Processing Equipment

Design
5. Heat Exchangers

Lecturer: Pavel Hoffman

http://fsinet.fsid.cvut.cz/cz/U218/peoples/hoffman/index.htm

e-mail: pavel.hoffman@fs.cvut.cz
Tubular heat exchangers (HE)
Steps of HE design (more see exercises)
t11
Symbol of HE and
t12
definition of flows t22
M2, t22 t21
parallel flow

warm fluid 1 cold fluid2 t11

Q
M1, t11 M2, t21 t12
A t22
t21
counter flow
M1, t12
M1*c1 < M2*c2
fluid = liquid, gas, steam...
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 Usual given data:
Example of given data: • 2 flows and 3 temperatures → 4. temperature
• 1 flow and 4 temperatures → 2. flow rate

- Mass flows of fluids: M1 (kg/h; kg/s) M2 (kg/h; kg/s)

- Temperatures: t11 (°C) t12 (°C) t21 (°C)
- Fluids physical properties:
specific heats c1 (kJ/kg°C) c2 (kJ/kg°C)
densities ρ1 (kg/m3) ρ2 (kg/m3)

Calculated data for this example:

- Outlet temperature of warmed cool liquid t22 (°C) = ?
- Amount of transferred heat Q (kW) = ?
- Needed heat transfer surface A (m2) = ?
- Pressure loss in HE ∆p1 (kPa) = ?
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∆p2 (kPa) = ? 3
1. Thermal calculations
(without heat loss ΔQL = 0 – simplification)
Principle of conservation of energy in HE (enthalpic balance)

Q1 = Q2 = Q (exactly Q1 = Q2 + ∆QL)
Q1 = M1 * c1 * (t11 – t12) heat removed from hot fluid
Q2 = M2 * c2 * (t21 – t22) heat transferred to cool fluid

M1 * c1 * (t11 – t12) = M2 * c2 * (t21 – t22) → t22 = ?

but the heat has to go through the heat transfer surface A
Q = k * A * ∆tL → A=?
where is k (W/m2°C) coefficient of heat passage (overall HT coeff.)
∆tL (°C) mean logarithmic temperature difference in HE

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2. Hydrodynamic calculations
For optimal fluid speeds wopt we can calculate (estimate) a total
cross-sectional area (clear area) of flows (they depend on
pressure loss ΔpLmax1,2)
f dTe
f1 = V1 / w1opt and f2 = V2 / w2opt f dTi

where is V1 = M1 / ρ1 and V2 = M2 / ρ2 s

For selected tubes diameter dT and length LT we can specify

numbers of tubes in 1 pass of the HE for both fluids
(dTe = dTi + 2*s; dTf = dTi + s)
nT1P1 = 4*f1 / (π*dTi2) and nT1P2 = 4*f2 / (π*dTi2)
(or from a corresponding cross section area of an inter-tubular space = it is
outside tubes)
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Total number of tubes in the HE is heat transfer area of 1 tube

nTT  A / (π*dTø*LT)
Number of passes in the HE (for fluid flows in tubes)

nP1 = nTT / nT1P1 nP2 = nTT / nT1P2

These numbers have to be integer numbers → new calculations

for different speed, tubes length or diameter.

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3. Estimation of basic size

Spacing of tubes t depends on a method of their

connection in a tube plate (beading, welding – see later).
For example is
f dTe

t ≥ 1,2 * dTe
t

We choose a HE layout and from the spacing we can calculate a

tube bundle diameter and consequently a HE shell too.

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4. Strength calculations
• According standards we can specify or check tube wall
thickness, shell wall thickness and tube plate thickness.

• Than we check thermal dilatations (low cycle fatigue) of the HE

– assembling and working temperatures are different, tubes
and shell temperatures are different too. It is very important
for fixed tube plates.

More you can see in next lectures and exercises.

