Answers PDF

540 Maths In Focus Mathematics Preliminary Course
Answers
Chapter 1: Basic arithmetic 8. (a) 0.83o (b) 0.07
oo (c) 0.13
oo (d) 0.16
o o
(e) 0.6 oo
(f) 0.15
o o oo
(g) 0.142857 or 0. 142857 (h) 1.18
Problem
8 2 5 7 67 6 7
5 9. (a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 3 (e) (f) (g)
9 9 9 9 99 11 45
Exercises 1.1 (h)

13
(i)
217
(j) 1
37
60 990 495
1. (a) Rational (b) Rational (c) Rational (d) Irrational
(e) Rational (f) Irrational (g) Irrational (h) Rational o
10. (a) 0.5 (b) 7.4 o
(c) 0.73 oo
(d) 0.68 oo
(e) 1.72
(i) Rational (j) Irrational
5 1 8 7 4
7 11. (a) (b) 2 (c) (d) 2 (e)
2. (a) 18 (b) 11 (c) 6 (d) 11 (e) - 4.3 (f) −1 (g) 2 8 8 11 18 45
15
19 1
(h) 1 (i) 2 (j) 3 12. 74% 13. 77.5% 14. 17.5% 15. 41.7%
20 3
3. (a) 16.36 (b) 21.87 (c) 8.80 (d) 22.71 (e) - 13.20
Exercises 1.4
(f) 0.17 (g) 0.36 (h) 1.20 (i) - 4.27 (j) 8.16
3 7 17 1 7
4. 1300 5. 950 6. 3000 7. 11 000 1. 2. 3. (a) (b) (c) 1
20 20 20 20 10
8. 600 9. $8 000 000 10. $34 600 000 3 3 7
(d) (e) 4. $547.56 5. 714.3 g 6. 7. $65
28 5 24
11. 844 km 12. 0.73 13. 33 14. 3.248 15. 4.21 8. 179 cm 9. (a) 11.9 (b) 5.3 (c) 19 (d) 3.2 (e) 3.5
(f) 0.24 (g) 0.000 18 (h) 5720 (i) 0.0874 (j) 0.376
16. 1.7 17. 79 cents 18. 2.73 19. 1.1 20. 3.6 m
10. $52.50 11. 54.925 mL 12. 1152.125 g 13. $10.71
21. $281.93 22. 1.8 g 23. $3.20
14. 5.9% 15. 402.5 g 16. 41.175 m 17. $30.92
24. (a) 7.95 (b) 30.03 (c) 0.37 (d) 5.74 (e) 0.52 25. 0.2
18. 3.2 m 19. 573 20. $2898
Exercises 1.2
Problem
1. 1 2. - 11 3. - 56 4. 10 5. - 4
5
5 minutes after 1 o’clock.
6. - 1.2 7. - 7.51 8. - 35.52 9. 6.57 11
4
10. - 2 11. - 7 12. −23 13. 10 14. 1 Exercises 1.5
15
15. 5 16. 3 17. 1 18. 60 19. −20 20. 9 1
1. (a) 500 (b) 145 (c) (d) 3 (e) 2
64
Exercises 1.3 2. (a) 13.7 (b) 1.1 (c) 0.8 (d) 2.7 (e) - 2.6 (f) 0.5
16 51 1 4 3. (a) a 17 (b) y 0 = 1 (c) a - 4 (d) w (e) x 5 (f) p 10

1. (a) (b) (c) 5 (d) 11
25 1000 20 5 x 10
(g) y 6 (h) x 21 (i) 4x 10 (j) 81y - 8 (k) a (l)
2. o
(a) 0.4 (b) 1.875 (c) 0.416 oo
(d) 0.63 y 45
b3
1 3 1 97 (m) w 10 (n) p 5 (o) x -3 (p) a - 2 b 3 or
3. (a) (b) (c) (d) 1 a2
2
50 8 1000 1000 y
(q) x - 5 y 2 or
4. (a) 0.27 (b) 1.09 (c) 0.003 (d) 0.0623 x5
1 2 4. (a) x14 (b) a -7 (c) m4 (d) k10 (e) a -8 (f) x (g) mn2
5. (a) 35% (b) 33 % (c) 226 % (d) 0.1%
3 3
(h) p - 1 (i) 9x22 (j) x21
6. (a) 124% (b) 70% (c) 40.5% (d) 127.94%
13 7 21 a8 64a 3
7. (a) 0.52; (b) 0.07; (c) 0.168; 5. (a) p5q15 (b) 8
(c) (d) 49a10b2 (e) 8m17
25 100 125 b b 12
9 217 49 2k 23
(d) 1.09; 1 (e) 0.434; (f) 0.1225; (f) x4y10 (g) (h) 16y47 (i) a3 (j) 125x - 21 y 18
100 500 400 27
ANSWERS 541
3 5 5
1 10 1 -
1 2
6. 4 7. 324 8. 2 9. (a) a3b (b) 5. (a) x 2 (b) x 2
(c) x 3 (d) x 3 (e) x 4
2 27 25
3 2 2 1
7 4 1 4 6. (a) x + x 2 + 2x 2 (b) a 3 - b 3 (c) p 2 + p - 1 + 2p 2
10. (a) pq r 2 2
(b) 11. 12. 13.
32 9 18 27 -
1
-
3
-
5
(d) x + x - 1 + 2 (e) x 2
- 3x 2
+x 2
1 1 1 5 22 49
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 7. (a)
1
(b)
1
(c)
4
81 108 12 2 58 3888 3
a - 2b 3
^ y - 3 h2 7
] 6a + 1 g4
1 6
Exercises 1.6 (d) (e)
3 4 ^ x + y h5 7 9 ] 3x + 8 g2
1 1 1 1 1
1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 1
27 4 343 10 000 256
1 1 1 1 1 1 Exercises 1.8
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) 1
32 81 7 81 64 9 1. (a) 3.8 # 10 3 (b) 1.23#10 6 (c) 6.19 # 10 4
1 1 1 1 (d) 1.2 #10 7 (e) 8.67 # 10 9 (f) 4.16 # 10 5
(n) (o) (p) (q) (r) 1
36 125 100 000 128
(g) 9 #10 2
(h) 1.376 # 10 4
(i) 2 # 10 7 (j) 8 #10 4
1 1
(s) (t)
64 64 2. (a) 5.7 # 10 - 2 (b) 5.5 # 10 - 5 (c) 4 # 10 - 3
1 11 1 (d) 6.2 #10 -4
(e) 2 #10 -6
(f) 8#10 - 8
2. (a) 1 (b) 16 (c) 1 (d) 1 (e) 1 (f) 125 (g) 1
2 25 3 -6 -1
(g) 7.6#10 (h) 2.3#10 (i) 8.5#10 - 3 (j) 7#10 - 11
3 1 13 19
(h) 49 (i) 3 (j) 32 (k) 2 (l) 1 (m) 1 (n) 1
8 3 36 81 3. (a) 36 000 (b) 27 800 000 (c) 9 250 (d) 6 330 000
5 7 16 (e) 400 000 (f) 0.072 3 (g) 0.000 097
(o) 1 (p) 16 (q) - 15 (r) - (s) 1 (t)
8 23 25 (h) 0.000 000 038 (i) 0.000 007 (j) 0.000 5
3. (a) m - 3 (b) x - 1 (c) p - 7 (d) d −9 (e) k −5 (f) x - 2
4. (a) 240 000 (b) 9 200 000 (c) 11 000 (d) 0.36
-4 1 z- 6 3t - 8 2x - 1
(g) 2x (h) 3y −2
(i) z - 6 or (j) (k) (e) 1.3 (f) 9.0 (g) 16 (h) 320 (i) 2900 (j) 9.1
2 2 5 7
-6 2y - 7
(n) ] 3x + 4 g- 2 (o) ] a + b g- 8
5m 5. (a) 6.61 (b) 0.686 (c) 8.25 (d) 1.30
(l) (m)
2 3
(p) ] x - 2 g- 1 (q) ^ 5p + 1 h- 3 (r) 2 ] 4t - 9 g- 5 6. 1.305 # 10 10 7. 6.51 # 10 - 10
]x + 1g - 11
5 ] a + 3b g -7
(s) (t)
4 9
Exercises 1.9
1 1 1 1 1 2 3
4. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)
t5
x 6
y 3
n 8
w 10 x m 4
1. (a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 0 (e) 2 (f) 11 (g) 6 (h) 24
5 1 1 1 1 (i) 25 (j) 125 2. (a) 5 (b) −1 (c) 2 (d) 14 (e) 4
(h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
x7 8x 3 4n ] x + 1 g6 8y + z (f) −67 (g) 7 (h) 12 (i) −6 (j) 10 3. (a) 3 (b) 3
1 1 p (c) 1 (d) 3 (e) 1 4. (a) a (b) - a (c) 0 (d) 3a
(m) (n) (o) x5 (p) y10 (q)
]k - 3g 2
^ 3x + 2y h 9
2 (e) −3a (f) 0 (g) a + 1 (h) -a - 1 (i) x - 2
x-y 3x + y 7 (j) 2 - x
(r) ] a + b g2 (s) (t) e o
x+y 2w - z
5. (a) | a + b | = 6 |a | + | b |= 6 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
(b) | a + b | = 3 |a | + | b |= 3 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
Exercises 1.7 (c) | a + b | = 1 |a | + | b |= 5 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
1. (a) 9 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 2 (e) 7 (f) 10 (g) 2 (h) 8 (d) | a + b | = 1 |a | + | b |= 9 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
(i) 4 (j) 1 (k) 3 (l) 2 (m) 0 (n) 5 (o) 7 (p) 2 (e) | a + b | = 10 | a | + | b | = 10 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
1 1
(q) 4 (r) 27 (s) (t) 6. (a) x2 = | x | = 5 (b) x2 = | x | = 2 (c) x2 = | x | = 3
2 16
(d) x2 = | x | = 4 (e) x2 = | x | = 9
2. (a) 2.19 (b) 2.60 (c) 1.53 (d) 0.60 (e) 0.90 (f) 0.29
(b) 3 y 2 or _ 3 y i
2 1 7. (a) x + 5 for x 2 - 5 and - x - 5 for x 1 - 5
3. (a) 3 y (c) (d) 2x + 5
x (b) b - 3 for b 2 3 and 3 - b for x 1 3
1 1 1 (c) a + 4 for a 2 - 4 and - a - 4 for a 1 - 4
(e) (f) 3 6q + r (g) or
3x - 1 5
] x + 7 g2 ^ 5 x + 7 h2 (d) 2y - 6 for y 2 3 and 6 - 2y for y 1 3
(e) 3x + 9 for x 2 - 3 and - 3x - 9 for x 1 - 3
1 1 3 1 1
4. (a) t 2 (b) y 5 (c) x 2 (d) ] 9 - x g 3 (e) ] 4s + 1 g 2 (f) 4 - x for x 1 4 and x - 4 for x 2 4

1 1
1 3 5 (g) 2k + 1 for k 2 - and - 2k - 1 for k 1 -
(f) ] 2t + 3 g (g) ^ 5x - y h (h) ] 3x + 1 g 2
- -
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 1 1 (h) 5x - 2 for x 2 and - 5x + 2 for x 1
(i) ] x - 2 g ^ y + 7 h 2 (k) 5 ] x + 4 g 3
- 1 - -
3
(j) 5 5
2 (i) a + b for a 2 - b and - a - b for a 1 - b
(m) _ x 2 + 2 i
1 3
2a 2
y - 1k
- -
2 3 4 (j) p - q for p 2 q and q - p for p 1 q
(l)
3 5
8. x = !3 9. !1 10. !1, x ! 2
Test yourself 1 Chapter 2: Algebra and surds
1. (a)
9
(b) 0.14 (c) 0.625 (d)
157
(e) 1.2%
Exercises 2.1
20 200
1 1 1 1. 7x 2. 3a 3. z 4. 6a 5. 3b 6. −3r
(f) 73.3% 2. (a) (b) (c)
49 5 3
7. -y 8. −5x 9. 0 10. 3k 11. 9t 12. 10w
3. (a) 8.83 (b) 1.55 (c) 1.12 (d) 342 (e) 0.303 4. (a) 1
(b) 1 (c) 39 (d) 2 (e) - 10 (f) - 1 (g) 4 5. (a) x 9 13. - m 14. - x 15. 0 16. 5b 17. 11b 18. - 10x
8x 18 29
(b) 25y 6 (c) a 11 b 6 (d) (e) 1 6. (a) 19. 6x - 6y 20. a - 3b 21. 4xy + 2y 22. - 6ab 2
27 40
1 1 1 23. m 2 - 6m + 12 24. p 2 - 2p - 6 25. 8x + 3y
(b) 3 (c) 12 (d) 2 (e) 12 7. (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 19
7 2 2
1 1 26. - 2ab + 10b 27. 2bc - ac 28. 2a 5 - 9x 3 + 1
(d) (e) 4 (f) 3 (g) (h) 2 (i) 1 (j) 4
64 7
1 29. x 3 - 2xy 2 + 3x 2 y + 2y 3 30. 3x 3 + x 2 - 7x - 6
8. (a) a 5
(b) x y30 18
(c) p 9
(d) 16b 36
(e) 8x y 11
9. (a) n 2
1 1
Exercises 2.2
(b) x - 5 (c) ^ x + y h- 1 (d) ] x + 1 g 4
(e) ] a + b g 7
4 9 3
1. 2. 8xy 3. 10p 2 4. - 6wz
(i) ] 5x + 3 g 7
1 -3 - 10b
(f) 2x - 1 (g) x (h) x 3 (j) m 4
2
5. 15ab 6. 14xyz 7. 48abc 8. 12d 2
1 1 1
10. (a) (b) 4 n (c) x+1 (d) (e) 9. 12a3 10. - 27y3 11. 32x10
a5 ] 4t - 7 g4 x-y
12. 6a 2 b 3 13. - 10a 3 b 2 14. 21p 3 q 4
(h) 4 b 3 (i) 3 ] 2x + 3 g4 (j)
1 1
(f) 5 a + b (g)
3
x x3 15. 5a 3 b 3 16. - 8h 10 17. k 3 p 3 18. 81t 12
11. | a + b | = 2 | a | +| b | = 8 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b | 19. - 14m 11
20. 24x y 6 3
1 7 1
12. 1 13. 14. 689 mL 15. (a) 6 h (b) (c)
192 12 8 Exercises 2.3
(d) 33.3% 16. $38 640 17. 70% 18. 6.3 # 10 23
y
1 1 7
1. 6x 2. 2 3. 4a 2 4. 8a 5. 4a 6. 7. 3p
19. (a) x 2 (b) y - 1 (c) ] x + 3 g 6 (d) ] 2x - 3 g- 11 (e) y 3 2
ab 4 1 -2
7 41 8. 9. 10. - 3x 3 11. 3a 12. 13.
20. (a) 1.3 # 10 - 5 (b) 1.23 # 10 11 21. (a) (b) 2 3y 3ab 2 qs
9 330 2 4 7 6
2 z a b b
(c) c m
1 1 b 5 14. 15. 16. 6p 4 q 17. 18.
22. (a) (b) 23. 14 500 3c 2 d 2x 2 4c 2a
x 3
2a + 5 a
24. LHS = | -2 + - 5 | = 7, RHS = | -2 | + | -5 | = 7. x3 z3 a 13
19. - 20.
So | a + b | # | a | +| b | since 7 # 7. 3y 2b 6
Exercises 2.4
Challenge exercise 1
1. 2x - 8 2. 6h + 9 3. - 5a + 10 4. 2xy + 3x
278 11 51 o
1. 4 2. 1 3. 0.502, 51%, , 0. 5 5. x 2 - 2x 6. 6a 2 - 16ab 7. 2a 2 b + ab 2 8. 5n 2 - 20n
303 18 99
9. 3x3 y2 + 6x2 y3 10. 4k + 7 11. 2t - 17
1 1 3271
4. 53 % 5. 6. 3.04 # 10 14
7. 83% 8. 1
3 16 9990 12. 4y + 11y
2
13. - 5b - 6 14. 8 - 2x
9. 18 h 10. 1.98 15. - 3m + 1 16. 8h - 19 17. d - 6 18. a 2 - 2a + 4
LHS = 2 ^ 2 k - 1 h + 2 k + 1 19. 3x - 9x - 5 20. 2ab - 2a b + b 21. 4x - 1

2 2
11.
= 2k+1 - 2 + 2k+1 22. - 7y + 4 23. 2 b 24. 5t - 6 25. 2a + 26
= 2:2 k + 1 - 2
= 2 ^ 2k+1 - 1 h Exercises 2.5
= RHS
` 2 ^ 2k - 1 h + 2k+1 = 2 ^ 2k+1 - 1 h 1. a 2 + 7a + 10 2. x 2 + 2x - 3 3. 2y 2 + 7y - 15
. o , 0,
12. −24 35 13. - 0.34, 2, 1. 5
3 2
14. 6 % 4. m 2 - 6m + 8 5. x 2 + 7x + 12 6. y 2 - 3y - 10
7 3
7. 2x 2 + x - 6 8. h 2 - 10h + 21 9. x 2 - 25
1 1
15. when x 2 - 1, when x 1 - 1 16. 0.73 10. 15a 2 - 17a + 4 11. 8y 2 + 6y - 9 12. xy + 7x - 4y - 28
x-1 1-x
17. 0.6% 18 4.54 19. 4.14 # 10 - 20 13. x 3 - 2x 2 + 3x - 6 14. n 2 - 4 15. 4x 2 - 9
16. 16 - 49y 2 17. a 2 - 4b 2 18. 9x 2 - 16y 2 19. x 2 - 9
20. | a + b | = | a | + | b | when a 2 0, b 2 0 or a 1 0, b 1 0;
| a + b | 1 | a | + | b | when a 2 0, b 1 0 or a 1 0, b 2 0; 20. y 2 - 36 21. 9a 2 - 1 22. 4z 2 - 49
` | a + b | # | a + b | for all a, b
ANSWERS 543
23. x 2 - 2xy + 11x - 18y + 18 24. 2ab + 2b 2 - 7b - 6a + 3 Exercises 2.8

