3  3x
1 
x  2
3x 2  3

2
6x3  9x2  16x  7
x3  3x  3x3  6x 2  3x  6

4x3  6x 2  6x  6

43. h
x
x sin x
x12 sin x 44. f
t
t 3 cos t

1 f 
t
t 3
sin t  cos t
3t 2
h
x
sin x  x cos x
2x
t 3 sin t  3t 2 cos t

x2  x  1 6x  5
45. f
x
46. f
x

x2  1 x2  1

x2  1
2x  1 
x2  x  1
2x
x2  1
6 
6x  5
2x
f 
x
f 
x


x2  12
x2  12

x2  1 2
3  5x  3x2




x2  12
x2  12

47. f
x

4  3x21 48. f
x
9
3x2  2x1

6x 18
1  3x
f 
x

4  3x22
6x
f 
x
9
3x2  2x2
6x  2


4  3x22
3x2  2x2

x2 sin x
49. y
50. y

cos x x2
cos x
2x  x 2
sin x 2x cos x  x 2 sin x
x2 cos x 
sin x
2x x cos x  2 sin x
y

y


cos2 x cos2 x x4 x3

51. y
3x 2 sec x 52. y
2x  x 2 tan x

y
3x 2 sec x tan x  6x sec x y
2  x 2 sec2 x  2x tan x
178 Chapter 2 Differentiation

53. y
x cos x  sin x 54. g
x
3x sin x  x 2 cos x

y
x sin x  cos x  cos x
x sin x g
x
3x cos x  3 sin x  x 2 sin x  2x cos x

5x cos x 
3  x 2 sin x

2x3  1 x1
55. f
x

x2

2x  x2,
1, 1 56. f
x

x1
,
12, 3
f 
x
2  2x3
x  1 
x  1 2
f 
x



x  12
x  12
f 
1
4
2
Tangent line: y  1
4
x  1 f
12

14 

8
y
4x  3
Tangent line: y  3
8 x 
1
2 
y
8x  1

1  sin x
57. f
x
x tan x,
0, 0 58. f
x
,

, 1
1  sin x
f 
x
x sec2 x  tan x

1  sin x cos x 
1  sin x
cos x
f 
x

f 
0
0
1  sin x2
Tangent line: y  0
0
x  0 1  1
f 



2
y
0 1
Tangent line: y  1
2
x 

y
2x  2
 1

59. v
t
36  t 2, 0 ≤ t ≤ 6
a
t
v
t
2t
v
4
36  16
20 msec
a
4
8 msec2

90t
60. v
t

4t  10

4t  1090  90t
4
a
t


4t  102
900 225




4t  102
2t  52
90 90
5 90
10
(a) v
1
6.43 ftsec (b) v
5

15 ftsec (c) v
10

18 ftsec
14 30 50
225 225 225
a
1
4.59 ftsec2 a
5

1 ftsec2 a
10

0.36 ftsec2
49 152 252

61. g
t
t 3  3t  2 62. f
x
12x14 63. f

3 tan 

g
t
3t 2 3 f 
x
3x34 f 

3 sec2 
g 
t
6t 9 74 9 f 

6 sec 
sec  tan 
f 
x
x
74
4 4x

6 sec2  tan 
 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 179

64. h
t
4 sin t  5 cos t 65. y
2 sin x  3 cos x

h
t
4 cos t  5 sin t y
2 cos x  3 sin x
h
t
4 sin t  5 cos t y
2 sin x  3 cos x
y  y