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 Výměník tepla s pevnými trubkovnicemi Výměník tepla s kompenzátorem v plášti
HE with fixed plates HE with bellows expansive joint in shell

p1
p2 p1
p2

Výměník tepla s plovoucí hlavou

HE with floating head
Výměník tepla s ucpávkou v plášti
p1 HE with packing in shell
p2

p1
Výměník tepla s vlásenkovými trubkami
p2
HE with „hair tubes“

p1
p2 Příklady výměníků tepla a jejich
konstrukčního řešení podle ČSN 690010
Examples of Hes and their design
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 Výměník tepla s pevnými trubkovnicemi, přepážkami v mezitrubkovém
prostoru a dvěma tahy v trubkách
HE with fixed tube-plates and baffles in inter mediate tube space and 2 passes in tubes
1 9 3 5 6 4 7 8

3 2 9

1 – Přepážka Baffle plate 6 – Trubky Tubes

2 – Patka Support, footing 7  Pevná trubkovnice Fixed tube plate (Welded like flange)
3 Výstupní hrdlo Outlet neck 8  Příruba Cover with flange
4  Segmentová přepážka Segment baffle 9 – Vstupní hrdlo Inlet neck
5 – Plášť Shell

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 Trubkový výměník s plovoucí hlavou
HE with floating head and 2 passes
1 9 10 3 5 6 4 7 8

Dilatace
3 2 9 Dilatation

1 – Přepážka Baffle plate 6 – Trubky Tubes

2 – Patka Support, footing 7  Příruba pro kapalinu A Cover for fluid A
3 Výstupní hrdlo Outlet neck 8  Příruba pro kapalinu B Cover for fluid B
4  Segmentová přepážka Segment baffle 9 – Vstupní hrdlo Inlet neck
5 – Plášť Shell 10 – Pevná trubkovnice mezi 2 přírubami
Tube plate fixed between 2 flanges
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 Výměník trubka v trubce
HE type „tube in tube“

Vlnovcový kompenzátor
Bellows expansion joint

Stavebnicový výměník trubka v trubce

HE type „tube in tube“ connected in series

Ucpávkový kompenzátor
Expansion point with packing

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Trubkový výměník s U trubkami
HE with „hair pin“ tubes

Deflegmátor
Deflection plate (baffle)

Dilatace
Dillatation

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Různé typy výměníků tepla, vík a trubkovnic, hrdel a přepážek Typy spoje trubkovnice s pláštěm
Various type of HE, heads and tube-plates, necks and baffles Type of joints of tube plate and
shell

ξ=1,7 ξ=3,5 ξ=1,7 ξ=3,5 ξ=3 ξ=1,2

ξ=1,7 ξ=1,2
ξ=1,2 ξ=2,2 ξ=2,5

Odhad vnitřního průměru pláště VT (Di)

Estimation of shell internal diameter

t
t

fTR1 – plocha odpovídající jedné trubce

area corresponding to 1 tube

Θ=1,15 nTRC Θ=1,00

Di  2
 
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 Svarové spoje trubek s trubkovnicí Redukovaná délka trubek závislá od vnitřní konstrukce výměníku tepla
Reduced tubes length depending on HE design (baffles)
Examples of welding of tubes and tube plate

lR=Min[0,5.l1;Max(0,7.l1; l2)]

Stupňovitý otvor
Two diameters of hole Trubkovnice vevařená do pláště nebo příruby
Tube plate welded in shell or flange

Drážka v trubkovnici
Groove in tube plate
pro sp > lmax
lmax~ 45mm
pro zaválcování
for beading

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Rozměry oválu vepsaného do největší neotrubkované plochy
Dimensions of oval inscribed in the biggest area
without tubes
Pevná trubkovnice výměníků s plovoucí hlavou, vlásenkovými
trubkami nebo s ucpávkou, sevřená mezi přírubami
Fix tube plate gripped between two flanges

Pevná trubkovnice s přivařeným dnem provedená jako protipříruba

pláště výměníku s plovoucí hlavou, vlásenkovými trubkami a s ucpávkou
Nebezpečný průřez trubkovnice Fix tube plate with welded bottom(head)
Dangerous section of tube plate

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 Plovoucí hlava se zámkem Floating Geometrie vlny kompenzátoru
head with on „lock“ flange Geometry of flexible bellows wave

Plovoucí trubkovnice provedená jako protipříruba víka

Floating tube plate made as an counterflange of a head Typy svarového spoje trubkovnice s přírubou
Type of welded joints of tube plate and flange

Trubkovnice s přivařeným dnem u výměníku s plovoucí hlavou

Tube plate with welded bottom of HE with floating head

Nedoporučuje se
Not recommended

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 Odparka na zahušťování roztoku NaOH
Evaporator for concentration of NaOH solution

Brýdy
Odparka: 36 TR 33,4x2,77-2500 – Nikl Vapour
Evaporator : 36 tubes from nickel
400kg/h
Nekond. plyny 0,1MPa Odlučovač
Inerts DN120 Vapour-liquid separator
DN15

Trubková odparka
Tubular evaporator
Pára
Steam
Nosná konstrukce
188°C; 1,2MPa
Supporting structure
DN50
Vlnový kompenzátor
Bellows expansion joint

52% NaOH DN40;

140°C; 1680kg/h

Recirkulace čištění
42% NaOH Recirc. for chem.cleaning
DN25
2080kg/h; DN40 DN40
kondens.