25. x + 8
3
26. a - 27 3
27. a + 18a + 81
2
1. ]x + 4g]2 + bg 2. ^ y - 3 h ] a + b g 3. ] x + 5 g ] x + 2 g
28. k - 8k + 16
2
29. x + 4x + 42
30. y - 14y + 492
4. ]m - 2g]m + 3g 5. ] d - c g ] a + b g 6. ] x + 1 g ^ x 2 + 3 h
31. 4x 2 + 12x + 9 32. 4t 2 - 4t + 1 7. ] 5a - 3 g ] b + 2 g 8. ^ 2y - x h ^ x + y h 9. ^ y + 1 h ] a + 1 g
33. 9a + 24ab + 16b
2 2
34. x - 10xy + 25y
2 2
10. ] x + 5 g ] x - 1 g 11. (y + 3) (1 + a) 12. (m - 2) (1 - 2y)
35. 4a + 4ab + b
2 2
36. a - b 2 2
37. a + 2ab + b
2 2
13. ^ x + 5y h ^ 2x - 3y h 14. ^ a + b h ] ab - 4 g
2
38. a - 2ab + b
2 2
39. a + b 3 3
40. a - b 3 3
15. ] 5 - x g ] x + 3 g 16. (x + 7) (x 3 - 4) 17. ] x - 3 g ^ 7 - y h
18. ] d + 3 g ] 4 - e g 19. ] x - 4 g ^ 3 + y h 20. ] a + 3 g ] 2 - b g
Exercises 2.6
21. (x - 3) (x 2 + 6) 22. ^ q - 3 h ^ p + q h
1. t + 8t + 16 2. z - 12z + 36 3. x - 2x + 1 23. ] x - 2 g ^ 3x 2 - 5 h 24. ] a - 3b g ] 4 + c g
2 2 2
4. y 2 + 16y + 64 5. q 2 + 6q + 9 6. k 2 - 14k + 49 25. ^ y + 7 h ] x - 4 g 26. (x - 4) (x 3 - 5)

7. n 2 + 2n + 1 8. 4b 2 + 20b + 25 9. 9 - 6x + x 2 27. (2x - 3) (2x + 4) = 2 (2x - 3) (x 2 + 2)
2
10. 9y - 6y + 1
2
11. x + 2xy + y
2 2
12. 9a - 6ab + b 2 2
28. 3 (a + 2b) (a + 3) 29. 5 (y - 3) (1 + 2x)
13. 16d + 40de + 25e 14. t - 16 15. x 2 - 9 30. ] r + 2 g ] rr - 3 g
2 2 2
16. p 2 - 1 17. r 2 - 36 18. x 2 - 100 19. 4a 2 - 9

20. x 2 - 25y 2 21. 16a 2 - 1 22. 49 - 9x 2 23. x 4 - 4 Exercises 2.9
]x + 3g]x + 1g 2. ^ y + 4 h ^ y + 3 h 3. ] m + 1 g2
4
24. x + 10x + 25
4 2
25. 9a b - 16c 2 2 2
26. x + 4 + 2 2
1.
x
4. ] t + 4 g2 5. ] z + 3 g ] z - 2 g 6. ] x + 1 g ] x - 6 g
28. x 2 - ^ y - 2 h2 = x 2 - y 2 + 4y - 4
1
27. a 2 -
a2 7. ]v - 3g]v - 5g 8. ] t - 3 g 2
9. ] x + 10 g ] x - 1 g
29. ] a + b g2 + 2 ] a + b g c + c 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 + 2ac + 2bc + c 2 10. ^ y - 7 h ^ y - 3 h 11. ] m - 6 g ] m - 3 g
30. ] x + 1 g2 - 2 ] x + 1 g y + y 2 = x 2 + 2x + 1 - 2xy - 2y + y 2 12. ^ y + 12 h ^ y - 3 h 13. ] x - 8 g ] x + 3 g
31. 12a 32. 32 - z 33. 9x + 8x - 3 14. ] a - 2 g 15. ] x - 2 g ] x + 16 g
2 2 2
34. x 2 + 3xy + y 2 - 2x 35. 14n 2 - 4 16. ^ y + 4 h ^ y - 9 h 17. ] n - 6 g ] n - 4 g 18. ] x - 5 g 2

36. x - 12x + 48x - 64 37. x 38. x - 2x y + y 19. ^ p + 9 h ^ p - 1 h 20. ] k - 2 g ] k - 5 g 21. ] x + 4 g ] x - 3 g
3 2 2 4 2 2 4
39. 8a + 60a + 150a + 125 22. ] m - 7 g ] m + 1 g 23. ^ q + 10 h ^ q + 2 h

3 2
40. 4x + 16x + 15x - 4x - 4 24. ] d - 5 g ] d + 1 g 25. ] l - 9 g ] l - 2 g

4 3 2
Problem Exercises 2.10

a = 2, b = 7, c = 9, d = 4, e = 3, f = 8, g = 0, h = 6, i = 1 1. (2a + 1) (a + 5) 2. ^ 5y + 2 h ^ y + 1 h
3. (3x + 7) (x + 1) 4. (3x + 2) (x + 2) 5. (2b - 3) (b - 1)
Exercises 2.7
6. (7x - 2) (x - 1) 7. ^ 3y - 1 h ^ y + 2 h 8. ] 2x + 3 g ] x + 4 g
1. 2^ y + 3h 2. 5 ] x - 2 g 3. 3 ] m - 3 g 4. 2 ] 4x + 1 g 9. ^ 5p - 2 h ^ p + 3 h 10. ] 3x + 5 g ] 2x + 1 g
5. 6 ^ 4 - 3y h 6. x ] x + 2 g 7. m ] m - 3 g 8. 2y ^ y + 2 h 11. (2y + 1) (y - 6) 12. ] 5x - 1 g ] 2x + 1 g
9. 3a ] 5 - a g 10. ab ] b + 1 g 11. 2xy ] 2x - 1 g 13. (4t - 1) (2t - 3) 14. (3x + 4) (2x - 3)
12. 3mn ^ n 2 + 3 h 13. 2xy ] 4x - z g 14. a ] 6b + 3 - 2a g 15. ^ 6y - 1 h ^ y + 8 h 16. ] 4n - 3 g ] n - 2 g
15. x ^ 5x - 2 + y h 16. q 2 _ 3q 3 - 2 i 17. 5b 2 ] b + 3 g 17. ] 4t - 1 g ] 2t + 5 g 18. ^ 3q + 2 h ^ 4q + 5 h
18. 3a b ] 2b - a g 19. (m + 5) (x + 7)
2 2
20. ^ y - 1 h ^ 2 - y h 19. ] 4r - 1 g ] 2r + 6 g = 2 ] 4r - 1 g ] r + 3 g
21. (7 + y) (4 - 3x) 22. ] a - 2 g ] 6x + 5 g 20. ] 2x - 5 g ] 2x + 3 g 21. ^ 6y - 1 h ^ y - 2 h
23. ] 2t + 1 g ^ x - y h 24. ] 3x - 2 g ] a + 2b - 3c g 22. ^ 2p - 3 h ^ 3p + 2 h 23. (8x + 7) (x + 3)
25. 3x ] 2x + 3 g
2
26. 3q _ pq 2 - 2 i
3
27. 3ab ^ 5a 3 b 2 + 1 h 24. ] 3b - 4 g ] 4b - 9 g 25. (6x + 1) (x - 9)
28. 4x 2 ] x - 6 g 29. 5m 2 n ^ 7mn 3 - 5 h 30. 4ab 2 ^ 6ab 3 + 4 h 26. ] 3x + 5 g2 27. ^ 4y + 3 h2 28. ] 5k - 2 g2
31. 2rr ] r + h g 32. ] x - 3 g ] x + 2 g 33. (x + 4) (y 2 + 2) 29. ] 6a - 1 g2 30. ] 7m + 6 g2
34. - ] a + 1 g 35. (a 2 + 1) (4ab - 3)
Exercises 2.11 Exercises 2.14

1. ^y - 1h 2
2. (x + 3) 2
3. (m + 5) 2
4. (t - 2) 2
1. 2 ] x + 3 g ] x - 3 g 2. 3 ^ p + 3 h ^ p - 4 h
5. (x - 6) 2
6. ] 2x + 3 g 2
7. ] 4b - 1 g 2
8. ] 3a + 2 g 2
3. 5 ^ y - 1 h _ y 2 + y + 1 i 4. 2ab ^ a + 2b) (2a - 1 h
9. ] 5x - 4 g2 10. ^ 7y + 1 h2 11. ^ 3y - 5 h2 12. ] 4k - 3 g2 5. 5 ] a - 1 g2 6. - ] 2x - 3 g ] x - 4 g 7. 3z ] z + 5 g ] z + 4 g
ab ] 3 + 2ab g ] 3 - 2ab g 9. x ] x + 1 g ] x - 1 g
2
13. ] 5x + 1 g2 14. ] 9a - 2 g2 15. ] 7m + 6 g2 8.
16. d t + n
1
10. 2 ] 3x - 2 g ] x + 2 g 11. ] m - 5 g ] 3 + n g 12. - 7 ] 2x + 1 g

2
19. c x + m
2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2
17. d x - n 18. d 3y + n 20. d 5k - n 13. ^ y + 5 h ^ y + 4 h ^ y - 4 h 14. ] x - 1 g ] x + 2 g ^ x 2 - 2x + 4 h
3 5 x k
15. ] x + 1 g ^ x 2 - x + 1 h ] x - 1 g ^ x 2 + x + 1 h
Exercises 2.12
16. x ] x + 2 g ] x - 5 g 17. ] x + 3 g (x - 3) 2
1. (a + 2) (a - 2) 2. (x + 3) (x - 3) 3. (y + 1) (y - 1)
18. y (2xy + 1) (2xy - 1) 19. 3 ] 2 - b g ^ 4 + 2b + b 2 h
4. ]x + 5g]x - 5g 5. (2x + 7) (2x - 7) 6. (4y + 3) (4y - 3)
20. 3 ] 3x - 2 g ] 2x + 5 g 21. 3 ] x - 1 g2
7. (1 + 2z) (1 - 2z) 8. ] 5t + 1 g ] 5t - 1 g 9. ] 3t + 2 g ] 3t - 2 g
22. (x + 2) (x + 5) (x - 5) 23. z ] z + 3 g2
10. ] 3 + 4x g ] 3 - 4x g 11. (x + 2y) (x - 2y)
24. ] x + 1 g ] x - 1 g ] 2x + 3 g ] 2x - 3 g
12. ^ 6x + y h ^ 6x - y h 13. ] 2a + 3b g ] 2a - 3b g
25. 2 ] x + 2 g ] x - 2 g ^ x + y h _ x 2 - xy + y 2 i
14. ^ x + 10y h ^ x - 10y h 15. ] 2a + 9b g ] 2a - 9b g
26. 4a (a + 3) (a - 3) 27. 5x ] 2 - x g ^ 4 + 2x + x 2 h
16. ^ x + 2 + y h ^ x + 2 - y h 17. (a + b - 3) (a - b + 1)
28. (a + 2) (a - 2) (a + 3) (a - 3) 29. 4k (k + 5) 2
18. ] z + w + 1 g ] z - w - 1 g 19. d x + n d x - n
1 1
30. 3 (x + 1) (x - 1) (x + 3)
2 2
y y
20. e + 1oe - 1 o 21. ^ x + 2y + 3 h ^ x - 2y + 1 h Exercises 2.15
3 3
1. x 2 + 4x + 4 = ] x + 2 g2 2. b 2 - 6b + 9 = ] b - 3 g2
22. (x 2 + 1) (x 2 - 1) = (x 2 + 1) (x + 1) (x - 1)
3. x 2 - 10x + 25 = ] x - 5 g2 4. y 2 + 8y + 16 = ^ y + 4 h2
23. _ 3x 3 + 2y i _ 3x 3 - 2y i 24. _ x 2 + 4y 2 i ^ x + 2y h ^ x - 2y h
5. m - 14m + 49 = ] m - 7 g
2 2
6. q 2 + 18x + 81 = ^ q + 9 h2
25. (a 4 + 1) (a 2 + 1) (a + 1) (a - 1)
7. x 2 + 2x + 1 = ] x + 1 g2 8. t 2 - 16t + 64 = ] t - 8 g2
Exercises 2.13 9. x 2 - 20x + 100 = ] x - 10 g2
1. (b - 2) (b 2 + 2b + 4) 2. ] x + 3 g ^ x 2 - 3x + 9 h 10. w 2 + 44w + 484 = ] w + 22 g2
3. ]t + 1g^t - t + 1h
2
4. (a - 4) (a + 4a + 16)
2
3 2
11. x 2 - 32x + 256 = ] x - 16 g2 = dy + n
9
12. y 2 + 3y +
5. (1 - x) (1 + x + x ) 2
6. ^ 2 + 3y h _ 4 - 6y + 9y i 2 4 2
7 2 1 2
= dx - n = da + n
7. (y + 2z) (y - 2yz + 4z 2)
2
8. (x - 5y) (x 2 + 5xy + 25y 2) 49 1
13. x 2 - 7x + 14. a 2 + a +
4 2 4 2
9. ^ 2x + 3y h _ 4x 2 - 6xy + 9y 2 i 10. ] ab - 1 g ^ a 2 b 2 + ab + 1 h
9 2 5y 5 2
= dx + n = dy - n
x 2 3x 81 25
12. d - 3ne + + 9o 15. x 2 + 9x + 16. y 2 - +
x
11. (10 + 2t) (100 - 20t + 4t 2) 4 2 2 16 4
2 4 2
13. d + ne 2 -
10 1 100 10 1
+ o
2
= dk - n
11k 121 11
a b ab b 2 17. k 2 - +
a 2 16 4
14. ^ x + 1 - y h _ x 2 + 2x + 1 + xy + y + y 2 i
18. x 2 + 6xy + 9y 2 = ^ x + 3y h2 19. a 2 - 4ab + 4b 2 = ] a - 2b g2
15. ^ 5xy + 6z h _ 25x 2 y 2 - 30xyz + 36z 2 i 16. - 9 ^ a 2 - a + 1 h
20. p 2 - 8pq + 16q 2 = ^ p - 4q h2
2
17. d 1 - ne1 + + o
x x x
3 3 9 Exercises 2.16
18. ^ x + y + 3 h _ y - 3y - xy + 9 + 6x + x i
2 2
4y + 1 4 x
19. ^ x + y - 1 h _ x 2 + 4x - xy + y 2 - 5y + 7 i 1. a+2 2. 2t - 1 3.
3
4.
2d - 1
5.
5x - 2
20. (2a + 6 - b) (4a 2 + 24a + 2ab + 6b + b 2 + 36) 1 2 ] b - 2a g s-1 b2 + b + 1
6. 7. 8. 9.
y-4 a-3 s+3 b+1
p+5 a+1 3+y
10. 11. 12. 13. x - 3
3 a+3 x + 2x + 4
2
p-2 a+b
14. 15.
4p - 2p + 1
2
2a - b
ANSWERS 545

5x 13y + 3 a+8 4p + 3 x - 13 1. 3 5 2. 2 3. 6 3 4. 3 3 5. - 3 5 6. 3 6
1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
4 15 12 6 6 7. - 7 2 8. 8 5 9. - 4 2 10. 4 5 11. 2 12. 5 3
b ^ p - 2 h _ q2 - q + 1 i b 2 ^ x + 2y h 13. - 3 14. 2 15. 5 7 16. 2 17. 13 6
2. (a) (b) (c)
2a - 1 q+1 10 ] 2b - 1 g 18. - 9 10 19. 47 3 20. 5 2 - 2 3 21. 7-5 2
x 2 - xy + y 2 ]x - 3g]x - 1g 22. - 2 3 - 4 5 23. 7 6 + 3 5 24. - 2 - 2 3
(d) (e)
ab ]x - 5g]x - 2g
25. - 17 5 + 10 2
5 -x + 2 a+b+3 2x
3. (a) (b) (c) (d)
x x ]x - 1g a+b x+2 Exercise 2.21
^ p + qh^ p - qh + 1 p2 - q2 + 1 2]x - 1g 1. 21 2. 15 3. 3 6 4. 10 14 5. - 6 6 6. 30
(e) = (f)
p+q p+q ]x + 1g]x - 3g
7. - 12 55 8. 14 9. 60 10. 12 = 2 3
- 3x + 8 a+2 11. 2 48 = 8 3 12. 15 28 = 30 7
(g) (h)
]x + 2g]x - 2g ] a + 1 g2
13. 2 20 = 4 5 14. - 84 15. 2
2 _ 3y 2 + 14y + 13 i - ] 5x + 22 g
(i) (j) 16. 28 17. 18. - 2 105 19. 18
^y + 2h^y + 3h^y - 1h ]x + 4g]x - 4g]x + 3g
30
8
x2 ] x + 2 g ^y + 2h^y + 1h 20. 30 50 = 150 2 21. 2 6 22. 4 3 23. 1 24.
4. (a) (b) 6
8 _ y 2 - 3y + 9 i 15y 1 1 1 1
25. 2 3 26. 27. 28. 29.
3 10 2 5 3 5 2
x 2 + 10x - 24 3b 2 - 5b - 10
(c) (d) (e) x
2 ]x - 3g]x - 4g 2b ] b + 1 g 3 3 9 5 2 5
30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
3x - 13 3 - 5x 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 3 7
5. (a) (b)
]x - 5g]x - 2g]x + 3g ]x + 2g]x - 2g
3p 2 + 5pq - 2q 2 a 2 - 2ab - b 2 + 1 Exercises 2.22

(c) (d)
pq ^ p + q h ^ p - q h ]a + bg]a - bg
1. (a) 10 + 6 (b) 2 6 - 15 (c) 12 + 8 15
y ^x + y + 1h (d) 5 14 - 2 21 (e) - 6 + 4 18 = - 6 + 12 2
(e)
^x + yh^x - yh (f) 5 33 + 3 21 (g) - 6 - 12 6 (h) 5 - 5 15
(i) 6 + 30 (j) 2 54 + 6 = 6 6 + 6
Exercises 2.18
(k) - 8 + 12 12 = - 8 + 24 3 (l) 210 - 14 15
1. (a) - 7.1 (b) - 6.9 (c) 48.1 (d) - 37.7 (e) 0.6
(m) 10 6 - 120 (n) - 10 - 2 2 (o) 4 3 - 12
(f) 2.3 (g) - 5.3 2. 47 3. - 7 4. 375 5. - 196
2. (a) 10 + 3 6 + 3 5 + 9 3
3
6. 5.5 7. 377 8. 284 9. - 40 10. 51.935 11. - 1 (b) 10 - 35 - 2 + 14
4
3 (c) 2 10 - 6 + 10 15 - 15 6
12. 22.4 13. 1838.8 14. 15. 15 16. 10
4 (d) 12 20 + 18 60 - 8 10 - 12 30 =
17. 12 = 2 3 18. 23.987 19. 352.47 20. 93 21. 4 24 5 + 36 15 - 8 10 - 12 30
(e) 52 - 13 10 (f) 15 - 15 + 18 10 - 6 6
Exercises 2.19 (g) 4 (h) - 1 (i) - 12 (j) 43 (k) 3 (l) - 241
1. (a) 2 3 (b) 3 7 (c) 2 6 (d) 5 2 (e) 6 2 (m) - 6 (n) 7 + 2 10 (o) 11 - 4 6 (p) 25 + 6 14
(f) 10 2 (g) 4 3 (h) 5 3 (i) 4 2 (j) 3 6 (q) 57 + 12 15 (r) 27 - 4 35
(k) 4 7 (l) 10 3 (m) 8 2 (n) 9 3 (o) 7 5 (s) 77 - 12 40 = 77 - 24 10 (t) 53 + 12 10
(p) 6 3 (q) 3 11 (r) 5 5 3. (a) 18 (b) 108 2 (c) 432 2 (d) 19 + 6 2 (e) 9
2. (a) 6 3 (b) 20 5 (c) 28 2 (d) 4 7 (e) 16 5 4. (a) a = 21, b = 80 (b) a = 19, b = - 7