2 sin x  3 cos x 
2 sin x  3 cos x

0

10  cos x
2
66. y

x
67. h
x

xx  31
2

xy  cos x
10

xx  31

x  1
1 
x  3
2x

2
h
x
2
xy  y  sin x
0 2
x 2  12
xy  y
sin x 2
x  3
x 2  6x  1



x 2  13


1 5
68. f
x
x2  69. f
s

s2  152
s3  5
x

f 
x
5 x2 
1

2x  x1 
4
2
f 
s

s2  152
3s2 
s3  5
52
s
2
 132
2s
x

s
s2  1323s
s2  1  5
s3  5

s
s2  132
8s3  3s  25


70. h

71. y
3 cos
3x  1

1  3
y
3 sin
3x  1
3

1  3   3
1  2
1
h



1  6 y
9 sin
3x  1

1  
1    3
2 2  1




1  6
1  4

x sin 2x
72. y
1  cos 2x  2 cos2 x 73. y

2 4
y
2 sin 2x  4 cos x sin x
1 1 1
y
 cos 2x
2

1  cos 2x
sin2 x

22 sin x cos x  4 sin x cos x 2 4 2

0

sec7 x sec5 x 2 32 2

74. y
 75. y
sin x  sin72 x
7 5 3 7
y
sec6 x
sec x tan x  sec4 x
sec x tan x y
sin12 x cos x  sin52 x cos x

sec5 x tan x
sec2 x  1

cos xsin x
1  sin2 x

sec5 x tan3 x

cos3 xsin x

3x sin
x
76. f
x
77. y

x 2  1 x2
3
x 2  112  3x 12
x 2  112
2x
x  2
cos
x  sin
x
f 
x
y

x2  1
x  22
3
x 2  1  3x 2 3


2

x 2  132
x  132
180 Chapter 2 Differentiation

cos
x  1
78. y
79. f
x
1  x3
x1
1 3x2

x  1 sin
x  1  cos
x  1
1 f 
x

1  x312
3x 2

y
2 21  x3

x  12
12
1 f 
2

2

 
x  1 sin
x  1  cos
x  1 2
3

x  12

1
80. f
x
x 1
3 2 81. y
csc 2x
2
1 2x
f 
x

x 2  123
2x
y
csc 2x cot 2x
3 3
x2  123

f 
3

2
3 1


y

4 
0
3
4 2

82. y
csc 3x  cot 3x 83. g
x
2x
x  112 4

g′
y
3 csc 3x cot 3x  3 csc2 3x x2
g
x


x  132

6 
0  3
3
−2 7
y g
g does not equal zero for
−2
any value of x in the domain.
The graph of g has no horizontal
tangent lines.

84. f
x

x  2
x  4 2

x2  2x  82 85. f
t
t  1 

3 t  1

f 
x
4
x3  3x2  6x  8 f
t

t  112
t  113

t  156

4
x  2
x  1
x  4 5
f 
t

6
t  116
The zeros of f  correspond to the points on the graph
of f where the tangent line is horizontal. f  does not equal zero for any x in the domain.
100 The graph of f has no horizontal tangent lines.
f′ f 5

−7 5
f

f′
− 60 −2 7

−1

86. y
3x
x  23 87. f
t 
t 2
t  15,
2, 4

3
x  2
7x  2
2 (a) f 
t 
t
t  14
7t  2
y

23x f 
2
24
y does not equal zero for any x in the domain.
(b) y  4
24
t  2
The graph has no horizontal tangent lines.
y
24t  44
75

y′ y (c) y

5
4 (2, 4)
−3 3
3
2
− 25
1
x
−2 −1 1 3 4 5

f g
 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 181

88. g
x
xx 2  1,
3, 310  89. y
tan 1  x,
2, tan 3 

x2 1
(a) g
x
x2  1  (a) y

x  1 2
21  x cos2 1  x
1910  3
g
3
y
2
11.1983
10 6 cos2 3
1910  3
(b) y  310

x  3 (b) y  tan 3

x  2
10 6 cos2 3
1910 2710  3 3
y
x y
x  tan 3  2 3
10 10 6 cos2 3 3 cos
(c) y (c) y

12 y1 y 8
10
(3, 3 10 )
8
6 x
−2π π
y 2
4 −4
2 g (− 2, tan 3(
−8
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
−2

2
90. y
2 csc3
x 
,
1, 2 csc3
1
sin3
x 
3 cos
x 
(a) y
(c)


y
x sin4 x
6
y
3 cos
1
y
1

5

sin4
1 4 (1, 2 csc3 1)

3

3 cos
1 2
(b) y  2 csc3
1

x  1
sin4
1 1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 cos
1 2 3 cos
1 −1
y
x 3 
sin4
1 sin
1 sin4
1