Pozn.: Viz příklad o plátovaných ocelích. See example with cladded steel
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 Tube arrangement in tube plate
30° 45°
60° 90°

t
t t
t t t t t

equilateral triangle square

• Triangl: better space utilization (more tubes in the same
shell diameter)
• Square: easier cleaning of space between tubes (e.g.
spraying)
Tube pitch is: for beaded (expanded) tubes: t = (1,25 – 1,50) * dTe
for welded tubes t = (1,2 – 1,4) * dTe
Estimation of a shell internal diameter see p. 14 and example on the next page.
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Estimation of tubular HE internal shell diameter

Tubes in equilateral triangle Tubes in square

t fT1t
t

fT1t = area corresponding to 1 tube

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Crosshatched area equates to an area of 1 tube in a tube plate

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Tube plate area that is equivalent to 1 tube (pitch of tubes is t).

fT1t = t2 * √3 / 2 fT1t = t2
Tubes minimal plate area = minimal shell internal area

 *D 2
ATtot  nTtot * fT 1t  Acutout i
4
Shell internal diameter
ATtot nTtot * fT 1t  Acutout
Di  2 *  2*
 

For tube plate totally full of tubes (without any cutout against
inlet etc.) is
nTtot * fT 1t
Di  2 *

22
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 nTtot nTtot
Di  2 * t * Di  2 * t *
 *1,15  *1,00

nTtot
Di  2 * t *
 *
Θ = 1,15 Θ = 1,00

Di ....... shell internal diameter

t ......... pitch of tubes
nTtot .... total number of tubes in HE

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Example:

Specify a minimal internal shell diameter of a circular evaporator

with these parameters:

• Number of tubes nTtot = 1250;

• External tubes diameter dTe = 32 mm;
• Tubes pitch t = 1,5 * dTe = 1,5 * 32 = 48 mm;
• Tubes are installed in equilateral triangle.

Area of central circulation tube (φ  600 mm) is ACCT = 282 600 mm2;
area of cutout for steam inlet is Acut = 120 000 mm2.

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 tubes bundle

steam central circulation tube

inlet
evaporator shell

cutout for better steam

distribution in tubes bundle

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Total minimal area of tube plate

3
ATtot  nTtot *t * 2
 ACCT  Acutout
2

3
ATtot  1250 * 48 *2
 282600  120000  2896753 mm 2
2

Minimal internal diameter of evaporator shell

ATtot nTtot * fT 1t  Acutout 2896753

Di  2 *  2*  2*  1920 mm
  

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Connection of tubes with tube plate
Beading (tubes expanding)
in smooth holes in holes with small grooves in holes with grooves

Ød Ød Ød
Ød´1 a Ød´1 a Ød´1 a
s1

s l s l
s l

30° 30° 30°

sT sT sT
Ød1 Ød1 Ød1
Ød2 Ød2
Ød2

0,5÷0,7
~0,3
for p ≤ 3 MPa
~0,3
3÷6

easy replacing PDE-5 difficult tubes replacing 27

lower strength higher strength
• Parameters of grooves:
- 5 – 7 small grooves deep c. 0,3 mm and width c. 0,3 mm
- 1 – 2 grooves deep c. 0,5 – 0,7 mm and width c. 3 - 6 mm
• Maximal working temperature is c. 300 °C (danger of loss of elastic stress →
loss of tightness).
• Minimal allowable length of beading is
lmin = 10 mm or l = min {(1,5 – 2,0)dT; (s-3);45}
• Maximal allowable (effective) length of beading is lmax = 45 mm.