(f) 8 14 (g) 72 5 (h) 30 2 (i) 14 10 (j) 24 5
5. (a) a - 1 (b) 2p - 1 - 2 p ^ p - 1 h
3. (a) 18 (b) 20 (c) 176 (d) 128 (e) 75
6. k = 25 7. 2x - 3y - 5 xy 8. a = 17, b = 240
(f) 160 (g) 117 (h) 98 (i) 363 (j) 1008
9. a = 107, b = - 42 10. 9 + 5 units 2
4. (a) x = 45 (b) x = 12 (c) x = 63 (d) x = 50
(e) x = 44 (f) x = 147 (g) x = 304 (h) x = 828
(i) x = 775 (j) x = 960
Exercises 2.23 2 8
8. +
3+2 2 2
7 6 2 15 6 14 3 14
1. (a) (b) (c) (d) = 2 3-2 2 8 2
7 4 5 10 5 = # + #
3+2 2 3-2 2 2 2
3+ 6 12 - 5 2 5 + 2 10
(e) (f) (g) 2^3 - 2 2 h 8 2
3 2 5 = +
32 - ^ 2 2 h 2
2
3 14 - 4 7 8 5 + 3 10 4 15 - 2 10
(h) (i) (j) 6-4 2
14 20 35 = +4 2
9-4#2
-^ 6 + 7 3 h 6-4 2
2. (a) 4 3 - 4 2 = 4 ^ 3 - 2 h (b) = +4 2
47 1
- ^ 2 15 - 4 18 h - 2 ^ 15 - 6 2 h =6-4 2+4 2
(c) = =6
19 19
- ^ 19 - 8 3 h 8 3 - 19
So rational
(d) = (e) 6 + 2 + 5 3 + 5 2
b+4 b+4
x = -^ 3 + 2h
13 13
9. 10.
6 15 - 9 6 + 2 10 - 6 b-4
(f)
2
Test yourself 2
3. (a) 2 2 5x + 3y
(b) - ^ 2 + 6 - 3 2 + 3 3 h = - 2 - 6 + 3 2 - 3 3 1. (a) - 2y (b) a + 4 (c) - 6k 5 (d)
15
(e) 3a - 8b
22 5 + 14 2
(c) (f) 6 2 (g) 4 5
39
(d) - 6 6 - 16 - 3 84 + 8 14 h
^ 2. (a) ] x + 6 g ] x - 6 g (b) ] a + 3 g ] a - 1 g (c) 4ab ] b - 2 g
10 (d) (y - 3) (5 + x) (e) 2 ^ 2n - p + 3 h
- 3 6 + 8 + 3 21 - 4 14
= (f) (2 - x) (4 + 2x + x 2)
5
(e) - 4 (f) 4 2 3. (a) 4b - 6 (b) 2x 2 + 5x - 3 (c) 4m + 17
20 12 + 19 6 + 25 3 - 6 19 6 + 65 3 - 6 (d) 16x - 24x + 9
2
(e) p 2 - 25 (f) - 1 - 7a
(g) =
15 15 (g) 2 6 - 5 3 (h) 3 3 - 6 + 21 - 2 7
6+9 2+2 3 4 6+9 3
(h) (i) 8 15
6 21 4. (a) (b)
b 2 ^ a 2 + 3a + 9 h ] m - 2 g2
15 30 - 30 5 - 4 3 28 - 2 6 - 7 3
(j) (k) 6 15 - 9
30 13 5. V = 157.464 6. (a) 17 (b)
17
2 15 + 2 10 - 2 6 - 3 - 5
(l)
2 4x + 5
7. 8. (a) 36 (b) - 2 (c) 2 (d) 216 (e) 2
4. (a) a = 45, b = 10 (b) a = 1, b = 8
1
(c) a = - , b =
1 ]x + 3g]x - 2g
2 2 1
5 8 9. (a) (b) 8 10. d = 11.25
(d) a = - 1 , b = - (e) a = 5, b = 32 5
9 9 2 3 2+ 6
11. (a) (b)
5. 2-1 4 15 2
+
2+1 2
12. (a) 3 6 - 6 - 4 3 + 4 2 (b) 11 + 4 7
2-1 2-1 4 2
= # + # 13. (a) 3 (x - 3) (x + 3) (b) 6 ] x - 3 g ] x + 1 g
2+1 2-1 2 2
^ 2 - 1h^ 2 - 1h 4 2 (c) 5 ^ y + 2 h _ y 2 - 2y + 4 i
= +
^ 2 h2 - 1 2 2
14. (a)
x3
(b)
1
3y 4 3x - 1
2- 2- 2+1
= +2 2
2-1 15. (a) 99 (b) 24 3
3-2 2
= +2 2 16. (a) a 2 - b 2 (b) a 2 + 2ab + b 2 (c) a 2 - 2ab + b 2
1
=3-2 2+2 2 17. (a) ] a - b g2 (b) ] a - b g ^ a 2 + ab + b 2 h
=3
So rational 3 3+1 4b + 3a 3x - 11
18. 19. (a) (b)
2 ab 10
6. (a) 4 (b) 14 (c) 16
3 5 - 2 - 15 - 3 21 5 - 46 - 2
7. 20.
3 7
ANSWERS 547
4
21. (a) 6 2 (b) - 8 6 (c) 2 3 (d) (e) 30a 2 b Chapter 3: Equations
3
m
(f) (g) 2x - 3y Exercises 3.1
3n 4
1. t = -5
2. z = - 5.6 3. y = 1 4. w = 6.7 5. x = 12
22. (a) 2 6 + 4 (b) 10 14 - 5 21 - 6 10 + 3 15 1
6. x = 4 7. y = 8. b = 35 9. n = - 16 10. r = 4
(c) 7 (d) 43 (e) 65 - 6 14 15
11. y = 9 12. k = 6 13. d = 2 14. x = 5 15. y = 15
3 7 6 5+1
23. (a) (b) (c) 16. x = 20 17. m = 20 18. x = 4 19. a = - 7 20. y = 3
7 15 2
2
21. b = - 4 22. x = 3 23. a = - 1 24. t = - 4
12 - 2 6 20 + 3 15 + 4 10 + 3 6 3
(d) (e)
15 53 1
25. x = 1.2 26. a = 1.6 27. b = 28. t = 39
8
x + 10 17a - 15 3 - 2x
24. (a) (b) (c)
10 21 (x + 1) (x - 1) 29. p = 5 30. x Z 4.41
1 15 - 6 - 15 3 - 15 2
(d) (e) Exercises 3.2
k-1 3
1 4 9 5
1. b =3 2. x = 35 3. y = 4 4. x = 1 5. k = 5
25. (a) n = 48 (b) n = 175 (c) n = 392 3 9 35 8
(d) n = 5547 (e) n = 1445 6. x = 36 7. t = 0.6 8. x = - 3 9. y = - 1.2 10. x = 69
11. w = 13 12. t = 30 13. x = 14 14. x = - 1
71
26. 3 27. (b), (c) 28. (d) 29. (a), (d) 30. (c)
121 15. x = - 0.4 16. p = 3 17. t = 8.2 18. x = - 9.5
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (b) 19. q = 22 20. x = - 3 21. b = 0.8 22. a = - 0.375
2
23. x = 3 24. y = 1 25. t = - 1
Challenge exercise 2 3
1. (a) 2a 2 b - 8ab 2 + 6a 3 (b) y 4 - 4 Exercises 3.3
(c) 8x - 60x + 150x - 125
3 2
1. t = 8.5 2. l = 122 3. b = 8 4. a = 41 5. y = 4
17 3 + 2 5 + 20 1 2
2. 3. or 2
17 2 2 4 6. r = 6.68 7. x = 6.44 8. n = 15 9. y 1 = 3
3
b2 b 2
x + 2 = dx + n
b 10. h = 3.7 11. (a) BMI = 25.39 (b) w = 69.66
4. x2 +
a 4a 2 a
(c) h = 1.94 12. r = 0.072 13. x 1 = - 9 14. t = 2.14
5. (a) ] x + 4 g ] x + 9 g
15. x = ! 2 16. r = 2.12 17. r = 10.46 18. x = 1.19
(b) _ x 2 - 3y i _ x 2 + 2y i = (x + 3 y) (x - 3 y) _ x 2 + 2y i 19. x = 5.5 20. r = 3.3
(c) ] 5x + 7 g ^ 25x 2 - 35x + 49 h (d) ] b - 2 g ] a + 2 g ] a - 2 g
Exercises 3.4
y+1
6. 4x 2 + 12x + 9 = ] 2x + 3 g2 7. 8. 2 5
2]x - 1g
1. (a) x 2 3
]a + 1g 2
10. d + nd - n
2 a 2 a
9. -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
a2 - a + 1 x b x b
(b) y # 4
3x 3 - 6x 2 + 3x + 4xy - 6y
11.
]x - 3g]x + 3g]x - 2g -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
3x + 4
12. (a) 8x - 12x + 6x - 1
3 2
(b)
] 2x - 1 g2 2. (a) t 2 7 (b) x $ 3 (c) p 2 - 1 (d) x $ - 2 (e) y 2 - 9
13. x 3 - 7x 2 + 15x - 9 1
(f) a $ - 1 (g) y $ - 2 (h) x 1 - 2 (i) a # - 6
2
- 66 6 + 4 2 - 15 + 4 5 - 65 3
14. 3
13 (j) y 1 12 (k) b 1 - 18 (l) x 2 30 (m) x # 3
4
1 2
+ = dx + n
2x 1
15. x 2 + 16. x = 2 2 1
3 9 3 (n) m 2 14 (o) b $ 16 (p) r # - 9 (q) z 2 8
3 4
400 - 59 5 71 17 14
17. 18. (a) 3 (b) a = , b=- 4 2
10 121 23 23 (r) w 1 2 (s) x $ 35 (t) t $ - 9 (u) q 2 - 6
5 5
1 3 3 r
19. i = 1 20. r = = 2 1
2 4 r 4r (v) x 2 - 1 (w) b # - 11
3 4
21. s = 2 + 6 3
3. (a) 1 1 x 1 7 3. (a) n = 27 (b) t = 16 (c) x = 32 (d) t = 8

(e) p = 243 (f) m = 625 (g) b = 216 (h) y = 27
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(b) - 2 # p 1 5 (i) a = 128 (j) t = 81
1 1 1 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 4. (a) x = (b) a = (c) y = (d) x = !
5 2 2 7
(c) 1 1 x 1 4
2
(e) n = (f) a = 2 (g) x = ! 2 (h) b = 9
3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2 1
(d) - 3 # y # 5 (i) x = ! (j) b = ! 1
3 2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 1 1
5. (a) x = (b) x = 6 (c) a = (d) k =
1 2 512 4 81 625
(e) 1 y 1 1
6 3 1 19
(e) x = ! (f) x = 4 (g) y = ! 8 (h) n = 7
8 32
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
127
(i) b = 8 (j) m = 1
Exercises 3.5 216
6. (a) n = 4 (b) y = 5 (c) m = 9 (d) x = 5 (e) m = 0

1. (a) x = ! 5 (b) y = ! 8 (c) - 4 1 a 1 4
(f) x = 3 (g) x = 2 (h) x = 2 (i) x = 1 (j) k = 2
(d) k $ 1, k # - 1 (e) x 2 6, x 1 - 6
(f) - 10 # p # 10 (g) x = 0 (h) a 2 14, a 1 - 14 7. (a) x = 2 (b) x = 1 (c) x = - 2 (d) n = 2 (e) x = 0
1
(i) - 12 1 y 1 12 (j) b $ 20, b # - 20 (f) x = 6 (g) y = (h) x = 2 (i) x = 2 (j) a = 0
3
2. (a) x = 5, - 9 (b) n = 4, -2 (c) a 2 2, a 1 - 2 1 1 1 1
8. (a) m = (b) x = (c) x = (d) k = -
5 2 3 3 2
(d) 4 # x # 6 (e) x = 3, -6 (f) x = 5, -4
7 2 3 1 2
1 (e) k = - (f) n = (g) x = 1 (h) n =
(g) - 3 1y 12 (h) x $ 9, x # - 6 (i) x = ! 12 3 4 2 3
2
1 2
(i) k = - (j) x = 1
(j) 2 # a # 10 6 3
1 1 1 1
3. (a) x = 1 (b) a = 3, - (c) b = 2 9. (a) x = - 1 (b) x = - 1 (c) k = - 4 (d) n = 3
4 3 3 3
2 2 1 2 1 7
(d) No solutions (e) y = - 2 (f) x = 7 (g) m = 5, 1 (e) x = - 2 (f) x = - (g) x = - 4 (h) x = - 1
7 3 2 3 2 11
1 3 4
(h) d = 2 , -1 (i) y = , -2 (j) No solutions (i) x = 1
4
(j) x = 18
2 4 5 5
1 1 3
4. (a) x = 2, - (b) y = 3, 2 (c) a = - 10, 1 1 3 3 1
2 3 5 10. (a) m = (b) k = - 2 (c) x = 2 (d) k = 1
4 4 8 2
1
(d) x = 4, -7 (e) d = 4, -5 1 1 4 1
3 (e) n = (f) n = - (g) x = (h) b = - 3
18 2 5 6
2 2
5. (a) t = 3, -1 (b) - 1 1t 13 1
5 5 (i) x = - 1 (j) m = 5
7
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Puzzle
1. All months have 28 days. Some months have more days
Exercises 3.6 as well. 2. 10 3. Bottle $1.05; cork 5 cents
1. (a) x = 3 (b) y = ! 8 (c) n = ! 2 (d) x = ! 2 5 4. 16 each time 5. Friday
(e) p = 10 (f) x = ! 5 (g) y = ! 3 (h) w = 2
(i) n = ! 4 (j) q = - 2 Exercises 3.7
1. y = 0, -1 2. b = 2, -1 3. p = 3, -5 4. t = 0, 5
2. (a) p = ! 6.71 (b) x = 4.64 (c) n = 2.99 (d) x = ! 5.92
5. x = -2, -7 6. q = !3 7. x = !1 8. a = 0, -3
(e) y = 1.89 (f) d = ! 2.55 (g) k = ! 4.47 (h) x = 2.22
(i) y = ! 3.81 (j) y = 3.01
ANSWERS 549
1 1 1 2
9. x = 0, - 4 10. x = ! 11. x = -1, -1 12. y 1 - 1 , y 2 2 13. x # ,x $1
2 3 2 3
1 3 1 2 2 1 1
12. y = 1, -1 13. b = , 14. x = 5, -2 15. x = 0, 14. b 1 - 3, b 2 15. - 1 #x #-
2 4 2 3 5 2 3
1 16. - 4 # y # 3 17. x 1 - 4, x 2 4 18. - 1 # a # 1