91. y
2x2  sin 2x 92. y
x1  tan x 93. f
x
cot x

y
4x  2 cos 2x y
x2  sec2 x f 
x
csc2 x
y
4  4 sin 2x y
2x3  2 sec x
sec x tan x f 
x
2 csc x
csc x  cot x
2
2 csc2 x cot x

 2 sec2 x tan x
x3

t 6x  5
94. y
sin2 x 95. f
t
96. g
x


1  t2 x2  1
y
2 sin x cos x
sin 2x
t1 2
3x2  5x  3
f 
t
g
x

y
2 cos 2x
1  t3
x2  12

2
t  2 2
6x3  15x2  18x  5

f 
t
g 
x


1  t4
x2  13

97. g

tan 3  sin
  1 98. h
x
xx2  1

g

3 sec2 3  cos
  1 2x2  1

h
x

x2  1
g 

18 sec2 3 tan 3  sin
  1
x
2x2  3
h 
x


x2  132
182 Chapter 2 Differentiation

700
99. T

t 2  4t  10
T
700
t 2  4t  101
1400
t  2
T


t 2  4t  102
(a) When t
1, (b) When t
3,
1400
1  2 1400
3  2
T
18.667 deghr. T
7.284 deghr.

1  4  102
9  12  102
(c) When t
5, (d) When t
10,
1400
5  2 1400
10  2
T
3.240 deghr. T
0.747 deghr.

25  20  102
100  40  102

100. v
2gh
2
32h
8h

dv 4


dh h

dv 4
(a) When h
9,
ftsec.
dh 3
dv
(b) When h
4,
2 ftsec.
dh

101. x2  3xy  y3
10 102. x2  9y2  4x  3y
0

2x  3xy  3y  3y2y
0 2x  18yy  4  3y
0
3
x  y2y

2x  3y 3
6y  1y
4  2x

2x  3y 4  2x
y
y

3
x  y2 3
6y  1

103. yx  xy
16

y
12x   x
12
y  x
12

12y 12

y  y12
0

x 
x
2y 
y
y 
y
2x
2xy  x 2xy  y
y

2y 2x
2xy  y 2y 2yx  yy
y


2x 2xy  x 2xy  xx

104. y2
x3  x2y  xy  y2 105. x sin y
y cos x

0
x3  x2y  xy  2y2
x cos yy  sin y
y sin x  y cos x
0
3x2  x2y  2xy  xy  y  4yy y
x cos y  cos x
y sin x  sin y

x2  x  4yy
3x2  2xy  y
y sin x  sin y
y

3x2  2xy  y cos x  x cos y
y
2
x  x  4y
 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 183

106. cos
x  y
x 107. x2  y2
20 6

(2, 4)

1  y  sin
x  y
1 2x  2yy
0
−9 9
y sin
x  y
1  sin
x  y x
y

y
1  sin
x  y −6
y

sin
x  y 1
At
2, 4: y

2

csc
x  1  1
1
Tangent line: y  4

x  2
2
x  2y  10
0
Normal line: y  4
2
x  2
2x  y
0

108. x2  y2
16 10 109. y
x
2x  2yy
0
dy
−10 10
2 unitssec
x dt
y

y
dy 1 dx dx dy
−10
⇒
2x
4x
5 dt 2x dt dt dt
At
5, 3: y

3
1 dx
(a) When x
,
22 units/sec.
5 2 dt
Tangent line: y  3

x  5
3
dx
(b) When x
1,
4 units/sec.
5x  3y  16
0 dt
3 dx
Normal line: y  3

x  5 (c) When x
4,
8 units/sec.
5 dt
3x  5y  30
0

110. Surface area
A
6x 2, x
length of edge

dx

5
dt
dA dx

12x
12
4.5
5
270 cm2sec
dt dt

s 12
111.
Width of water at depth h:
h 2
1
s
h
w
2  2s
2  2
14 h
4 2 h
4
4h
dV

1
V

5
2
2
2
5
4
h

8  hh
dt
dV 5 dh


4  h 1 1
dt 2 dt 2 2 2

dh 2
dVdt s

2
dt 5
4  h h

dh 2
When h
1,
mmin. 2
dt 25
184 Chapter 2 Differentiation

112. tan 
x 113. s t
60  4.9t 2

d s  t
9.8t

32 radmin
dt
s
35
60  4.9t2
sec2 
ddt
dxdt 4.9t2
25
5
dx t


tan2   16
6x2  1 4.9
dt
1 st
1 tan 30


When x
, 3 xt
2
xt
3 st
15
dx
dt
1

6  1

4
2 
kmmin
450 kmhr.
dx ds

3
39.8
5
 38.34 msec
dt dt 4.9

θ
1
s (t)