If the tube plate thickness s has to be thicker

than 45 mm (for example owing to too high l
s
pressure difference) we can use this design

• Beading principle is that expanded tube has plastic deformations but tube
plate elastic. So the tube plate compresses tubes.
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Tubes welding
• It has very good tightness, it can be used for temperatures > 300 °C.
• Disadvantage is that in case of need a change of corroded tube is its
removal difficult (weld must be grinded away).
Examples of welds types:

Ød 1,2·sT
1,5·sT 1,5·sT sT ~sT

2 ≥1,5·sT
s s
2 2
30° 30° sT
sT sT
Ød1 Ød1
Ød2 Ød2
Ød

external fillet weld ½ V + koutový svar p front butt weld with groove
sT = 2 – 4 mm for sT ≥ 4 mm sT ≤ 2 - 3 mm + for Al always
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Combined joints
• Tubes are beaded and than welded.
• The joint is used if there are requirements for very high
strength and tightness. It is reliable for dynamic loading
(stress) of HE.

Technological process of tubes Technological process of tubes welding

beading in tube plate in tube plate (under shielding atmosphere)
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 tube plate
beading cones

expanding cone
tube

Tool for tubes beading:

3 beading cones and inside is expanding cone (it moves along the tool
axis and so its beading diameter increases.
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 Double wall tube plate

welded part of tube

auxiliary stainless steel tube

(welded to the basic tube plate)

tightness check-up

basic tube plate → strength

beaded part of tube

The design is used for danger fluids (e.g. radioactive liquids in

atomic power plants, poisonous fluids ....)
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Baffles in tube bundle
Purpose:

• Fluid flow direction and higher speed → > α (heat transfer

coefficient)
• Supporting of tubes and keeping of tube pitch
• Better conditions for buckling stress (shorter buckling length)
• Lower tube vibrations owing to dynamical effect of liquid flow

More baffles:

→ > α (W/m2K) → < A (m2) (lower capital costs)

but → > ∆pL (kPa) → higher running costs
(power for pump)
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 Segment baffles = flow outside tubes

One segment baffles

(P1, P2, P3)

tp=(0,2÷1,0)D
P1=P3
bottom

hp=(0,6÷0,8)D
ØD P1 P3
P2

tube plate draining

hole in baffle for draining

Baffles shape and location, neck location etc. depend on a type of fluid and HE (e.g.
moisture condensation from gas.
These baffles are very often used in HE (all baffles are the same, simple design).
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 Double segments baffles
(P1, P2)

P1 P2

P2
P1
P1
P2

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 Ring and disc shape Baffles of shape of turned
segments (baffles) (P1, P2) sectors of a circle

P2
P1

Section along axis is the same Baffles can be inclined → spiral

as for double segments flow of fluid outside tubes
baffles.

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 Spiral baffles
(continuous or from segments)

Longitudinal baffles

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Passes in HE = flow inside tubes
Multi pass arrangement makes possible to choose a proper fluid
speed in tubes and thus optimization of a HE design (optimal
relation between heat passage coefficient (coefficient of heat
transfer) and pressure loss).
Single pass HE

inlet outlet
chamber (head, bottom)
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 Two passes HE

přepážka
inlet/outlet back
baffle in the front chamber
chamber (cover)
(inlet/outlet)

Four passes HE
baffle

front chamber back

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Twelve passes HE

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Examples of tubular heat exchangers

Tubular multipasses HE in sugary

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 baffles separating
passes

flat cover with

reinforcing

Zahřívače šťávy
(12-ti chodé)
Juice heaters
(12 passes)

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Tříchodý trubkový výměník Tubular HE with 3 passes
(každý chod po 11 trubkách) (every pass with 11 tubes)

baffle with
sealing

flange with
flat cover of sealing
back chamber
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 Upper cover Steam inlet

Upper juice chamber

Connecting bar

Condensate
Bottom outlet
tubeplate
Bottom cover

Lower chamber
Condensate outlet

Steam neck

Juice necks

Condensate outlet
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Sketch of juice heater
Baffles in chambers have various shape (line, arc ..) → optimal tube plate design
and space utilization (in the place where are baffles are not tubes), optimal flow,
easy production and cleaning, good tightness ....
In sugar industry HE with number of passes on juice side from 6 to 12 are used.
Examples of baffles sealing
sealing

HE cover
baffle

baffle sealing in groove baffle

tube plate with tubes

• For multi passes HE flat heads (covers) are often used with stiffening ribs (see
exercises) owing to easier design, manufacturing and maintenance.