16. x = 1, 2 17. x = 0, 5 18. y = - 1, 2 19. n = 3, 5
2 19. - 2 1 x 1 3 20. x # - 1, x $ 3 21. 0 1 x 1 2
20. x = 3, 4 21. m = - 6, 1 22. x = 0, -1, -2
1 4
23. y = 1, -5, -2 24. x = 5, -7 25. m = 8, -1 22. 1 # a # 1 23. y # - 2, y $
2 5
2 1 1
Exercises 3.8 24. m 1 - 1 , m 2 1 25. 1 # x # 1
3 2 3
1. (a) x = ! 5 - 2 (b) a = ! 7 + 3 (c) y = ! 23 + 4
(d) x = ! 13 - 1 (e) p = ! 44 - 7 = ! 2 11 - 7
Exercises 3.11
(f) x = ! 28 + 5 = ! 2 7 + 5 1. a = 1, b = 3 2. x = 2, y = 1 3. p = 2, q = - 1
(g) y = ! 88 - 10 = ! 2 22 - 10 = 2 ^ ! 22 - 5 h 4. x = 6, y = 17 5. x = - 10, y = 2 6. t = 3, v = 1
(h) x = ! 2 + 1 (i) n = ! 137 - 12 7. x = - 3, y = 2 8. x = - 64, y = - 39 9. x = 3, y = - 4
! 5+3 10. m = 2, n = 3 11. w 1 = - 1, w 2 = 5 12. a = 0, b = 4
(j) y =
2
13. p = - 4, q = 1 14. x 1 = 1, x 2 = - 1
2. (a) x = 3.45, -1.45 (b) x = - 4.59, -7.41
15. x = - 1, y = - 4 16. s = 2, t = - 1
(c) q = 0.0554, -18.1 (d) x = 4.45, - 0.449
17. a = - 2, b = 0 18. k = - 4, h = 1
(e) b = - 4.26, -11.7 (f) x = 17.7, 6.34
19. v 1 = - 2, v 2 = 4 20. x = 2, y Z 1.41
(g) r = 22.3, - 0.314 (h) x = - 0.683, -7.32
(i) a = 0.162, - 6.16 (j) y = 40.1, - 0.0749
Problem
Exercises 3.9
23 adults and 16 children.
1. (a) y = - 0.354, - 5.65 (b) x = 1, 1.5
(c) b = 3.54, - 2.54 (d) x = 1, - 0.5
Exercises 3.12
(e) x = - 0.553, 0.678 (f) n = 0.243, -8.24
1. x = 0, y = 0 and x = 1, y = 1
(g) m = - 2, - 5 (h) x = 0, 7 (i) x = 1, - 6
2. x = 0, y = 0 and x = - 2, y = 4
(j) y = 2.62, 0.382
3. x = 0, y = 3 and x = 3, y = 0
- 1 ! 17 5 ! 13 4. x = 4, y = - 3 and x = 3, y = - 4 5. x = - 1, y = - 3
2. (a) x = (b) x =
2 6 6. x = 3, y = 9 7. t = - 2, x = 4 and t = 1, x = 1
4 ! 28 8. m = - 4, n = 0 and m = 0, n = - 4
(c) q = = 2! 7
2
9. x = 1, y = 2 and x = - 1, y = - 2
- 12 ! 128 -3 ! 2 2 10. x = 0, y = 0 and x = 1, y = 1
(d) h = =
8 2
11. x = 2, y = 1 and x = - 1, y = - 2 12. x = 0, y = 1
8 ! 40 4 ! 10
(e) s = = 13. x = 1, y = 5 and x = 4, y = 11
6 3
1 1 1
14. x = , y = 4 and x = - 1, y = - 1 15. t = - , h =
- 11 ! 133 - 5 ! 73 4 2 4
(f) x = (g) d =
2 12 16. x = 2, y = 0
2 ! 32 1! 5 17. x = 0, y = 0 and x = - 2, y = - 8 and x = 3, y = 27
(h) x = =1!2 2 (i) t =
2 2 18. x = 0, y = 0 and x = 1, y = 1 and x = - 1, y = 1
7 ! 41 1 3 5 12
(j) x = 19. x = ,y =2 20. x = - ,y =-
4 2 4 13 13
Exercises 3.10
Exercises 3.13
1. -3 1 x 1 0 2. 0 1 y 1 4 3. n # 0, n $ 1
1. x = - 2, y = - 8, z = - 1 2. a = - 2, b = - 1, c = 2
4. x # - 2, x $ 2 5. n 1 - 1, n 2 1 6. - 5 # n # 3
3. a = - 4, b = 2, c = 7 4. a = 1, b = 2, c = - 3
7. c 1 - 1, c 2 2 8. - 4 # x # - 2 9. 4 1 x 1 5
5. x = 5, y = 0, z = - 2 6. x = 0, y = - 5, z = 4
1 1 7. p = - 3, q = 7, r = 4 8. x = 1, y = - 1, z = 2
10. b # - 2, b $ - 11. a 1 - 1, a 2
2 3 9. h = - 3, j = 2, k = - 4 10. a = 3, b = - 1, c = - 2
Test yourself 3 (i) y = 40c (j) x = 80c 2. (a) 121c (b) 72c 29l
(c) 134c 48l 3. (a) 42c (b) 55c 37l (c) 73c 3l
1. (a) b = 10 (b) a = - 116 (c) x = - 7 (d) p # 4
4. (a) (i) 47c (ii) 137c (b) (i) 9c (ii) 99c (c) (i) 63c
2. (a) A = 1262.48 (b) P = 8558.59
(ii) 153c (d) (i) 35c (ii) 125c (e) (i) 52c (ii)142c
3. (a) x 2 - 8x + 16 = ] x - 4 g2 (b) k 2 + 4k + 4 = ] k + 2 g2 (f) (i) 15c7l (ii) 105c7l (g) (i) 47c36l (ii) 137c36l
(h) (i) 72c21l (ii)162c21l (i) (i) 26c11l (ii) 116c11l
1
4. (a) x = - 2, y = 5 (b) x = 4, y = 1 and x = - , y = - 8 (j) (i) 38c51l (ii) 128c51l 5. (a) x = 49c (b) 41c
2
(c) 131c 6. (a) y = 15c, x = z = 165c
1 (b) x = 142c, y = 48c, z = 28c
5. (a) x = 2 (b) y =
4
(c) a = 43c, b = 137c, c = 101c
1 1 (d) a = 97c, b = d = 41c, c = 42c
6. (a) b = 2, -1 (b) g = 2, (c) x $ 4, x # 3
3 4 (e) a = 68c, b = 152c, c = 28c (f) a = 10c, b = 150c
1
7. (a) A = 36 (b) b = 12 8. x = ,1
2 7. 8x - 10 + 2x - 10 + x + 10 + 7x + 10 = 360
9. -1 1 y # 3 (angle of revolution)
18x = 360
x = 20
10. (a) x = - 0.298, -6.70 (b) y = 4.16, -2.16
+ABE = 8x - 10
(c) n = 0.869, -1.54 = 8 (20) - 10
= 150c
1 +EBC = 2x - 10
11. (a) V = 764.5 (b) r = 2.9 12. x 2 71
4 = 2 (20) - 10
13. x 1 2, x 2 9 14. x = 2.4, y = 3.2 15. (a) V = 2100 = 30c
+ABE + +EBC = 150c + 30c
(b) r = 3.9 16. (a) ii (b) i (c) ii (d) iii (e) iii = 180c
` +ABC is a straight angle
17. a = 3, b = 2, c = - 4 +DBC = 7x + 10
= 7 (20) + 10
1
18. n 2 0, n 1 - 3 = 150c
3 +DBC + +EBC = 150c + 30c
19. x = - 4 20. x = - 2 21. (a) y 2 3 (b) - 3 # n # 0 = 180c
` +DBE is a straight angle
2
(c) x = 2 (d) x = 2 (e) x = 3, -1 (f) t $ 1, t # - 2 ` AC and DE are straight lines
5
(g) - 4 # x # 2 (h) x = - 3 (i) y 2 2, y 1 - 2 8. +DFB = 180c - (180 - x) c
5 1 (+AFB is a straight angle)
(j) x # - 1, x $ 1 (k) x = (l) - # b # 2 =x
6 2
` +AFC = x
1 3 (vertically opposite angles)
(m) No solutions (n) t = 2 , (o) - 1 1 x 1 3
3 5 +CFE = 180c - (x + 180c - 2x)
(p) m # - 3, m $ 2 (+AFB is a straight angle)
=x
` +AFC = +CFE
Challenge exercise 3 ` CD bisects +AFE
1. y =1 2. x 1 - a, x 2 a
9. +ABD + +DBC
3. a = 3, b = !2 4. x = 2.56, -1.56
= 110 - 3x + 3x + 70
5. ] x + 3 g ] x - 3 g ] x - 2 g ^ x 2 + 2x + 4 h; x = ! 3, 2 = 180c
6. x = 1, y = 2 and x = - 1, y = 0 So +ABC is a straight angle.
7. b = 4; x = ! 17 + 4 Z 8.12, - 0.123 8. x = ! 1 AC is a straight line.
1
9. -1 1 t 1 1 10. - 3 # x # 8 11. x = 10. +AEB + +BEC + +CED
4
= 50 - 8y + 5y - 20 + 3y + 60
12. r = 2.31 13. No solutions 14. x = ! b + a 2 + a = 90c
2 ^ 4 ! 10 h 3 So +AED is a right angle.
15. P = 2247.36 16. x = 17. y 1 -1, y 2
3 5
Exercises 4.2
Chapter 4: Geometry 1
1. (a) a = b = e = f = 148c , c = d = g = 32c
Exercises 4.1 (b) x = z = 70c , y = 110c
(c) x = 55c , y = 36c , z = 89c (d) y = 125c , x = z = 55c
1. (a) y = 47c (b) x = 39c (c) m = 145c (d) y = 60c
(e) n = e = g = a = c = z = x = 98c,
(e) b = 101c (f) x = 36c (g) a = 60c (h) x = 45c
o = m = h = f = b = d = y = w = 82c
ANSWERS 551
(f) a = 95c , b = 85c , c = 32c 5. +ACB = 180c - 124c (DCB is a straight angle)
(g) a = 27c , b = 72c , c = 81c = 56c
+CBA + 68c = 124c (exterior angle of D)
(h) x = 56c , y = 124c , z = a = 116c , b = 64c
+CBA = 124c - 68c
(i) x = 61c (j) y = 37c = 56c
` +CBA = +ACB = 56c
2. (a) +CGF = 180c - 121c
(FGH is a straight angle) ` D ABC is isosceles
= 59c
` +BFG = +CGF = 59c 6. y = 38c
These are equal alternate angles. 7. (a) x = 64c (b) x = 64c , y = 57c (c) x = 63c
` AB < CD
(b) +BAC = 360c - 292c = 68c (d) a = 29c , b = 70c
(angle of revolution)
` +BAC + +DCA = 68c + 112c 8. +HJI = 180c - (35c + 25c) (angle sum of D HJI)
= 180c = 120c
+IJL = 180c - 120c (HJL is a straight angle)
These are supplementary cointerior angles.
= 60c
` AB < CD +JIL = 180c - (90c + 30c) (angle sum of D IKL)
= 60c
(c) +BCD = 180 - 76 (+BCE is a straight angle) +ILJ = 180 - (60c + 60c) (angle sum of D JIL)
= 104c = 60c
+ABC = +BCD = 104c Since +IJL = +JIL = +ILJ = 60c,
These are equal alternate angles. D IJL is equilateral
` AB ; CD +KJL = 180c - 60c (KJI is a straight angle)
= 120c
(d) +CEF = 180 - 128 (+CED is a straight angle) +JLK = 180c - (30c + 120c) (angle sum of D JKL)
= 52c = 30c
+CEF = +ABE = 52c ` +JLK = +JKL = 30°
These are equal corresponding angles.
` D JKL is isosceles
`AB ; CD
9. BC = BD
(e) +CFH = 180 - ] 23 + 115 g (+EFG is a straight angle) `+BDC = 46c (base angles of isosceles triangle)
= 42c +CBD = 180 - 2 # 46
= 88c
`+BFD = 42c (vertically opposite angles)
`+CBD = +BDE = 88c
+ABF + +BFD = 138c + 42c
These are equal alternate angles.
= 180c
These are supplementary cointerior angles. ` AB ; ED
` AB ; CD
10. +OQP = 180 - ] 75 + 73 g (angle sum of triangle)
= 32c
Exercises 4.3
` +MNO = +OQP = 32c
1. (a) x = 60c (b) y = 36c (c) m = 71c (d) x = 37c
These are equal alternate angles.
(e) x = 30c (f) x = 20c (g) x = 67c (h) a = 73c
` MN ; QP
(i) a = 75c , b = 27c , c = 46c
(j) a = 36c , b = 126c , c = 23c
Exercises 4.4
(k) x = 67c , y = z = 59c , w = 121c
1. (a) Yes
2. All angles are equal. Let them be x.
AB = EF = 5cm (given)
Then x + x + x = 180 (angle sum of D)
3x = 180 BC = DF = 6 cm (given)
x = 60 AC = DE = 8 cm (given)
So all angles in an equilateral triangle are 60c. ` D ABC / DDEF (SSS)
] 90 - x g c
(b)Yes
3.
XY = BC = 4.7 m (given)
4. +ACB = 50c (vertically opposite angles)
+ABC = 180c - (50c + 45c) (angle sum of D) +XYZ = +BCA = 110c (given)
= 85c
YZ = AC = 2.3 m (given)
` +DEC = +ABC = 85c
These are equal alternate angles. ` D XYZ / DABC (SAS)
` AB < DE (c) No
(d) Yes (b) +ABC = +ADC (corresponding angles in congruent

triangles)
+PQR = +SUT = 49c (given)
+PRQ = +STU = 52c (given) 7. (a) OA = OC (equal radii)
QR = TU = 8 cm (given) OB is common
`DPQR / DSTU (AAS) +AOB = +COB = 90c (given)
(e) No `DOAB / DOBC (SAS)
(b) +OCB = +OBC (base angles of OBC, an isosceles

2. (a) AB = KL = 4 (given) right angled triangle)
+B = +L = 38c (given)
BC = JL = 5 (given) But +OCB + +OBC = 90c (angle sum of triangle)
` by SAS, D ABC / D JKL So +OCB = +OBC = 45c
(b) +Z = +B = 90c (given) Similarly +OBA = 45c
XY = AC = 7 (given)
` +OBA + +OBC = 45c + 45c = 90c
YZ = BC = 2 (given)
` by RHS, D XYZ / D ABC So +ABC is right angled
(c) MN = QR = 8 (given) 8. (a) +AEF = +BDC = 90c (given)

NO = PR = 8 (given)
MO = PQ = 5 (given) AF = BC (given)
` by SSS, D MNO / D PQR FE = CD (given)
(d) +Y = +T = 90c (given) `DAFE / DBCD (RHS)

+Z = +S = 35c (given)
(b) +AFE = +BCD (corresponding angles in
XY = TR = 1.3 (given)
congruent triangles)
` by AAS, D XYZ / D STR
9. (a) OA = OC (equal radii)
(e) BC = DE = 4 (given)
+C = +E = 90c (given) OB is common
AC = EF = 7 (given)
AB = BC (given)
` by SAS, D ABC / D DEF
`DOAB / DOBC (SSS)
3. (a) +B = +C (base angles of isosceles D) (b) +OBA = +OBC (corresponding angles in

+BDA = +CDA = 90c (given) congruent triangles)
AD is common
But +OBA + +OBC = 180c (ABC is a straight angle)
` by AAS, D ABD / D ACD
So +OBA = +OBC = 90c
(b) ` BD = DC (corresponding sides in congruent Ds)
` AD bisects BC OB is perpendicular to AC.
4. +ABD = +BDC (alternate angles, AB < CD) 10. (a) AD = BC (given)

+ADC = +BCD = 90c (given)
+ADB = +DBC (alternate angles, AD < BC)
DC is common
BD is common
` by AAS, D ABD / D CDB `DADC / DBCD (SAS)
` AD = BC (b) AC = BD (corresponding sides in congruent

(corresponding sides in congruent Ds) triangles)
5. (a) OA = OC (equal radii) Exercises 4.5

OB = OD (similarly) 1. (a) x = 15.1 (b) x = 4.4 (c) m = 6.6
+AOB = +COD (vertically opposite angles) (d) a = 76c , i = 23c , b = 81c (e) b = 4.5
`DAOB / DCOD (SAS) (f) a = 115c , x = 19c , y = 3.2 (g) p = 9.7
(b) AB = CD (corresponding sides in congruent 2. a = 1.81, b = 5.83

triangles)
3. +BAC = +EDC (alternate angles, AB < ED)
6. (a) AB = AD (given) +ABC = +DEC (similarly)
BC = DC (given) +ACB = +ECD (vertically opposite angles)
AC is common ` since 3 pairs of angles are equal, DABC ||| DCDE
`DABC / DADC (SSS)

ANSWERS 553
4. +GFE = +EFD (given) Since three pairs of sides are in proportion,

GF 1.5 o D ABC ||| D ACD, x = 109c, y = 47c
= = 0.5
EF 2.7
EF 2.7 o 11. (a) x = 7.8 (b) m = 4.0, p = 7.2 (c) x = 6.5
= = 0.5
DF 4.86
(d) x = 6.2, y = 4.4 (e) x = 1.4, y = 9.2
GF EF
` =
EF DF AB AD AB AD
Since two pairs of sides are in proportion and their 12. (a) = (b) =
BC DE AC AE
included angles are equal, then DDEF ||| DFGE AD AF AD AF
Also = Also =
DE FG AE AG
AB 1.3
5. = = 0.714 `
AB
=
AF
`
AB
=
AF
DE 1.82 BC FG AC AG
AC 4.2
= = 0.714 BD AD
DF 5.88 (c) =
CE AE
BC 4.9
= = 0.714 AD DF
EF 6.86 Also =
AE EG
AB AC BC
` = = BD DF
DE DF EF ` =
CE EG
Since three pairs of sides are in proportion,
D ABC ||| D DEF
13. a = 4.8, b = 6.9 14. y = 0.98 15. x = 3.19, y = 1.64
y = 41c
Exercises 4.6
6. (a) OA = OB (equal radii)
OC = OD (similarly) 1. (a) x = 6.4 (b) y = 6.6 (c) b = 5.7 (d) m = 6.6
OA OB
` =
OD OC 2. (a) p = 61 (b) t = 58 (c) x = 65 (d) y = 33
+AOB = +COD (vertically opposite angles)
Since two pairs of sides are in proportion and their 3. s = 6.2 m 4. CE = 15.3 cm
included angles are equal, 3 OAB ||| 3 OCD
5. AB 2 = 81, CB 2 = 144, CA 2 = 225
(b) AB = 5.21 cm
AB 2 + CB 2 = 81 + 144
7. (a) +A is common = 225
= CA 2
+ABC = +ADE (corresponding angles, BC < DE)
+ACB = +AED (similarly) ` D ABC is right angled
` since 3 pairs of angles are equal, D ABC ||| D ADE 6. XY = YZ = 1

(b) x = 2.17, y = 2.25 ` D XYZ is isosceles
YZ 2 = XY 2 = 1, XZ 2 = 2
8. +ABF = +BEC (alternate angles, AB z CD) YZ 2 + XY 2 = 1 + 1
+CBE = +BFA (similarly, BC z AD) =2
` +C = +A (angle sum of Ds) = XZ 2
` since 3 pairs of angles are equal, D ABF ||| DCEB ` D XYZ is right angled
9. +A is common 7. AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
2 2 = ^ 3 h + BC 2
2
AD 1.2
= = 0.4
AB 3 4 = 3 + BC 2
AE 0.8 1 = BC 2
= = 0.4
AC 2 `1 = BC
AD AE AC =2
` =
AB AC =2#1
Since two pairs of sides are in proportion and their = 2BC
included angles are equal, D AED ||| D ABC, m = 4.25
8. (a) AC = 5
10.
AB
=
2
= 0.769 (b) AC 2 = 25, CD 2 = 144,
CD 2.6 AD 2 = 169
BC 3
= = 0.769 AC 2 + CD 2 = 25 + 144
AC 3.9 = 169
AC 3.9
= = 0.769 = AD 2
AD 5.07
` D ACD has a right angle at +ACD
AB BC AC
` = = ` AC is perpendicular to DC
CD AC AD
x2 + y2 (d) a = 121c, b = 52c, i = 77c

9. AB = 3b 10. (e) x = 60c (f) x = 3, y = 7
x
11. d 2 = ] 20 - 3t g 2 + ] 15 - 2t g 2 6. +ADB = +CDB (BD bisects +ADC)
= 400 - 120t + 9t 2 + 225 - 60t + 4t 2 +CDB = +ABD (alternate angles, AB < DC)
= 13t 2 - 180t + 625 +ADB = +DBC (alternate angles, AD < BC)
` +ABD = +DBC
12. 1471 mm 13. 683 m 14. 12.6 m 15. 134.6 cm
` BD bisects +ABC
16. 4.3 m 17. 42.7 cm
18. 1.3 2 + 1.1 2 = 2.9 and 1.5 2 = 2.25 7. (a) AD = BC = 3.8 cm (given)
1.3 2 + 1.1 2 ! 1.5 2 so the triangle is not right angled AB = DC = 5.3 cm (given)
` the property is not a rectangle Since two pairs of opposite sides are equal, ABCD is a
parallelogram.
19. No. The diagonal of the boot is the longest available
(b) AB = DC = 7cm (given)
space and it is only 1.4 m.
AB < DC (given)
20. (a) BC 2 = 6 2 - 4 2 Since one pair of opposite sides is both equal and
= 20 parallel, ABCD is a parallelogram.
BC = 20
AO = 6 cm (equal radii)
(c) +X + +M = 54c + 126c
= 180c
So AC 2 = 6 2 - 4 2
These are supplementary cointerior angles.
= 20
` XY < MN
AC = 20
Since BC = AC, OC bisects AB Also, XM < YN (given)
(b) +OCA = +OCB = 90c (given) ` XMNY is a parallelogram
OA = OB (equal radii)
OC is common (d) AE = EC = 5 cm (given)
` DOAC / DOBC (RHS)
DE = EB = 6 cm (given)
So AC = BC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles) Since the diagonals bisect each other, ABCD is a
` OC bisects AB parallelogram.
Exercises 4.7 8. (a) x = 5 cm, i = 66c (b) a = 90c, b = 25c, c = 65c

(c) x = 3 cm, y = 5 cm (d) x = 58c, y = 39c
1. (a) x = 94c (b) y = 104c (c) x = 111c (d) x = 60c (e) x = 12 cm
(e) y = 72c (f) x = 102°, y = 51° (g) x = 43°, y = 47°
9. 6.4 cm 10. +ECB = 59c, +EDC = 31c, +ADE = 59c
2. D ABE is isosceles.
` +B = +E = 76c (base +s equal) 11. 4 2 cm 12. x = y = 57c
+CBE = +DEB = 180c - 76c
= 104c (straight +s) Exercises 4.8
+D + 62c + 104c + 104c = 360c (angle sum of quadrilateral)
+D + 270c = 360c 1. (a) 540c (b) 720c (c) 1080c (d) 1440c (e) 1800c
+D = 90c (f) 2880c 2. (a) 108c (b) 135c (c) 150c (d) 162c
` CD is perpendicular to AD` (e) 156c 3. (a) 60c (b) 36c (c) 45c (d) 24c
3. (a) +D = 180c - x 4. 128c34l 5. (a) 13 (b) 152c18l 6. 16 7. 3240c

(+A and +D cointerior angles, AB < DC)
+C = 180c - (180c - x) 8. 2340c 9. 168c23l
(+C and +D cointerior angles, AD < BC)
= 180c - 180c + x 10. Sum = 145n = (n - 2) # 180c
=x 145n = 180n - 360
`+A = +C = x = 35n
+B = 180c - x (+B and +C cointerior angles, AB < DC) 10.3 = n
`+B = +D = 180c - x But n must be a positive integer.
` no polygon has interior angles of 145c.
(b) Angle sum = x + x + 180c - x + 180c - x
= 360c 11. (a) 9 (b) 12 (c) 8 (d) 10 (e) 30
4. a = 150c , b = 74c 12. (a) ABCDEF is a regular hexagon.