30˚
x
x(t )

Problem Solving for Chapter 2

1. (a) x 2   y  r2
r2, Circle 3

x2
y, Parabola
Substituting: −3 3

 y  r2
r2  y −1

y2  2r y  r2
r2  y
y2  2r y  y
0
y y  2r  1
0
Since you want only one solution, let 1  2r
0 ⇒ r
12. Graph y
x 2 and x 2   y  12 
14.
2

(b) Let x, y be a point of tangency:

x
x 2   y  b2
1 ⇒ 2x  2 y  by
0 ⇒ y
, Circle
by
y
x 2 ⇒ y
2x, Parabola
Equating:
x
2x
3
by
2b  y
1
1 1
by
⇒b
y −3 3
2 2
−1

Also, x2   y  b
1 and y

2 x2 imply:



1 2 1 3 5
y   y  b2
1 ⇒ y  y  y 
1⇒y
1 ⇒ y
and b

2 4 4 4

Center: 0,
54
Graph y
x 2 and x 2   y  4 
1.
5 2
 Problem Solving for Chapter 2 185

2. Let a, a2 and b, b2  2b  5 be the points of tangency. For y
x 2, y
2x y

and for y
x 2  2x  5, y
2x  2. Thus, 2a
2b  2 ⇒ a  b
1, 10

8
or a
1  b. Furthermore, the slope of the common tangent line is 6
4

a2  b2  2b  5 1  b2  b2  2b  5


2b  2 x
ab 1  b  b −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
−4
−6
1  2b  b2  b2  2b  5
⇒
2b  2
1  2b
⇒ 2b2  4b  6
4b2  6b  2
⇒ 2b2  2b  4
0
⇒ b2  b  2
0
⇒ b  2b  1
0
b
2, 1
For b
2, a
1  b
1 and the points of tangency are 1, 1 and 2, 5.
The tangent line has slope 2: y  1
2x
1 ⇒ y
2x  1
For b
1, a
1  b
2 and the points of tangency are 2, 4 and 1, 8.
The tangent line has slope 4: y  4
4x  2 ⇒ y
4x  4

3. (a) f x
cos x P1x
a0  a1x (b) f x
cos x P2x
a0  a1x  a2x 2
f 0
1 P10
a0 ⇒ a0
1 f 0
1 P20
a0 ⇒ a0
1
f  0
0 P10
a1 ⇒ a1
0 f  0
0 P20
a1 ⇒ a1
0
P1x
1 f  0
1 P20
2a2 ⇒ a2
 12
P2x
1  2 x 2
1

(c)
x 1.0 0.1 0.001 0 0.001 0.1 1.0
cos x 0.5403 0.9950 1 1 1 0.9950 0.5403
P2x 0.5 0.9950 1 1 1 0.9950 0.5

P2x is a good approximation of f x
cos x when x is near 0.

(d) f x
sin x P3x
a0  a1x  a2 x 2  a3x3
f 0
0 P30
a0 ⇒ a0
0
f  0
1 P30
a1 ⇒ a1
1
f  0
0 P30
2a2 ⇒ a2
0
f  0
1 P30
6a3 ⇒ a3
 16
P3x
x  16 x3

4. (a) y
x 2, y
2x, Slope
4 at 2, 4 (b) Slope of normal line:  4

1

Tangent line: y  4
4x  2 Normal line: y  4
 4x  2

1

y
4x  4 y
 14 x  92
(c) Tangent line: y
0 y
 14 x  92
x 2
Normal line: x
0 ⇒ 4x 2  x  18
0
⇒ 4x  9x  2
0