• Baffles can be welded to tube plate and sealed on a flat cover (usual) or welded to
cover (dished) and sealed on tube plate.
45
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Inlet and outlet necks
• Necks cross sections are determined by speed of flow and
depends on its density, pressure loss, droplets or particle
contents (abrasion), HE design etc.
• Speeds are chosen individually.

baffle in front chamber

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Examples of recommended speeds for various fluids according
my experiences:
(values are valid for common cases in food or chemical industries)

• Steam (vapour) in inlet neck 10 – 25 m/s

• Vapour in outlet neck (tube) 10 – 15 m/s
• Condensate in outlet tube 0.2 – 0.5 m/s
(condensate is on boundary line vapour/water
→ owing pressure loss it becomes superheated
→ steam arises → double phases flow)
• Heated/cooled or evaporated liquid inlet 1 – 3 m/s
• Heated/cooled liquid outlet 1 – 3 m/s
• Evaporated liquid outlet 1 – 2 m/s
(boiling liquid is on boundary line vapour/liquid)
• Pump intake between evaporator bodies 0.5 – 1.0 m/s
• Non condensing gases (inerts) from calandrias 10 – 15 m/s
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Problems with condensate draining from heating
chambers (calandrias) of heaters and evaporators

• Condensate is on a boundary line.

vapour + inerts
• Every pressure loss causes that it starts
≤30% to be superheated → vapour forms
(with >>> specific volume) → two
condensate
phases flow

Ex.:
• Mixture state on a boundary line: 105 °C, 120,8 kPa
• Condensate specific volume is 0,001047 m3/kg
• Specific volume of arisen vapour is 1,419 m3/kg → 1355 krát větší

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Tubes protection against of dynamic effect of
entering fluid
If the incoming fluid has too high speed it causes vibration of
tubes that are in front of the inlet (wake wortexes – see later),
or their abrasion → danger of theor rupture.

For the protection we can use:

Enlargement of inlet neck (→ < speed), cutout in tube bundle

or deflection plate (baffle) in front of inlet neck and their
combination.

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 Examples of inlet necks design

neck enlargement tube bundle

cutout in bundle
baffle (deflector)

cutout in tube
bundle
+ baffle

more inlet necks

(usually from 1 to 4)

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Annulus around inlet and slots in inner shell

cover with juice inlet

distributing annulus

heating steam inlet

slots in shell (in front of the inlet are not slots!)

slots are for steam inlet into intertube space

tube bundle HE or evaporator shell

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HE supporting
Horizontal HEs are usually on saddle supports or footings,
vertical HEs are on footings (foots) - more later.

fixed saddle sliding saddle - dilatation

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Tube plates
Welded in shell Welded in flange
tube plate

sp
sP
flange
shell

shell
ØdT
sK ØDK
ØDK

Welded to shell and serving as flange

sealing

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 Locked between two Floating tube plate
flanges (cover and shell) (it is used for high thermal
dilatations)
cover flange flange of floating cover

sealing

tube plate

shell flange
floating tube plate

flange of tube plate

external HE shell

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For high thermal dilatations HEs with U shape tubes are used too
(hairpin tubes).

• Advantage:
It is possible to take out the tube bundle from a shell.

• Disadvantage:
Problematic cleaning of tubes inside (only by a chemical way
but not mechanically).

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Other way how to solve problems with dilatations is installation
of a compensator in a HE shell

Způsoby připojení kompenzátoru k plášti tlakové nádoby

Ways of compensator joint with pressure vessel shell

Kompenzátor v plášti výměníku tepla Kompenzátor v duplikátorovém plášti

Compensator in the HE shell Compensator in jacketed kettle shell

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 Jacketed kettles – shell heating or cooling
(examples according ČSN)
Nádoby s úplným duplikátorovým pláštěm Nádoby s válcovým duplikátorovým pláštěm
Vessels with total jacketed kettle Vessels with cylindrical jacketed kettle

Ohřívací (chladící) kapalina

Heating (cooling) liquid

1) 2) 1) 2)

„A“ – Začátek usměrňující šroubovice Begin of streamline spiral (channel)

„B“ – Konec usměrňující šroubovice End of streamline spiral (channel)
1) Spojení plášťů kuželovým přechodem Shell connection with conical transition
2) Spojení plášťů deskovým přechodem Shell connection with plate transition
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Nádoby s duplikátorovým pláštěm a rozpěrkami
(vylemováním) Nádoby s kanály ve tvaru šroubovice
Vessels with jacketed kettle with spacing Vessels with helical channels