AF = BC (equal sides)
5. (a) a = 5 m, b = 3 m, x = z = 108c, y = 72c FE = CD (equal sides)
(b) x = 53c, y = 56c, z = 71c +AFE = +BCD (equal interior angles)
(c) x = y = 5 cm, a = b = 68c ` D AFE / D BCD (SAS)
ANSWERS 555
(b) S = ] n - 2 g # 180c 360

15. (a)
= (6 - 2) # 180c p
= 720c (b) Each interior angle:
720c 360
+AFE = 180 -
6 p
= 120c 180p 360
Since AF = FE, triangle AFE is isosceles. = -
p p
So +FEA = +FAE (base angles in isosceles triangle) 180p - 360
=
180 - 120c p
` +FEA =
180 ^ p - 2 h
(angle sum of triangle)
2
= 30c =
p
+AED = 120 - 30c
= 90c Exercises 4.9
Similarly, +BDE = 90c
1. (a) 26.35 m 2 (b) 21.855 cm 2 (c) 18.75 mm 2 (d) 45 m 2
So +AED + +BDE = 180c (e) 57 cm 2 (f) 81 m 2 (g) 28.27 cm 2 2. 4.83 m 2
These are supplementary cointerior angles
`AE < BD 3. (a) 42.88 cm 2 (b) 29.5 m 2 (c) 32.5 cm 2 (d) 14.32 m 2
(e) 100.53 cm 2 4. (a) 25 m 2 (b) 101.85 cm 2
13. A regular octagon has equal sides and angles. (c) 29.4 m 2 (d) 10.39 cm 2 (e) 45 cm 2
AH = AB (equal sides)
GH = BC (equal sides) 5. 7 51 + 98 = 7 ^ 51 + 14 h cm 2 6. 22.97 cm 2
+AHG = +ABC (equal interior angles)
` D AHG / D ABC (SAS) 7. $621.08 8. (a) 161.665 m 2 (b) 89 m 2 (c) 10.5 m
So AG = AC
9. (a) 48 cm (b) 27 cm 10. 12w units 2
(corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
S = ] n - 2 g # 180c
= (8 - 2) # 180c Test yourself 4
= 1080c
1080c 1. (a) x = 43c, y = 137c, z = 147c (b) x = 36c
` +AHG = (c) a = 79c, b = 101c, c = 48c (d) x = 120c
8
= 135c (e) r = 7.2 cm (f) x = 5.6 cm, y = 8.5 cm (g) i = 45c
+HGA = +HAG (base angles in isosceles triangle)
2. +AGF = i (vertically opposite +HGB)
180 - 135c
`+HAG = (angle sum of triangle)
2 So +AGF = +CFE = i
= 22c30l These are equal corresponding +s.
+GAC = 135 - 2 # 22c30l ` AB < CD
= 90c
We can similarly prove all interior angles are 90c and 3. 118.28 cm2
adjacent sides equal.
So ACEG is a square. 4. (a) +DAE = +BAC (common)
+ADE = +ABC (corresponding angles, DE < BC)
] 5 - 2 g # 180c +AED = +ACB (similarly)
14. +EDC = ` D ABC and D ADE are similar (AAA)
5
= 108c (b) x = 3.1 cm, y = 5.2 cm
ED = CD (equal sides in regular pentagon)
So EDC is an isosceles triangle. 5. 162c 6. 1020.7 cm3 7. 36 m
`+DEC = +ECD (base angles in isosceles triangle)
8. (a) AB = AD (adjacent sides in kite)
180 - 108c BC = DC
+DEC = (angle sum of triangle) (similarly)
2
= 36c AC is common
` Δ ABC and Δ ADC are congruent (SSS)
+AEC = 108 - 36c
= 72c (b) AO = CO (equal radii)
Similarly, using triangle ABC, we can prove that BO = DO (similarly)
+EAC = 72c +AOB = +COD (vertically opposite angles)
So EAC is an isosceles triangle.
` Δ AOB and Δ COD are congruent (SAS)
(Alternatively you could prove EDC and ABC congruent
triangles and then AC = EC are corresponding sides in 9. 73.5 cm2
congruent triangles.)
10. 6 2 + ^ 2 7 h = 36 + 28 = 64 = 8 2
2
` ΔABC is right angled (Pythagoras)

AF AD Challenge exercise 4
11. = (equal ratios on intercepts)
AG AE
1. 94c 2. x = 75c , y = 46c , z = 29c 3. 1620c, 32c 44l
AD AB
= (similarly)
AE AC
AF AB 4. +BAD = +DBC (given)
` = +ABD = +BDC (alternate angles, AB < DC)
AG AC
` +ADB = +DCB (angle sum of D)
12. (a) AB = AC (given) ` since 3 pairs of angles are equal,

+B = +C (base +s of isosceles D) D ABD <; D BCD
BD = DC (AD bisects BC, given) d = 6.74 cm
` D ABD / D ACD ] SAS g
(b) +ADB = +ADC (corresponding +s in congruent Ds)
5. AB = DC (given)
But + ADB + +ADC = 180c (straight +)
+A + +D = 131c + 49c
= 180c
So +ADB = +ADC = 90c
+A and +D are supplementary cointerior angles
So AD and BC are perpendicular. ` AB < DC
Since one pair of opposite sides are both parallel and
13. +ACB = 68c (base +s of isosceles D)
equal, ABCD is a parallelogram.
+CAD = 68c - 34c (exterior + of D)
= 34c
` ˚+CAD = +ADC = 34c 6. 27.36 m 2
So Δ ACD is isosceles ^ base +s equal h
7.
14.
+DAC = +ACB (alternate +s, AD < BC)

+BAC = +ACD (alternate +s, AB < DC) Let ABCD be a square with diagonals AC and BD and
+D = 90c
AC is common
AD = DC (adjacent sides of square)
` D ABC / D ADC (AAS) ` D ADC is isosceles
` AB = DC (corresponding sides in congruent Ds) `+DAC = +DCA (base angles of isosceles D)
Similarly, AD = BC +DAC + +DCA = 90° (angle sum of D)
` opposite sides are equal ` +DAC = +DCA = 45°
Similarly, +BAC = +BCA = 45°
15. (a) 24 cm2 (b) 5 cm 16. 9 (other angles can be proved similarly)
17. +BFG + +FGD = 109c - 3x + 3x + 71c 8.

= 180c
These are supplementary cointerior +s.
` AB < CD
18. 57 cm2
19. +ACB = 180c - ] +A + +B g (+sum of D)

= 180c - x - y
+ACD = 180c - +ACB (straight +)
z = 180c - (180c - x - y)
= 180c - 180c + x + y
=x+y Let ABCD be a kite
AD = AB (given)
20. (a) +A = +E ^ given h DC = BC (given)
AC 2.97
= = 1.1 AC is common
EF 2.7
AB 3.96 ` by SSS, D ADC / D ABC
= = 1.1 ` +DAC = +BAC
DE 3.6
(corresponding angles in congruent Ds)
AC AB
` = AD = AB (given)
EF DE
+DAE = +BAE (found)
So Δ ABC and Δ DEF are similar (two sides in proportion, AE is common
included +s equal).
(b) x = 4.3 cm
ANSWERS 557
` by SAS, D ADE / D ABE 18. r = 1.55 19. x 2 1

` +DEA = +BEA (corresponding angles in congruent Ds)
But +DEA + +BEA = 180c (DEB is a straight angle)
` +DEA = +BEA = 90c
` the diagonals are perpendicular 7 4 ! 12 1
20. 21. x = =2! 3 22.
15 2 49
9. +MNY + 84c = (15c + 112c) (exterior angle of D MNZ)
` +MNY = 43c 23. x = 4, y = 11 or x = -1, y = - 4 24. x = 2, y = -1
+XYZ + 69c = 112c (exterior angle of D XYZ)
27. ] 2x - 1 g ^ 4x 2 + 2x + 1 h
` +XYZ = 43c
25. 7 26. 7.02 cm
` +MNY = +XYZ = 43c
These are equal corresponding angles. 6 15 + 2 6
` MN < XY 28. 29. 7 30. $643.08 31. 1.1
43
10. x = 2.12 m 11. (a) 6 m 2 (b) 10 + 2 5 = 2 ^ 5 + 5 h m 32. -2 10 + 3 5 - 2 2 + 3 33. $83.57
12. x = 28.7 cm, y = 3.8 cm 13. x = 7.40 m, y = 4.19 m

34. x = 22c, y = 29c, w = z = 90c 35. 56.7 cm 2
14. (a) AB = BC (adjacent sides in square)
+ABE = +CBE = 45 b 10 2 1
36. a - 21 b 10 = 37. x 2 6, x 1 -2 38.
(diagonals in square make 45c with sides) a 21 5 8
EB is common. 1 1
39. - x - 7 40. x = 41. x # -3, x $ 3 42.
` by SAS, D ABE / DCBE 4 6
` AE = CE (corresponding sides in congruent Ds)
43. Given diagonal AC in rhombus ABCD:
Since AB = BC and AE = CE, ABCE is a kite.
AB = BC (adjacent sides in rhombus)
+DAC = +ACB (alternate +s, AD < BC)
+BAC = +ACB (base +s of isosceles D ABC)
` +DAC = +BAC
` diagonal AC bisects the angle it meets.
Similarly, diagonal BD bisects the angle it meets.
54
44. ] x + 3 g-1 45. x 3 + 6x 2 + 12x + 8 46. 47. x = 53c
2 17
(b) BD = x2 + x2 48. x = 98c, y = 41c 49.

1
= 2x 2 3x + 2
= 2x x-3
1 50. (a) 12x - 8y (b) 2 31 (c) (d) 3 2 + 1
DE = BD x 2 - 3x + 9
2
2x - ]x + 5g 11 3 y7
(e) (f) (g) x - 14 y 7 z -11 = 14 11
=
2
units ]x + 1g]x - 1g 6 x z
3 1
(h) (i) 8 5 (j) 13
5a ] a + b g ] 1 + 2b g 2
Practice assessment task set 1
4 2
51. x = 2.7, y = 3.1 52. x = 25 53. r =
2. 2 ^ 5 + y h ^ x - y h
cm
1. p =9 3. (a) x - 1 (b) x 3 3
r
25 + 5 2 54. 17.3 cm
4. 6y - 10 5. 6. x 3 + 2x 2 - 16x + 3
23
55. Let +DEA = x
2 2 Then +EAD = x (base +s of isosceles D)
7. x= 8.
7 x-3 +CDA = x + x (exterior + of DEAD)
= 2x
9. +ABC = +EDC = 90° (given) ` +ABC = 2x (opposite +s of < gram are equal)
+ACB = +ECD (vertically opposite angles) ` +ABC = 2+DEA
AB = ED (given)
` by AAS D ABC / DEDC 2
56. 57. 5% 58. 2.2 # 10 8 kmh -1 59. k = 20
` AC = EC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles) 5
` D ACE is isosceles
60. 9xy y 61. 147c 16l 62. 5.57 m 2
-2
10. 231.3 11. - 3 12. 135c 13. 7.33 # 10
63. (a) 5 ] a + 2b - 2 g ^ a 2 - 4a - 2ab + 4b 2 + 4b + 4 h
14. 3 10 - 4 15. 3.04 16. x + 3 17. x = 1.78, -0.281
(b) ] 3a + 4b g ] a - 6b + 2c g
1 3 Exercises 5.3
64. - 1 #x 15
8 4 2
1. (a) x-intercept , y-intercept -2
65. BC < AD (ABCD is a < gram) 3
(b) x-intercept -10, y-intercept 4
BC < FE (BCEF is a < gram)
(c) x-intercept 12, y-intercept 4
` AD < FE
(d) x-intercepts 0, -3, y-intercept 0
Also BC = AD ^ opposite sides of < gram h
(e) x-intercepts !2, y-intercept -4
BC = FE ^ similarly h
(f) x-intercepts -2, -3, y-intercept 6
` AD = FE
(g) x-intercepts 3, 5, y-intercept 15
Since AD and FE are both parallel and equal, AFED is a
parallelogram. (h) x-intercept - 3 5 , y-intercept 5
(i) x-intercept -3, no y-intercept
66. b = 11.95 m 67. (a) 34 cm (b) 30 cm2 (j) x-intercept !3, y-intercept 9
18 3 + 31 2 - 25 5 2. f ] -x g = ] -x g 2- 2
68. 69. 20 70. 32 m
75 = x2 - 2
= f (x)
71. BD bisects AC ` even function
So AD = DC
+BDC = +BDA = 90c (given) 3. (a) f ^ x 2 h = x 6 + 1 (b) 7 f ] x g A 2 = x 6 + 2x 3 + 1
BD is common (c) f ] - x g = - x + 1
3
(d) Neither odd nor even
` DBAD / DBCD (SAS)
4. g ] - x g = ] - x g8 + 3 ] - x g4 - 2 ] - x g 2
` AB = CB (corresponding sides in congruent
= x 8 + 3x 4 - 2x 2
triangles)
= g (x)
So triangle ABC is isosceles
` even function
x2 + y2
72. 73. (b) 74. (c) 75. (a) 76. (b) 77. (b) 5. f ] - x g = - x = -f ] x g
2 ` odd function
78. (d) 79. (d)
6. f ] - x g = ] - x g2 - 1 7. f ] - x g = 4 ] - x g - ] - x g 3
= x2 - 1 = - 4x + x 3
Chapter 5: Functions and graphs = f (x) = - ^ 4x - x 3 h
` even function = - f ]xg
Exercises 5.1 ` odd function
1. Yes 2. No 3. No 4. Yes 5. Yes 6. Yes 7. No 8. f ] -x g = ] -x g 4 + ] -x g 2

= x4 + x2
8. Yes 9. Yes 10. No 11. Yes 12. No 13. Yes = f ]xg
` even function
14. No 15. Yes f ]xg - f ]- xg = 0
Exercises 5.2 9. (a) Odd (b) Neither (c) Even (d) Neither (e) Neither
1. f ] 1 g = 4, f ] -3 g = 0 2. h ] 0 g = -2, h ] 2 g = 2, h ] -4 g = 14 10. (a) Even values i.e. n = 2, 4, 6, f
(b) Odd values i.e. n = 1, 3, 5, f
3. f ] 5 g = -25, f ] -1 g = -1, f ] 3 g = -9, f ] -2 g = -4 4. 14
11. (a) No value of n
5. -35 6. x = 9 7. x = !5 8. x = -3 9. z = 1, -4
(b) Yes, when n is odd (1, 3, 5, …)
10. f ^ p h = 2p - 9, f ] x + h g = 2x + 2h - 9
12. (a) (i) x 2 0 (ii) x 1 0 (iii) Even
11. g ] x - 1 g = x 2 + 2 12. f ] k g = ] k - 1 g ^ k 2 + k + 1 h (b) (i) x 1 2 (ii) x 2 2 (iii) Neither
13. t = -1; t = 2, -4 14. 0 (c) (i) -2 1 x 1 2 (ii) x 1 -2, x 2 2 (iii) Neither

(d) (i) All real x ! 0 (ii) None (iii) Odd
15. f ] 5 g = 125, f ] 1 g = 1, f ] -1 g = -1
(e) (i) None (ii) All real x (iii) Neither
16. f ] 2 g - f ] -2 g + f ] -1 g = 0 - 4 + 1 = -3
Exercises 5.4
17. 10 18. 7 19. -28 1. (a) x-intercept 2, y-intercept -2
1
20. (a) 3 (b) x - 3 = 3 - 3 = 0 (b) x-intercept -1 , y-intercept 3
2
Denominator cannot be 0 so the function doesn’t exist 1
(c) x-intercept , y-intercept 1
for x = 3. (c) 4 2
(d) x-intercept -3, y-intercept 3
21. f ] x + h g - f ] x g = 2xh + h 2 - 5h 22. 4x + 2h + 1 2 1
(e) x-intercept , y-intercept -
23. 5] x - c g 24. 3k 2 + 5
3 3
25. (a) 2 (b) 0 (c) n 4 + n 2 + 2
ANSWERS 559
2. (a) (e) y
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1 1
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1 -1 21 2 3 4
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5
-5
(f) y
(b) y
5
5 4
4 3
3 2
2 1
x
1 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
x -1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -2
-1
-3
-2
-4
-3 -5
-4
-5 (g) y
(c) y 5
4
5 3
4 2
3 - 1
2
3
2 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
1 -1
x -2
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -3
-1
-2 -4
-5
-3
-4
(h) y
-5
5
(d) y
4
5 3
4 2
3 1
2 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
1 -1
x -2
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -3
-1
-2 -4
-3 -5
-4
-5
(i) y Exercises 5.5
5 1. (a) x-intercepts 0, -2, y-intercept 0