—CONTINUED— x
2,  94
Second intersection point:  94, 81
16 
186 Chapter 2 Differentiation

4. —CONTINUED—
(d) Let a, a2, a  0, be a point on the parabola y
x 2. Tangent line at a, a2 is y
2ax  a  a2.
Normal line at a, a2 is y
 12ax  a  a2. To find points of intersection, solve:
1
x2
 x  a  a2
2a
1 1
x2  x
a2 
2a 2
1 1 1 1
x2  x
a2  
2a 16a2 2 16a2
2



2
1 1
x
a
4a 4a

x
1
4a

± a

1
4a 
1 1
x
a ⇒x
a Point of tangency
4a 4a
2a2  1
x
1
4a

 a
1
4a

⇒ x
a 
1
2a

 2a
2a2  1
The normal line intersects a second time at x
 .
2a

5. Let px
Ax3  Bx 2  Cx  D 6. f x
a  b cos cx

p x
3Ax 2  2Bx  C. f  x
bc sin cx
At 1, 1: A BCD
1 Equation 1 At 0, 1: ab
1 Equation 1
3A  2B  C
14

4 , 32: a  b cos
c4
23
Equation 2
At Equation 2
At 1, 3: A  B  C  D
3 Equation 3
3A  2B  C
2 Equation 4 bc sin
c4
1 Equation 3
Adding Equations 1 and 3: 2B  2D
2
From Equation 1, a
1  b. Equation 2 becomes
Subtracting Equations 1 and 3: 2A  2C
4
Adding Equations 2 and 4: 6A  2C
12
1  b  b cos
c4
23 ⇒ b  b cos c4
12.
Subtracting Equations 2 and 4: 4B
16 1
From Equation 3, b
. Thus:
c sinc4
2 2
 2B
5. Subtracting
1
Hence, B
4 and D

2A  2C
4 and 6A  2C
12, you obtain 1 c
4A
8 ⇒ A
2. Finally, C
124  2A
0. Thus,
1

c sinc4 c sinc4
cos
4


1
2

px
2x3  4x 2  5.
1  cos
c4
21 c sin
c4
Graphing the equation
c c
gc

1
2
c sin

4
 cos
4

 1,

you see that many values of c will work. One answer:

1 3 3 1
c
2, b
 , a
⇒ f x
 cos 2x
2 2 2 2
 Problem Solving for Chapter 2 187

7. (a) x 4
a2x 2  a2y 2 8. (a) b2y 2
x3a  x; a, b > 0

a2 y 2
a2x 2  x 4 x 3a  x
y2

b2
± a2x 2  x 4
y

a x3a  x x3a  x
Graph y1
and y2
 .
a2x 2  x 4 a2x 2  x 4 b b
Graph: y1
and y2
 .
a a (b) a determines the x-intercept on the right: a, 0.
(b) 2 b affects the height.
a = 12
(c) Differentiating implicitly:
−3 3
2b 2 y y
3x 2a  x  x 3
3ax 2  4x 3
a=2
a=1
3ax 2  4x3
−2 y

0
2b2y
± a, 0 are the x-intercepts, along with 0, 0.
⇒ 3ax 2
4x3
(c) Differentiating implicitly:
3a
4x
4x 3
2a2 x  2a2 y y
3a
x

2a2x  4x3 4
y

2a2y

3a4 
a  3a4 
27a
64
4 
3 3
1
b2y 2
a
xa2  2x 2  ±a


0 ⇒ 2x 2
a2 ⇒ x

a2y 2
27a 4 33a2
2 y2
⇒y
±


a2
2

a2
 a2
2
 a2y2 256b 2 16b

3a4 , 3 16b3a ,
3a4 , 316b3a 

 2  2
4 a4 Two points:
a

 a2y 2
4 2
a4
a2y 2

4
a2
y2

4
a
y
±
2

Four points:
a2, a2,
a2,  2a,
 a2, a2,
a2,  2a
   

9. (a) y
(b) y

(0, 30) (0, 30)