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 Spojení duplikátorového pláště s nádobou deskovým
Nádoby s kanály a registrem přechodem
Vessels with channels and input/output wall tubes Joint of jacked kettle and vessel shell with conical transition

Spojení duplikátorového pláště se dnem Usměrňující spirála

Joint of jacked kettle and bottom Streamline spiral

Spojení duplikátorového pláště s nádobou

kuželovým přechodem kuželovým přechodem kroužkem
Joint of jacked kettle and vessel shell with conical transition conical transition ring

Spojení duplikátorového pláště vylemováním

Joint of jacked kettle and vessel shell with flanging

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Spojení duplikátorového pláště s nádobou trubkovými rozpěrkami
Joint of jacketed kettle and vessel shell with spacers

Kanály
Channels

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Supporting elements of pressure vessels, apparatuses and HEs
They are used for mounting of vessels etc., their settlement on a given place
(basement, supporting structure etc.).

Lifting necks (hinge pins)

without supporting plate with supporting plate circular square
l

s1
Ød1

e
F s Ø DR

Example of an apparatus erection

(installation) with a crane, rope and
hook.

61
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Other supporting elements are lifting eyes (see next page).
Examples of saddle supports, footings, and supporting foots
are on following pages.

These supporting elements induce additional stresses in a

vessel shell.

Therefore we must calculate with it (e.g. a bending moment

during a vessel erection from horizontal position to vertical
one)!!!

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 Nosná oka Válcová skořepina s výztužným prstencem
Lifting eyes Cylindrical shell with reinforcing ring
(pokud pevnostně nevyhovuje tloušťka pláště)

Válcová skořepina bez výztužného prstence

Cylindrical shell without reinforcing ring

Nosné oko přivařené Nosné oko přivařené

v obvodovém směru v podélném směru
Lifting eye welded in Lifting eye welded in
Nosné oko přivařené v podélném směru radial direction axial direction
Lifting eye welded in axial direction

Axiální

Radiální

Nosné oko přivařené v obvodovém směru

Lifting eye welded in radial direction Příklady použití závěsných ok
Examples of lifting eyes utilization
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 Sedlové podpory Opěrné patky
Saddle supports Footings

A Welded footing
with or without
supporting
plate
B

Bended footing
C with or without
sup. plate

A – na dvou symetricky umístěných podporách

B – na třech a více podporách Welded footing
C – obecně podepřená nádoba (kromě typů uložení A, B)
lightened

Válcová skořepina bez výztužných elementů

Welded footing
to I profile

Supporting plate
Supporting plate Saddle support
Foundation
(concrete) PDE-5 64
 Opěrné nohy Válcová skořepina vyztužená prstenci
Supporting foots Cylindrical shell with reinforcing rings

Svislé Šikmé Uvnitř Vně

Vertical Skew Inside Outside

PDE-5 65
Nosná oka Lifting eyes

PDE-5 66
PDE-5 67
Podpěrné nohy Supporting foots

PDE-5 68
Cylindrical vessel support with manhole („skirt“)

PDE-5 69
 Alfa Laval has the widest range of compact heat
exchangers:

All welded - Plate

Gasketed Condenser
Compabloc
Plate
Evaporator

Brazed

PDE-5 70
 Rekuperace tepla Heat recovery

Deskový Spirálový
výměník výměník tepla
tepla Spiral HE
Plate HE

AlfaRex
Compabloc celosvařovaný
výměník tepla výměník tepla
Compabloc HE Full welded HE

PDE-5 71
 Prostorové nároky deskového a trubkového
výměníku o stejném výkonu
prostor pro montáž
trubkového svazku

Dimensions of shell and tube HE and

plate HE with the same capacity

PDE-5 72
Spirálový výměník tepla Spiral heat exchanger
(výhodný pro kaly a jiné (useful for sludge and other
kapaliny obsahující částice) liquids containing particles)

Jediný kanál Samo čištění

One channel Self cleaning
PDE-5 73
Tlakové a teplotní limity
deskových a spirálových
výměníků tepla
Pressure and temperature
limits of plate and spiral heat
exchangers
40
Tlak (barpřetlak)
AlfaRex
Overpressure
32
30
Polo-
25 svařovaný
Semi-welded Compablo
c
Spirálový
Těsněný
Spiral
Gaskete
d

Teplota (°C)
-50 160 350 400
Temperature
PDE-5 74