(b) x-intercepts 0, 3, y-intercept 0
4
(c) x-intercepts !1, y-intercept -1
3
(d) x-intercepts -1, 2, y-intercept -2
2 (e) x-intercepts 1, 8, y-intercept 8
1
x 2. (a) y
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
6
-2 5
-3 4
-4 3
-5 2
1
(j) y x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
5
-2
4
-3
3 -4
2 -5
1
(b) y
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 111 2 3 4
-1 2 6
-2 5
-3 4
-4 3
-5 2
1
3. (a) " all real x ,, " all real y , (b) " all real x ,, " y: y = 2 , x
(c) ! x: x = -4 +, " all real y , (d) ! x: x = 2 +, " all real y , -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
(e) ! all real x +, " y: y = 3 ,
-2
4. (a) Odd (b) Even (c) Neither (d) Odd (e) Odd -3
-4
5. y -5
5 (c) y
4 6
3 5
2 4
1 3
x 2
-4 -3 -2 -1 111 2 3 4 1
-1 2
x
-2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-3
-2
-4 -3
-5 -4
-5
(3, -1)
ANSWERS 561
(d) y (h) y
6 5
5 4
4 3
3 2
2 1
1 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
x -1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 -2
-2 -3
-3 -4
-4 -5
-5 -6
(e) y (i) y
6 5
5 4
4 3
3 2
2 1
1 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1112 2 3 4 5
x -1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -2
-1
-2 -3
-3 -4
-4 -5
-5 -6
(f) y (j) y
12 5
10 4
8 3
6 2
4 1
2 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
x -1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -2
-2
-4 -3
-6 -4
-8 -5
-10 -6
(g) y 3. (a) (i) x-intercepts 3, 4, y-intercept 12 (ii) {all real x},

( y: y $ - 2
1
5 4
4 (b) (i) x-intercepts 0, -4, y-intercept 0 (ii) {all real x},
3 " y: y $ -4 ,
2 (c) (i) x-intercepts -2, 4, y-intercept -8 (ii) {all real x},
1 " y: y $ - 9 ,
x (d) (i) x-intercept 3, y-intercept 9 (ii) {all real x}, " y: y $ 0 ,
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 (e) (i) x-intercepts ! 2, y-intercept 4 (ii) {all real x},
-2 " y: y # 4 ,
-3
-4 4. (a) {all real x}, " y: y $ -5 , (b) {all real x}, " y: y $ - 9 ,
-5
-6
(d) {all real x}, " y: y # 0 ,

y
(c) {all real x}, ( y: y $ -2 2
1 (c)
4
5
(e) {all real x}, " y: y $ 0 ,
4
5. (a) 0 # y # 9 (b) 0 # y # 4 (c) -1 # y # 24 3
1 2
(d) -4 # y # 21 (e) -18 # y # 2
4 1
6. (a) (i) x 2 0 (ii) x 1 0 (b) (i) x 1 0 (ii) x 2 0
(c) (i) x 2 0 (ii) x 1 0 (d) (i) x 1 2 (ii) x 2 2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
(e) (i) x 2 -5 (ii) x 1 -5 -2
7. f ] -x g = - ] -x g 2 -3
= -x2 -4
= f (x) -5
` even
(d) y
8. (a) Even (b) Even (c) Even (d) Neither
(e) Neither (f) Even (g) Neither 5
(h) Neither (i) Neither (j) Neither 4
3
Exercises 5.6 2
1. (a) x-intercept 0, y-intercept 0 1
(b) No x-intercepts, y-intercept 7 x
(c) x-intercepts ! 2, y-intercept -2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
(d) x-intercept 0, y-intercept 0
-2
(e) x-intercepts ! 3, y-intercept 3
(f) x-intercept -6, y-intercept 6 -3
2 -4
(g) x-intercept , y-intercept 2
3 -5
4
(h) x-intercept - , y-intercept 4
5
(e) y
1
(i) x-intercept , y-intercept 1
7
5
(j) No x-intercepts, y-intercept 9
4
2. (a) y 3
2
5
1
4
x
3 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
2 -2
1 -3
x -4
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 -5
-2
(f) y
-3
-4 5
-5 4
(b) y 3
2
5
1
4
x
3 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
2
-2
1
x -3
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -4
-1
-2 -5
-3
-4
-5
ANSWERS 563
(g) y 3. (a) {all real x}, " y: y $ 0 ,

(b) {all real x}, " y: y $ -8 ,
5
(c) {all real x}, " y: y $ 0 ,
4 (d) {all real x}, " y: y $ -3 ,
3 (e) {all real x}, " y: y # 0 ,
2
4. (a) (i) x 2 2 (ii) x 1 2 (b) (i) x 2 0 (ii) x 1 0
1
1 1
x (c) (i) x 2 1 (ii) x 1 1 (d) (i) x 2 0 (ii) x 1 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 2 2
-1 (e) (i) x 1 0 (ii) x 2 0
-2
-3 5. (a) 0 # y # 2 (b) - 8 # y # -4 (c) 0 # y # 6
-4 (d) 0 # y # 11 (e) -1 # y # 0
-5
6. (a) x 2 -3 (b) x 1 0 (c) x 2 9 (d) x 2 2
y (e) x 1 -2
(h)
7. (a) x = !3 (b) x 2 1, x 1 -1 (c) -2 # x # 2
5
4 (d) x = -1, -3 (e) x = 3 (f) x = 1, 2 (g) -3 1 x 1 5
3 (h) - 4 # x # 2 (i) x 2 4, x 1 0
(j) x # 2, x $ 4
2 1
(k) - 4 # x # 1 (l) x # 0, x $ 1 (m) x = 2, -
2
1
(n) No solutions (o) x = 0 (p) x = 1 (q) x = 0, -2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 1
-1 (r) No solutions (s) x = (t) x = 0, 6
3
-2
-3 Exercises 5.7
-4 1. (a) (i) {all real x: x ! 0}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) no y-intercept
-5
(iii) y
(i) y
5
5
4
4
3
3
2 2
1 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-2
-3
-4 -3
-5 -4
(j) y -5
(b) (i) {all real x: x ! 0}, {all real y: y ! 0}
5
(ii) no y-intercept
4
(iii) y
3
2 2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 1
-1
-2
-3 x
-2 -1 1 2
-4
-5 -1
-2
(c) (i) {all real x: x ! -1}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) 1 (iii) y
(iii) y 5
2 4
3
1 2
1
x x
-2 -1 1 2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-1
-3
-4
-2
-5
1
(d) (i) {all real x: x ! 2}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) -1
2 (g) (i) {all real x: x ! 1}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) -4
(iii) y
(iii) y
5
4 5
3 4
2 3
1 2
x 1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-2 -1
-3 -2
-4 -3
-5 -4
1 -5
(e) (i) {all real x: x ! -2}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii)
6
(h) (i) {all real x: x ! -1}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) -2
(iii) y
(iii) y
2
5
1 4
3
x 2
-2 -1 1 2
1
-1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-2
2 -3
(f) (i) {all real x: x ! 3}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii)
3
-4
-5
ANSWERS 565
1 2 Exercises 5.8
(i) (i) ' all real x: x ! 1, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) -
2 3
1. (a) (i) y
(iii) y
2 3
x
-3 3
x
1
-2 -1 2 1 2
2
-
3
-1
-3
-2
(ii) ! x: -3 # x # 3 +, " y: -3 # y # 3 ,
(j) (i) {all real x: x ! -2}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) -3 y

(b) (i)
(iii) y
4
5
4
3
2
x
1 -4 4
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-4
-3
-4
-5 (ii) ! x: -4 # x # 4 +, " y: -4 # y # 4 ,
y
(c) (i)
f ] -x g =
2
2.
-x
2 5
=-
x 4
= - f (x)
` odd function 3
2
(2, 1)
1 1 1 1 1
3. (a) # y # 1 (b) # y # 1 (c) -2 # y # -
9 3 2 2
x
3
(d) # y # 3 (e) - 2 # y # -
1 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
7 8
-2
4. (a) 1 # x # 3 (b) 1 # x # 4 (c) - 6 # x # 0
-3
(d) 1 # x # 4 (e) 1 # x # 2 -4
-5
(ii) ! x: 0 # x # 4 +, " y: -1 # y # 3 , (iii) ! x: -5 # x # 5 +, " y: -5 # y # 0 ,
(d) (i) y (b) (i) Above x-axis
(ii) y
5
4
3
1
2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 x
-1 1
-2
-3
(iii) ! x: -1 # x # 1 +, " y: 0 # y # 1 ,
-4
-5
(c) (i) Above x-axis
(ii) ! x: -4 # x # 2 +, " y: -3 # y # 3 , (ii) y
(e) (i) y
6
5
4
3
2 x
-6 6
1
(-2, 1)
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 (iii) ! x: -6 # x # 6 +, " y: 0 # y # 6 ,
-1
(d) (i) Below x-axis
-2
(ii) y
(ii) ! x: -3 # x # -1 +, " y : 0 # y # 2 ,
2. (a) (i) Below x-axis
(ii)
y x
-8 8
-8
x (iii) ! x: -8 # x # 8 +, " y: -8 # y # 0 ,
-5 5
-5
ANSWERS 567
(e) (i) Below x-axis 6. (a) {y: - 9 # y # 3}

(b) {y: 0 # y # 9} (c) {y: -8 # y # 1}
(ii) y 1
(d) ' y: # y # 1 1 (e) {y: 0 # y # 4}
5
(f) {y: -1 # y # 15} (g) {y: -1 # y # 0}
(h) " y: - 1 # y # 8 , (i) {y: - 4 # y # 21}

1
(j) ' y: - 6 # y # 6 1
4
x 7. (a) {all real x: x ! -1}

- 7 7 (b) x-intercept: y = 0
3
0=
x+1
0=3
This is impossible so there is no x-intercept
- 7 (c) {all real y: y ! 0}
8. (a) {all real x: x ! 0} (b) {all real y: y ! !1}

(iii) " x: - 7 # x # 7 ,, # y: - 7 # y # 0 -
9. (a) y
3. (a) Radius 10, centre (0, 0) (b) Radius 5 , centre (0, 0) 25

(c) Radius 4, centre (4, 5) (d) Radius 7, centre (5, -6)
20
(e) Radius 9, centre (0, 3)
15
4. (a) x 2 + y 2 = 16 10
(b) x - 6x + y - 4y - 12 = 0
2 2
5
(c) x 2 + 2x + y 2 - 10y + 17 = 0 x
(d) x 2 - 4x + y 2 - 6y - 23 = 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
(e) x 2 + 8x + y 2 - 4y - 5 = 0
-10
(f) x 2 + y 2 + 4y + 3 = 0
(g) x 2 - 8x + y 2 - 4y - 29 = 0 -15
(h) x 2 + 6x + y 2 + 8y - 56 = 0
(b) y
(i) x 2 + 4x + y 2 - 1 = 0
(j) x 2 + 8x + y 2 + 14y + 62 = 0
8
Exercises 5.9 6
1. (a) {all real x}, {all real y} (b) {all real x}, {y: y = -4} 4
(c) {x: x = 3}, {all real y} (d) {all real x}, {y: y $ -1} 2
1
(e) {all real x}, {all real y} (f) {all real x}, ' y: y # 12 1 x
4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
(g) {x: -8 # x # 8}, {y: -8 # y # 8} -2
(h) {all real t: t ! 4}, {all real f (t): f (t) ! 0} -4
(i) {all real z: z ! 0}, {all real g ^ z h: g ^ z h ! 5}
-6
(j) {all real x}, {y: y $ 0}
-8
2. (a) {x: x $ 0}, {y: y $ 0} (b) {x: x $ 2}, {y: y $ 0}
(c) {all real x}, {y: y $ 0} (d) {all real x}, {y: y $ -2} (c) y
1
(e) ' x: x $ -2 1, {y: y # 0} 25
2
(f) {all real x}, {y: y # 5} (g) {all real x}, {y: y 2 0} 20
(h) {all real x}, {y: y 1 0} 15
(i) {all real x: x ! 0}, {all real y: y ! 1} 10
(j) {all real x: x ! 0}, {all real y: y ! 2} 5
3. (a) x = 0, 5 (b) x = -3, 1, 2 (c) x = 0, 2, 4 x
(d) x = 0, ! 4 (e) x = !7 4. (a) -1 # x # 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
(b) {x: -1 # x # 1}
-10
5. (a) {x: x # - 1, x $ 2} (b) {t: t # - 6, t $ 0} -15

(d) y (g) y
8
6 3
4
2
2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-2
-1 1
-4 -1
-6
-8
10. (a) " x: x $ 1 , " y: y $ 0 ,

(b) y
(e) y
2
8 1
6 x
1 2 3
4 -1
2
11. y
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
6
-4 5
-6 4
3
-8
2
1
x
-1 -1 1
(f) y
12. (a) (i) {all real x}, {all real y} (ii) All x (iii) None
(b) (i) {all real x}, " y: y 2 -2 , (ii) x 2 0 (iii) x 1 0
(c) (i) {all real x: x ! 0}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) None
10
(iii) All x ! 0
(d) (i) {all real x}, {all real y} (ii) All x (iii) None
(e) (i) {all real x}, " y: y 2 0 , (ii) All x (iii) None
13. (a) - 2 # x # 2 (b) (i) {x: - 2 # x # 2}, { y: 0 # y # 2}

x (ii) {x: - 2 # x # 2}, { y: - 2 # y # 0}
-10 10
Exercises 5.10
1. (a) 21 (b) -10 (c) 8 (d) 3 (e) 3 (f) 75 (g) 0
1
-10 (h) - 6 (i) (j) 1 (k) - 7 (l) x 2 - 3x
4
(m) 2x 3 + 3x - 5 (n) 3c 2
ANSWERS 569
2. (a) Continuous (b) Discontinuous at x = - 1 (b) y

(c) Continuous (d) Continuous (e) Discontinuous at
x = !2 6
3. (a) 5
4
3
2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
(b) -4
(c) y
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
(c) -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
(d) y
6
5
4
Exercises 5.11 3
2
1. (a) y 1
x
6 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
5
-2
4
-3
3
-4
2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
(e) y (h) y
6 6
y = x +1
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
3x - y - 6 = 0
-5
(f) y -6
6 y
(i)
5
4 y = 2x -3 6
3 5
2 4
1 3
x 2
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x + 2y - 2 = 0
-1 1
-2 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3 -1
-2
-3
(g) y -4
-5
6
-6
5
4
(j) y
3
x+y = 1
2
6
1
5
x
4
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 3
-2 2
-3 1
-4 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
1
-5 x=
2
-6
ANSWERS 571
2. (a) x 2 -3 (b) y $ -2 (c) y $ x + 1 (d) y 2 x 2 - 4 (d) y

(e) y $ 2 x
5
3. (a) y y=x2
4
5 3
4 2
y = x2 - 1
3 1
x
2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
1
-2
x
-3
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 -4
-2 -5
-3
-4 (e) y
-5
8
y 6
(b)
4
2
3 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-4
-6
x y = x3
-3 3 -8
4. (a) y 1 3x - 2
(b) y 2 x 2 + 2
-3
(c) x 2 + y 2 1 49
(d) x 2 + y 2 2 81
(e) x 1 5, y 2 2
(c) y
5. (a) y
5
1 4
3
2
1
x x
-1 1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-1
(b) y (c) y
5 6
4 5
3 4 y = 3x – 5
2 3
1 2
x 1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2 -1
-2
(c) y -3
5 -4
4 -5
3 -6
2
(d) y
1
x 6
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 y=x+1
-2 4
3
6. (a) y 2
6 1
5 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
4 -1
3 -2 y=3–x
2 -3
1 -4
x -5
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 -6
-2
-3 (e) y
-4
(b) y 3
6
5 y=1
4
3 x
-3 3
2
y=x -3
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-3
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
ANSWERS 573
(f) y (i) y
2 1
1
1
x x
-2 -1 2 -1 1
-2 -1
x=–1
(g) y
(j) y
5 6
y=4
4 5
x - y = -1
3 4
2 y = x2 3
1 2
x x-y=2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 x
-2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-3 -2
-4 -3
-5 -4
-5
(h) y -6
8 y = x3
x = -2 7. (a) y
6
y = x2
4 y=3 5
2 4
x 3
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2 2
-4 1
-6 x
-8 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
(b) y (e) y
8 y = x3
6 2
4
1
y=1 2
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-1
-4 y= 1
x+2
-6 -2
-8
8. (a)
y y
(c)
y = x2
y=5
2 5
4
3
2
x 1
-2 1 2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-2 -3
x=2
x=1 -4
-5
(d) y
(b) y
2 6
5
4
1
3
x
-1 1 2 3 4 2
2 1
y= x
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-1
y = -1
-2
-3
x=3
-4
-5
y=x-2 -6
ANSWERS 575
(c) y Test yourself 5
y = 2x + 1 1. (a) f ] - 2 g = 6 (b) f ] a g = a 2 - 3a - 4 (c) x = 4, -1

6
2. (a)
5
4
3
2 2x - 3y = 6
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
(b)
-3
-4
-5
-6
(d) y
(c)
y=2
x (d)
-3 3
-3
x = -3
(e)
(e) y
6
5
y = |x|
4
(f)
3
y=3
2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3 x=2
(g) 9.
(h)
10.
1
3. (a) Domain: all real x; range: y $ - 6
4
(b) Domain: all real x; range: all real y
(c) Domain: - 1 # x # 1; range: - 1 # y # 1
(d) Domain: - 1 # x # 1; range: 0 # y # 1
11. (a) y # 3 (b) y 2 x + 2 (c) y $ - x 2, y # 0
(e) Domain: - 1 # x # 1; range: - 1 # y # 0
(f) Domain: all real x ! 0; range: all real y ! 0 12. (a) Domain: all real x ! 3, range: all real y ! 0
(g) Domain: all real x; range: all real y
(h) Domain: all real x; range: y $ 0 (b)
4. 15 5. (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 9 (d) 3 (e) 2
6.
13. (a)
7.
(b) (i) x = 2, -4 (ii) - 4 1 x 1 2 (iii) x 2 2, x 1 - 4
2 1
14. (a) 2 (b) x = 3 (c) 1
3 3
8. 15. (a) x-intercept -10, y-intercept 4