30 30

(90, 6) (60, 6)
(100, 3) (70, 3)

x x
90 100 60 70
Not drawn to scale Not drawn to scale

Line determined by 0, 30 and 90, 6: Line determined by 0, 30 and 60, 6:

30  6 30  6 2 2
y  30
x  0 y  30
x  0
 x ⇒ y
 x  30
0  90 0  60 5 5
24 4 4 When x
70:

 x
 x ⇒ y
 x  30
90 15 15
2
When x
100: y
70  30
5
4 10
2 < 3 ⇒ Shadow determined by child
y
100  30
> 3 ⇒ Shadow determined by man
15 3

—CONTINUED—
188 Chapter 2 Differentiation

9. —CONTINUED—
(c) Need 0, 30, d, 6, d  10, 3 collinear.
30  6 63 24 3

⇒
⇒ d
80 feet
0d d  d  10 d 10
(d) Let y be the distance from the base of the street light to the tip of the shadow. We know that dxdt
5.
For x > 80, the shadow is determined by the man.
y yx 5 dy 5 dx 25

⇒ y
x and


30 6 4 dt 4 dt 4
For x < 80, the shadow is determined by the child.
y y  x  10 10 100 dy 10 dx 50

⇒y
x and


30 3 9 9 dt 9 dt 9
Therefore:

25
dy 4, x > 80

50
dt 9, 0 < x < 80
dydt is not continuous at x
80.


dy 1 23 dx dD 1 2 dx dy
10. (a) y
x13 ⇒
x (b) D
x 2  y 2 ⇒
x  y 2 2x  2y
dt 3 dt dt 2 dt dt
1 dx xdxdt  ydydt
1
823

3 dt x 2  y 2
dx 812  21

12 cmsec

dt 64  4
y d xdydt  ydxdt 98 49
(c) tan 

x
⇒ sec2  dt


x2


cmsec
68 17

68
2
θ
8

From the triangle, sec 
688. Hence

d 81  212 16 4



radsec.
dt 646864 68 17

Lx 
x  Lx Ex 
x  Ex
11. L x
lim 12. E x
lim

x→0
x
x→0
x
Lx  L
x  Lx ExE
x  Ex

lim
lim

x→0
x
x→0
x
L
x

lim

x→0
x

lim Ex

x→0
E
x
x  1
L
x  L0 E
x  1
Also, L 0
lim .
Ex lim

x→0
x
x→0
x
But, L0
0 because E
x  E0 E
x  1
But, E 0
lim
lim
1.

x→0
x
x→0
x
L0
L0  0
L0  L0 ⇒ L0
0.
Thus, E x
ExE 0
Ex exists for all x.
Thus, L x
L 0 for all x. The graph of L is a line
through the origin of slope L 0. For example: Ex
e x.
 Problem Solving for Chapter 2 189

sin z
13. (a) (b) lim  0.0174533
z (degrees) 0.1 0.01 0.0001 z→0 z

sin z sin z 
0.0174524 0.0174533 0.0174533 In fact, lim
.
z z→0 z 180
 
d sinz 
z  sin z
(d) S90
sin
180 90
sin
1
2
(c) sin z
lim
dz
z →0
z 
sin z cos
z  sin
z cos z  sin z
C180
cos
180 180
1

lim

z →0
z d d 
Sz
sincz
c coscz
Cz
cos
z  1 sin
z
sin z
  cos z

dz dz 180

lim lim

z →0
z
z →0
z (e) The formulas for the derivatives are more
  complicated in degrees.

sin z0  cos z
180 
180 cos z

14. (a) vt
 5 t  27 ftsec

27
15. jt
a t
at
 27
5 ftsec2 (a) jt is the rate of change of acceleration.
(b) vt
 27
5t  27
0 ⇒ 27
5t
27 ⇒ t
5 seconds (b) st
8.25t 2  66t
S5
 27
10 5  275  6
73.5 feet
2 vt
16.5t  66
(c) The acceleration due to gravity on Earth is greater in at
16.5
magnitude than that on the moon.
a t
jt
0
The acceleration is constant, so jt
0.
(c) a is position.
b is acceleration.
c is jerk.
d is velocity.