(b) x-intercepts - 2, 7, y-intercept -14
16. (a) i (b) iii (c) ii (d) i (e) iii

ANSWERS 577
2 1 3.
17. (a) 4 (b) (c) - 1 (d) 3
5 2
18.
4.
19. (a) Domain: x $ 2, range: y $ 0
(b)
5. f ] 3 g = 9, f ] -4 g = 16, f ] 0 g = 1
20. (a) f ( x) = x 4 + 3 x 2 - 1
f (- x) = ] - x g4 + 3 ] - x g2 - 1
= x 4 + 3x 2 - 1
= f (x)
So f ] x g is even.
(b) f (x) = x 3 - x
f (- x) = ] - x g3 - (- x)
= - x3 + x
= - (x 3 - x)
= - f (x)
So f ] x g is odd.
2 6. Domain: all real x ! ! 1; range: y # - 1, y 2 0
1. b=- ,3
3
7.
2.
8. Domain: x $ 0; range: y $ 0 9. x = 0, 3, - 2 1
16. (a) RHS = 2 +
x+3
10. 2]x + 3g 1
= +
x+3 x+3
2x + 6 + 1
=
x+3
2x + 7
=
x+3
= LHS
2x + 7 1
` =2+
x+3 x+3
(b) Domain: all real x ! - 3; range: all real y ! 2
(c)
11. h ] 2 g + h ] -1 g - h ] 0 g = - 3 + 0 - ] -1 g = - 2
17.
12.
18.
13.
19. Domain: x $ 3; range: y $ 0 20. Domain: - 2 # x # 2
21.
14. f ^ (-a) 2 h = 2 (-a 2) - 1

= 2a 2 - 1
= f (a 2)
1 ! 41
15. x =
4
ANSWERS 579
Chapter 6: Trigonometry 5. (a) 0.635 (b) 0.697 (c) 0.339 (d) 0.928 (e) 1.393
Exercises 6.1 6. (a) 17c 20l (b) 34c 20l (c) 34c 12l
(d) 46c 34l (e) 79c 10l
5 12 12
1. cos i = , sin i = , tan i =
13 13 5
Exercises 6.3
4 3 5
2. sin b = , cot b = , sec b = 1. (a) x = 6.3 (b) y = 5.6 (c) b = 3.9 (d) x = 5.6
5 4 3
(e) m = 2.9 (f) x = 13.5 (g) y = 10.0 (h) p = 3.3
7 7 5 (i) x = 5.1 (j) t = 28.3 (k) x = 3.3 cm (l) x = 2.9 cm
3. sin b = , tan b = , cos b =
74 5 74 (m) x = 20.7 cm (n) x = 20.5 mm (o) y = 4.4 m
(p) k = 20.6 cm (q) h = 17.3 m (r) d = 1.2 m
5 56 9
4. cos x = , tan x = , cosec x = (s) x = 17.4 cm (t) b = 163.2 m
9 5 56
3 4 2. 1.6 m 3. 20.3 cm 4. 13.9 m
5. cos i = , sin i =
5 5
5. (a) 18.4 cm (b) 13.8 cm 6. 10 cm and 10.5 cm
5 3 5
6. tan i = , sec i = , sin i = 7. 47.4 mm 8. 20.3 m 9. (a) 7.4 cm (b) 6.6 cm
2 2 3
(c) 9.0 cm
35 1
7. cos i = , tan i =
6 35 10. (a) 6.8 cm (b) 6.5 cm 11. 38 cm
51 51
8. tan i = , sin i = Exercises 6.4
7 10
1. (a) x = 39c 48l (b) a = 35c 06l (c) i = 37c 59l
9. (a) 2(b) 45c (d) a = 50c 37l (e) a = 38c 54l (f) b = 50c 42l
1 1 (g) x = 44c 50l (h) i = 30c 51l (i) a = 29c 43l
(c) sin 45c = , cos 45c = , tan 45c = 1
2 2 (j) i = 45c 37l (k) a = 57c 43l (l) i = 43c 22l
(m) i = 37c 38l (n) i = 64c 37l (o) b = 66c 16l
1 3 1
10. (a) 3 (b) sin 30c = , cos 30c = , tan 30c = (p) a = 29c 56l (q) i = 54c 37l (r) a = 35c 58l
2 2 3 (s) i = 59° 2l (t) c = 56c 59l
3 1
(c) sin 60c = , cos 60c = , tan 60c = 3 2. 37c 57l 3. 22c 14l 4. 36c52l 5. 50c
2 2
11. sin 67c = cos 23c = 0.92 12. sec 82c = cosec 8c = 7.19 6. (a) 11.4 cm (b) 37c 52l 7. a = 31c 58l, b = 45c 44l
13. tan 48c = cot 42c = 1.11 14. (a) 2 cos 61c or 2 sin 29c 8. (a) 13 m (b) 65c 17l 9. (a) 11c 19l (b) 26 cm
(b) 0 (c) 0 (d) 1 (e) 2
10. 4.96 cm and 17.3 cm 11. (a) 12.9 m (b) 56c 34l
15. x = 80c 16. y = 22c 17. p = 31c 18. b = 25c
Exercises 6.5
19. t = 20c 20. k = 15c
1. (a) North
Exercises 6.2
1. (a) 47c (b) 82c (c) 19c (d) 77c (e) 52c
2. (a) 47c 13l (b) 81c 46l (c) 19c 26l

(d) 76c 37l (e) 52c 30l
3. (a) 77.75c (b) 65.5c (c) 24.85c 100c

Beach
(d) 68.35c (e) 82.517c house
Boat
4. (a) 59c 32l (b) 72c 14l (c) 85c 53l
(d) 46c 54l (e) 73c 13l
(b) North (f) North

Farmhouse
Jamie
12c
Campsite Dam
(g) North
320c
(c) North
House 160c
Jetty
200c
Mohammed
(h) North
Seagull
(d) North
Alistair
Mine shaft
80c
Town
50c
(i) North
Bus stop Yvonne
(e) North
Plane School
349c
B Hill
285c
ANSWERS 581
(j) North 3 1 1
6. (a) 1st (b) 7. (a) 1 (b) (c) - 3 (d)
2 2 2
1 1 3 1 3 1
(e) - (f) - (g) (h) - (i) - (j) -
2 2 2 3 2 2
1 3 3 3
8. (a) - (b) - (c) 3 (d) - (e) -
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
Boat ramp (f) - 3 (g) (h) - (i) (j) -
2 3 2 2
Island
280c 9. (a) -
3
(b) 3 (c)
3
(d)
1
(e) -
1
(f) 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
2. (a) 248c (b) 145c (c) 080c (d) 337c (e) 180c (g) (h) (i) −1 (j)
2 2 2
3. 080c 4. 210c 5. 160c 6. 10.4 m
3 4
10. sin i = - , cos i = -
7. 21 m 8. 126.9 m 9. 72c48l 5 5
33 4
10. (a) 1056.5 km (b) 2265.8 km (c) 245c 11. cos i = - , tan i = -
7 33
11. 83.1 m 12. 1.8 km 13. 12 m 14. 242c 15. 035c 8 89
12. cos x = , cosec x = -
89 5
16. 9.2 m 17. 171 m 18. 9.8 km 19. 51c 41l 20. 2.6 m
5 2 21
21. 9c21l 22. 1931.9 km 23. 34.6 m 24. 149c 13. cosec x = - , cot x = - , tan x = -
21 21 2
25. 198 m 26. 4.8 km 27. 9.2 m 28. 217c 7 74 5 74
14. cos x = - , sin x = -
74 74
29. (a) 1.2 km (b) 7.2 km 30. (a) 13.1 m (b) 50c26l
4 9
15. tan i = - , sec i =
Exercises 6.6 65 65
3+1 4 3 2 3 55 8 8
1. (a) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4 (e) (f) 16. tan x = , sec x = - , cosec x = -
2 3 3 3 3 55
1 6+ 2 2 ^ 3 + 1h 3 91 3
(g) 1 (h) = (i) 3 17. (a) sin x = (b) cos x = - , tan x = -
4 4 4 10 10 91
(j) - ^ 2 + 3 h (k) 0 (l) 1 (m) 2 ^ 2 - 1 h (n) 6 5 61 61

18. cot a = - , sec a = , cosec a = -
6 5 6
1 1 2 2- 3
(o) 1 (p) 3 - 2 2 (q) 2 3 (r) - (s) 6 (t)
3 2 3 2 51 7
19. sin i = , cot i = -
10 51
3 2 9 3
2. (a) x = (b) y = (c) p = 2 3
2 2 20. (a) sin i (b) cos x (c) tan b (d) - sin a (e) - tan i
10 3 (f) - sin i (g) cos a (h) - tan x
3. 60c 4. 2m 5. 3m 6. m
3
Exercises 6.8
5^3 + 3 h
7. (a) 6 2 m (b) 4 m 8. 0.9 m 9. m
3 1. (a) i = 20c 29l, 159c 31l (b) i = 120c, 240c
(c) i = 135c, 315c (d) i = 60c, 120c (e) i = 150c, 330c
10. 100 3 m
(f) i = 30c, 330c
(g) i = 30c, 120c, 210c, 300c ] 0c # 2i # 720c g
Exercises 6.7
(h) i = 70c, 110c, 190c, 230c, 310c, 350c
] 0c # 3i # 1080c g
1. (a) 1st, 4th (b) 1st, 3rd (c) 1st, 2nd (d) 2nd, 4th
(i) i = 30c, 150c, 210c, 330c
(e) 3rd, 4th (f) 2nd, 3rd (g) 3rd
(j) i = 15c, 45c, 75c, 105c, 135c, 165c, 195c, 225c,
(h) 3rd (i) 2nd (j) 4th
255c, 285c, 315c, 345c
1 1
2. (a) 3rd (b) - 3. (a) 4th (b) - 2. (a) i = !79c 13l (b) i = 30c, 150c (c) i = 45c, -135c
2 2
(d) i = - 60c, -120c (e) i = 150c, -30c
1 (f) i = !30c, !150c
4. (a) 2nd (b) - 3 5. (a) 2nd (b)
2 (g) i = 22c 30l, 112c 30l, -67c 30l, -157c 30l
(h) i = !15c, !45c, !75c, !105c, !135c, !165c 17.

(i) i = 135c, -45c (j) i = !30c, !60c, !120c, !150c
3.
Exercises 6.9
4. -1 1. (a) cos i (b) - tan i (c) cos i (d) tan i (e) - sec a
5. 2. (a) sin i (b) sec i (c) cosec x (d) cos2 x (e) sin a
2 2
(f) cosec x (g) sec x (h) tan i (i) 5 cosec 2 i
2
(j) sin2 x (k) 1 (l) sin i cos i
3. (a) LHS = cos 2 x - 1

= 1 - sin 2 x - 1
= - sin 2 x
= RHS
So cos 2 x - 1 = -sin 2 x
(b) LHS = sec i + tan i
1 sin i
= +
cos i cos i
6. x = 0c, 180c, 360c 7. - 1 8. 1 1 + sin i
=
cos i
9. x = 0c, 360c
= RHS
1 + sin i
10. So sec i + tan i =
cos i
(c) LHS = 3 + 3 tan 2 a
= 3 (1 + tan 2 a )
= 3 sec 2 a
3
=
cos 2 a
3
=
1 - sin 2 a
= RHS
3
11. 0 12. x = 270c 13. x = 0c, 180c, 360c So 3 + 3 tan 2 a =
1 - sin 2 a
14. x = 0c, 180c, 360c 15. x = -270c, 90c (d) LHS = sec 2 x - tan 2 x
= tan 2 x + 1 - tan 2 x
16. =1
= cosec 2 x - cot 2 x
= RHS
So sec 2 x - tan 2 x = cosec 2 x - cot 2 x
(e) LHS = ] sin x - cos x g 3
= ] sin x - cos x g ] sin x - cos x g 2
= ] sin x - cos x g ^ sin 2 x - 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x h
= ] sin x - cos x g ] 1 - 2 sin x cos x g
= sin x - 2 sin 2 x cos x - cos x + 2 sin x cos 2 x
= RHS
So ] sin x - cos x g 3 = sin x - 2 sin 2 x cos x - cos x
+ 2 sin x cos 2 x
ANSWERS 583
1 - sin 2 i + 2 sin i
(f) RHS = sec b
sin i cos i RHS =
cos 2 i + 2 sin i tan b + cot b
= sec b
sin i cos i =
cos 2 i 2 sin i sin b cos b
= + +
sin i cos i sin i cos i cos b sin b
cos i 2 sec b
= + =
sin i cos i sin 2 b + cos 2 b
= cot i + 2 sec i
sin b cos b
= LHS
sec b
1 - sin 2 i + 2 sin i =
So cot i + 2 sec i = 1
sin i cos i
sin b cos b
(g) LHS = cos 2 ] 90c - i g cot i cos b sin b
= sec b #
= sin 2 i cot i 1
cos i 1 cos b sin b
= sin 2 i # = #
sin i cos b 1
= sin i cos i = sin b
= RHS
LHS = RHS
So cos 2 ] 90c - i g cot i = sin i cos i
1 + cot b
So - cos b = sin b
(h) LHS = ] cosec x + cot x g ] cosec x - cot x g cosec b
= cosec 2 x - cot 2 x
= 1 + cot 2 x - cot 2 x 4. LHS = x 2 + y 2
=1 = ] 2 cos i g 2 + ] 2 sin i g 2
= RHS = 4 cos 2 i + 4 sin 2 i
So ] cosec x + cot x g ] cosec x - cot x g = 1 = 4 (cos 2 i + sin 2 i)
= 4 ]1g
1 - sin 2 i cos 2 i =4
(i) LHS =
cos 2 i = RHS
1 sin 2 i cos 2 i So x 2 + y 2 = 4
= 2
-
cos i cos 2 i
5. LHS = x 2 + y 2
= sec i - sin i
2 2
= ] 9 cos i g 2 + ] 9 sin i g 2
= tan 2 i + 1 - (1 - cos 2 i)
= 81 cos 2 i + 81 sin 2 i
= tan 2 i + 1 - 1 + cos 2 i
= 81 (cos 2 i + sin 2 i)
= tan 2 i + cos 2 i
= 81 ] 1 g
= RHS
= 81
1 - sin 2 i cos 2 i = RHS
So = tan 2 i + cos 2 i
cos 2 i So x 2 + y 2 = 81
1 + cot b
(j) LHS = - cos b Exercises 6.10
cosec b
1 + cot b - cos b cosec b 1. (a) x = 8.9 (b) y = 9.4 cm (c) a = 10.0
=
cosec b (d) b = 10.7 m (e) d = 8.0
1
1 + cot b - cos b #
sin b 2. (a) i = 51c 50l (b) a = 61c 23l (c) x = 43c 03l
=
cosec b (d) a = 87c 04l (e) i = 150c 56l
1 + cot b - cot b
= 3. 126c 56l 4. (a) 13.5 mm (b) 25 mm
cosec b
1
= 5. (a) 1.8 m (b) 2.7 m 6. 5.7 cm
cosec b
= sin b 7. (a) 10.3 m (b) 9.4 m 8. (a) 60c 22l (b) 57c 9l
9. (a) 14.1 cm (b) 15.6 cm

10. (a) 54.7 mm (b) 35.1 mm
Exercises 6.11 2 cos 2 i

5. LHS =
1. (a) m = 5.8 (b) b = 10.4 m (c) h = 7.4 cm 1 - sin i
2 ^ 1 - sin 2 i h
(d) n = 16.4 (e) y = 9.3 =
1 - sin i
2. (a) i = 54c 19l (b) i = 60c 27l (c) x = 57c 42l 2 ] 1 + sin i g ] 1 - sin i g
=
1 - sin i
(d) b = 131c 31l (e) i = 73c 49l = 2 (1 + sin i)
= 2 + 2 sin i
3. 32.94 mm 4. 11.2 cm and 12.9 cm
= RHS
5. (a) 11.9 cm (b) 44c 11l (c) 82c 13l 2 cos 2 i
So = 2 + 2 sin i
1 - sin i
6. +XYZ = +XZY = 66c 10l, +YXZ = 47c 40l
1 3
6. b = 40c 7. (a) (b) - (c) - 3
7. (a) 18.1 mm (b) 80c49l 8. (a) 6.2 cm (b) 12.7 cm 2 2
9. 12.9 cm 10. (i) 11 cm (ii) 30c 8. x = 120c, 240c
9.
Exercises 6.12
1. 12.5 cm and 4.7 cm 2. (a) 040c (b) 305c 3. 16.4 m
4. 103c 5. 1.97 m 6. 11c
7. (a) 1.21 km (b) 1 minute 8. 32 m 9. 107 m

5.8 sin 42c 29l
10. (a) AC = (b) i = 74c 50l x = 90c, 270c
sin 101c 36l
11. h = 8.5 12. 7.7 km 13. 5.7 km and 5.4 km 10. 122 km 11. 5 3 12. (a) 6.3 cm (b) 8.7 m
14. 1841 km 15. 35.8 m 16. 89c 52l 17. 9.9 km 13. (a) i = 65c 5l (b) i = 84c 16l (c) i = 39c 47l
18. 163.5 km 19. 64.1 m 20. 3269 km 14. 65.3 cm 2 15. (a) x = !60c, !120c
(b) x = 15c, 105c, -75c, -165c
21. (a) 11.3 cm (b) 44c 40l 22. 141c
(c) x = 0c, !180c, 30c, -150c
23. (a) 11.6 cm (b) 73c 14l
3 4
16. sin i = - , cot i = 17. (a) 209c (b) 029c
24. (a) 265.5 km (b) 346c 33l 5 3
20 sin 39c
25. (a) 35c 5l (b) (i) 4.5 m (ii) 0.55 m 18. (a) AD = (b) 8.5 m 19. 2951 km
sin 99c
Exercises 6.13 Challenge exercise 6

1. (a) 7.5 cm 2 (b) 32.3 units 2 (c) 9.9 mm 2
1. 92c 58l 2. 50.2 km 3. x = 12.7 cm
(d) 30.2 units 2 (e) 6.3 cm 2
25.3 sin 39c 53l
4. (a) AC = (b) h = 25.2 cm 5. 4.1 km
15 3 2 sin 41c 21l
2. m 3. 7.5 cm 2
4. 15.5 cm 2
5. 34.8 cm 2
2
1
6. - cos x 7. 16 3 cm 2 8.
6. 1.2 m 2 7. 42 cm 2 8. 247.7 mm 2 2
9. (a) 7.8 cm (b) 180.8 cm 2 9. x = 22c 30l, 112c 30l, 202c 30l, 292c 30l 10. i = 75c 45l
10. (a) 5.6 cm (b) 18.5 cm 2 (c) 19.1 cm 2 11. 5.4 m 12. i = 110c, 230c 13. 6.43 km
56 cos i ] sin i + cos i g

14. - 15. 31 m 16. LHS =
Test yourself 6 9 1 - sin 2 i
] sin i + cos i g
5 3 = cos i
1. cos i = , sin i = cos 2 i
34 34 sin i + cos i
=
2. (a) cos x (b) 2 (c) cosec A cos i
= tan i + 1
3. (a) 0.64 (b) 1.84 (c) 0.95 = RHS
17. x 2 + y 2 + 4y - 5 = 0
4. (a) i = 46c 3l (b) i = 73c 23l (c) i = 35c 32l
ANSWERS 585
Chapter 7: Linear functions 8. AC = BD = 125 , midpoint AC = midpoint
BD = d 4, - n ; rectangle 9. ^ - 8, 13 h
Exercises 7.1 1
2
1. (a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 13 2. (a) 13 (b) 65
10. (a) X = d - , 3 n , Y = d , n , Z = ^ 1, 1 h
1 1 1 1
(c) 85 (d) 52 = 2 13 2 2 2 2
3. (a) 9.85 (b) 6.71 (c) 16.55 4. 12 units 34

(b) XY = 10 , BC = 40 = 2 10 ; XZ = ,
2
5. Two sides = 34 , 1 side = 128
2
AC = 34 ; YZ = , AB = 2
6. Show AB = BC = 85 2
7. Show points are 17 units from ^ 7, -3 h 11. x 2 + y 2 = 4 12. x 2 + y 2 = 1
8. Radius = 3 units, equation x 2 + y 2 = 9 Exercises 7.3

9. Distance of all points from ^ 0, 0 h is 11 , equation
1 1 2 2 1
1. (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) - 1 (d) - 2 (e) (f) -
x + y = 11
2 2
10. a = 3 11. a = ! 6 - 2 3 3 5 3 8
1 2 1
12. All 3 sides are 2 units. 13. a = 10, - 2 (g) - 4 (h) - (i) 2 (j) - 2 2. y 1 = 21
2 3 4
14. MQ = NP = 37 , QP = MN = 20 , so parallelogram 3
3. x = 1.8 4. x = 9 5. (a) Show m 1 = m 2 =
5
15. BD = AC = 98 16. (a) AB = AC = 40 , BC = 4 (b) Lines are parallel.
(b) OC = OB = 2 17. 2 101 18. 61 units y
19. AB = 29 , BC = 116 , AC = 145 (3, 4)

AB + BC = 29 + 116
2 2 4
= 145 3
= AC 2 (7, 2)
2
So triangle ABC is right angled (Pythagoras’ theorem) (-2, 1)
1
20. XY = 65 , YZ = 130 , XZ = 65
Since XY = YZ, triangle XYZ is isosceles. -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
(2, -1)
XY 2 + XZ 2 = 65 + 65 -2
= 130
= YZ 2
So triangle XYZ is right angled. (Pythagoras’ theorem) 1
6. Gradient of AB = gradient of CD = 1
2
Problem
Gradient of BC = gradient of AD = 0
30.2 1
7. Gradient of AB = gradient of CD = -1
3
Exercises 7.2 3
Gradient of BC = gradient of AD =
1. (a) ^ 2, 4 h (b) ^ 1, -1 h (c) ^ - 2, 1 h (d) ^ - 3, 2 h 4
1
Gradient of AC = - 5 ,
(e) ^ -1, 1 h (f) ^ - 3, 2 h (g) d 3, n (h) d 1 , 1 n
1 1 2
2 2 1
gradient of BD = -
(i) d , 2 n (j) d 0, 5 n
1 1 1 2
2 2 2
8. Gradient of AC = 1, gradient of BD = -1
2. (a) a = 9, b = - 3 (b) a = - 5, b = 6
9. (a) Show AB 2 + BC 2 = AC 2
(c) a = -1, b = - 2 (d) a = -1, b = - 2
5
(e) a = 6, b = 1 (b) Gradient of AB = ,
4
3 + ]-3g -4 + 4 4
3. = 0, =0 4. P = Q = ^ 2, -1 h gradient of BC = -
2 2 5
5. ^ 4, 3 h 6. x = 3 is the vertical line through 10. (a) F = ^ 1, - 2 h, G = d 4,

1
n
midpoint ^ 3, 2 h. 2
5
(b) Gradient of FG = gradient of BC =
Midpoint of AC = midpoint of BD = d 2 , 3 n .
1 1
7. 6
2 2
Diagonals bisect each other
11. 4x - 3y - 11 = 0 12. Gradient of ^ 2, - 4 h and 2. (a) x - y + 1 = 0 (b) x - 3y + 16 = 0 (c) x + y - 5 = 0

^ 3, -1 h = gradient of ^ 3, -1 h and ^ 5, 5 h = 3 (d) x + 2y + 5 = 0 (e) x - 2y + 4 = 0
13. 1 14. 0.93 15. 21 16. 50c 12l 17. 108c 26l (f) x + 3y - 1 = 0 (g) 3x + 4y + 13 = 0
1 3. m 1 = m 2 = 3 so parallel
18. (a) 3 (b) (c) - 3
3
1
-5 - ] -2 g 4. m1 m2 = -
5
# 5 = - 1 so perpendicular
19. m =
7-4
1
-3 5. m 1 = m 2 = 1
= 5
3
= -1 6. m1 # m2 = -
7 3
# = -1 7. k = -
2
8. m 1 = m 2 = 4
m = tan i 3 7 3
-1 = tan i
= 180c - 45c ^ 2nd quadrant h AB < CD _ m 1 = m 2 = 3 i and BC < AD d m 1 = m 2 = - n
5
` i 9.
8
= 135c
1
2^ 3 + 3h 10. Gradient of AC: m 1 = , gradient of BD: m 2 = - 2,
2
20. x =
3 1
m 1 # m 2 = # - 2 = -1
2
Exercises 7.4
11. (a) y = - x (b) 5x - y - 8 = 0 (c) 2x + y + 2 = 0
1. (a) (i) 3 (ii) 5 (b) (i) 2 (ii) 1 (c) (i) 6 (ii) -7
(d) 2x - 3y + 16 = 0 12. 7x + 6y - 24 = 0
(d) (i) -1 (ii) 0 (e) (i) - 4 (ii) 3 (f) (i) 1 (ii) - 2
(g) (i) - 2 (ii) 6 (h) (i) -1 (ii) 1 (i) (i) 9 (ii) 0 13. x + y - 3 = 0 14. 2x - y - 5 = 0
(j) (i) 5 (ii) - 2 2. (a) (i) - 2 (ii) 3 (b) (i) - 5 (ii) - 6 15. 2x - 3y + 18 = 0
1
(c) (i) 6 (ii) -1 (d) (i) 1 (ii) 4 (e) (i) - 2 (ii)
2 Exercises 7.7
1 1 4
(f) (i) 3 (ii) 1
2
(g) (i) -
3
(ii) - 2 (h) (i) -
5
(ii) 2 1. (a) ^ 2, - 4 h (b) ^ -1, - 3 h (c) ^ 4, 4 h (d) ^ 0, - 2 h
1 1 2 2 (e) ^ 5, -1 h (f) ^ -1, 1 h (g) ^ 3, 7 h (h) ^ 4, 0 h (i) ^ 41, 26 h
(i) (i) 3 (ii) - (j) (i) 1 (ii) 3. (a) 4 (b) - 2
2 2 3 3
(j) d , - n 2. Substitute ^ 3, - 4 h into both lines
1 7
1 1 19 19
(c) 0 (d) - 2 (e) -1 (f) - 3 (g) 2 (h) - (i) 1
4 2
1 2 1 1 2 3 3. ^ 2, 5 h, ^ 4, 1 h and ^ -1, -1 h 4. All lines intersect
(j) 1 (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) -
4 3 2 5 7 5 at ^ 2, -3 h
1 1 1 3
(p) - (q) 15 (r) - 1 (s) (t) - 5. All lines meet at ^ - 5, 0 h 6. 11x + 6y = 0
14 2 6 8
7. 5x + 6y - 27 = 0 8. 4x + 7y + 23 = 0
Exercises 7.5
9. x+y-1=0 10. 2x + y - 2 = 0
1. (a) y = 4x - 1 (b) y = - 3x + 4 (c) y = 5x 11. x + y - 3 = 0 12. x - 2y - 3 = 0
(d) y = 4x + 20 (e) 3x + y - 3 = 0 (f) 4x - 3y - 12 = 0 13. x - y + 1 = 0 14. x - 3y + 2 = 0
(g) y = x - 1 (h) y = x + 5 2. x + y - 8 = 0 15. 3x + y - 7 = 0 16. x + 5y + 13 = 0
3. (a) 4x - 3y + 7 = 0 (b) 3x - 4y + 4 = 0 17. 27x - 5y - 76 = 0 18. 3x - y - 14 = 0
(c) 4x - 5y + 13 = 0 (d) 3x + 4y - 25 = 0 19. 2x - y - 1 = 0 20. 3x - y - 11 = 0
(e) x - 2y + 2 = 0 4. 4x + y - 8 = 0 5. (a) y = 3 21. 5x - y + 17 = 0
(b) x = -1 6. y = - 2x 7. 3x - 4y - 12 = 0 Exercises 7.8
8. 2x + y - 3 = 0 9. x = - 4 10. 3x + 8y - 15 = 0 3 8
1. (a) 2.6 (b) 1 (c) 2.5 (d) 2.4 (e)
13 13
Exercises 7.6
2. (a) 3.48 (b) 1.30 (c) 0.384 (d) 5.09 (e) 1.66
1 3 1 5 1
1. (a) - 3 (b) (c) (d) 1 (e) 1 (f) - (g)
3 4 2 6 3 7 13 4 205 5 26 14 13
3. (a) (b) 5 (c) (d) (e)
13 205 13 13
1 1 1
(h) (i) (j) 4. d1 = d2 = d3 = 1
3 3 5
ANSWERS 587
14 -3 13. Solving simultaneously, x - y - 4 = 0 and

5. A: d = , B: d =
5 5 2x + y + 1 = 0 have point of intersection ^ 1, - 3 h .
Opposite signs so points lie on opposite sides of the line Substitute ^ 1, - 3 h in 5x - 3y - 14 = 0:
13
^ 2, - 3 h: d = , ^ 9, 2 h: d =
5 LHS = 5 # 1 - 3 # - 3 - 14 = 0 = RHS
6.
10 10
` point lies on 5x - 3y - 14 = 0:
Substitute ^ 1, - 3 h in 3x - 2y - 9 = 0:
Same signs so points lie on the same side of the line
^ - 3, 2 h : d = - 4 , ^ 4 , 1 h : d = 2
1
7. LHS = 3 # 1 - 2 # - 3 - 9 = 0 = RHS
5
Opposite signs so points lie on opposite sides of the line ` point lies on 3x - 2y - 9 = 0:
` lines are concurrent
8. d 1 = d 2 = 2 so the point is equidistant from both lines
4
14. - 0.499 15. c = -13, - 65 16. y = 3 17. x = 1
5
^ 8, - 3 h: d =
55
, ^ 1, 1 h: d =
9
9.
-8
18. ^ - 2, 1 h: d = , ^ 6, 3 h: d =
37 37 2
13 13
Same signs so points lie on same side of the line
Opposite signs so points lie on opposite sides of the line
-6
10. ^ - 3, 2 h: d = , ^ 4, 1 h: d =
7
5 5 19. x - y - 4 = 0 20. 3x - 7y - 14 = 0
Opposite signs so points lie on opposite sides of the line

8 5
11. d 1 = d 2 = 4 so same distance 12. units
5 1. k = -2 2. x - 3 y - 3 3 = 0 3. 10x 2 + 10y 2 = 81
2 1 1 4. Show AC and BD have the same midpoint ^ 1, 2 h and

13. 1 14. 4.2 15. x = 9 or -17 16. b = 3 or -1
3 4 12 m AC # m BD = -1
17. m = - 1
2
or -18
1 5. Show distance of all points from ^ 0, 0 h is 3; radius 3;
3 3 equation x 2 + y 2 = 9
18. Show distance between ^ 0, 0 h and the line is 5
4 13
6. 7. +OBA = 45c; a = b (sides of isosceles D)
19. Show distance between ^ 0, 0 h and the line is greater than 1 13
20. (a) ^ 3, -1 h, d 3 , n, ^ - 2, 2 h
4 1 2 10 13 5 26 34 12 13
(b) , , 8. 9. 113c12l 10. 2x + 3y + 13 = 0
7 7 5 5 119 13
11. BC = AC = 18 , AB = 6, so D is isosceles; 12. ^ 3, - 5 h

Test yourself 7
m BC # m AC = -1, so D is right angled.
6.4 units 2. d 2 , - 2 n
1 13. a = 2, b = 3 14. 2x + 5y + 14 = 0
1.
2
15. 3x +y + 3 - 2 3 =0 16. x - y + 6 = 0
1 1 3
3. (a) - 1 (b) 2 (c) (d)
5 3 5
4. (a) 7x - y - 11 = 0 (b) 5x + y - 6 = 0 (c) 3x + 2y = 0

Chapter 8: Introduction to calculus
(d) 3x + 5y - 14 = 0 (e) x - 3y - 3 = 0
Exercises 8.1
6 5
5. units
5 1.
1
6. m 1 = - , m 2 = 4 so m 1 m 2 = -1
4
` lines are perpendicular.
7. x-intercept 5, y-intercept - 2
1 5
8. (a) 2x + y - 1 = 0 (b) (c) units
2 2
9. m 1 = m 2 = 5, so lines are parallel 10. 3x - 4y = 0
11. ^ -1, 1 h 12. a = 6, b = 1

2. 8.
9.
3.
10.
4.
Exercises 8.2
5.
1. Yes, x = 0 2. Yes, x = x 1 3. No 4. Yes, x = 0
5. Yes, x = x 1, x = x 2 6. Yes, x = 0 7. Yes, x = - 3
8. Yes, x = 2 9. Yes, x = - 2, 3 10. Yes, -1 # x 1 0
11. Yes, x = 90c, 270c 12. Yes, x = 0 13. No 14. No
15. Yes, x = !3
Exercises 8.3
6.
1. (a) 3 (b) -7 (c) 3 (d) 8 (e) 2 (f) - 3 (g) 2
(h) -1 (i) 10 (j) -1
2. (a) x 2 - 2x - 4 (b) 2x 3 + x - 1 (c) - 7x - 1

(d) 4x 4 - x 2 (e) - 4x + 3 (f) 2x 2 + 6 (g) - 2x
(h) 4x 2 (i) 3x - 1 (j) x 2 - 2x + 9
Exercises 8.4
1. (a) 4.06 (b) 3.994 (c) 4
7. 2. (a) 13.61 (b) 13.0601 (c) 12.9401 (d) 13 3. 6
4. (a) f ] x + h g = x 2 + 2xh + h 2
(b) f (x + h) - f (x) = x + 2xh + h - x
2 2 2
= 2xh + h 2
f ]x + hg - f ]xg 2xh + h 2
(c) =
h h
h ] 2x + h g
=
h
= 2x + h
ANSWERS 589
f ]x + hg - f ]xg 13. (a) 0.252 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.2498

(d) f l(x) = lim
h "0 h
14. (a) - 0.04008 (b) - 0.03992 (c) - 0.04 15. -1
= lim (2x + h)
h "0
= 2x
Exercises 8.5
5. (a) f (x + h) = 2 ] x + h g2 - 7 (x + h) + 3
1. (a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 2x + 3 (d) 10x - 1 (e) 3x 2 + 4x - 7
= 2 (x 2 + 2xh + h 2) - 7x - 7h + 3
(f) 6x 2 - 14x + 7 (g) 12x 3 - 4x + 5
= 2x 2 + 4xh + 2h 2 - 7x - 7h + 3
(h) 6x 5 - 25x 4 - 8x 3 (i) 10x 4 - 12x 2 + 2x - 2
(b) f (x + h) - f (x) = (2x + 4xh + 2h - 7x - 7h + 3)
2 2 (j) 40x 9 - 63x 8
- (2x - 7x + 3)
2
= 2x 2 + 4xh + 2h 2 - 7x - 7h + 3 2. (a) 4x + 1 (b) 8x - 12 (c) 2x (d) 16x 3 - 24x

- 2x 2 + 7x - 3 (e) 6x 2 + 6x - 3
= 4xh + 2h 2 - 7h
x 8x 7 1
3. (a) -1 (b) 2x 3 - x 2 (c) - 6x 5 (d) 4x (e)
(c) f ] x + h g - f ] x g 4xh + 2h - 7h2 3 3 4
=
h h (f) 2x 2 - 2x + 2
h ] 4x + 2h - 7 g
=
h 4. f l] x g = 16x - 7 5. - 56
= 4x + 2h - 7
dy ds
(d) f l] x g = 4x - 7 6. = 60x 9 - 40x 7 + 35x 4 - 3 7. = 10t - 20
dx dt
6. (a) f ] 2 g = 11 (b) f ] 2 + h g = h 2 + 5h + 11
gl] x g = - 20x - 5
dv dh
(c) f ] 2 + h g - f ] 2 g = h 2 + 5h 8. 9.
dt
= 30t 10.
dt
= 40 - 4t
(d) f ] 2 + h g - f ] 2 g h 2 + 5h
= 11.
dV
= 4rr 2 12. 3 13. (a) 5 (b) - 5 (c) x = 4
h h dr
h ]h + 5 g
=
h 14. (a) 12 (b) x = ! 2 15. 18
=h+5
(e) f l] 2 g = 5
Exercises 8.6
7. (a) f ] -1 g = -7
1. (a) 72 (b) -13 (c) 11 (d) -18 (e) 18 (f) 27
(b) f ] -1 + h g - f ] -1 g = 4h 3 - 12h 2 + 12h (c) 12
(g) 11 (h) 136 (i) - 4 (j) 149
8. (a) f ] 3 g = 8 (b) f ] 3 + h g - f ] 3 g = 6h + h 2 (c) f l] 3 g = 6
1 1 1 1 1
2. (a) - (b) (c) (d) - (e)
9. (a) f l] 1 g = - 13 (b) 17 26 25 20 43 10
1 1 1 1 1
10. (a) y = x 2 + 2x (f) (g) - (h) (i) - (j) -
7 71 20 8 5
Substitute _ x + dx, y + dy i:
1 1
y + dy = ] x + dx g2 + 2 (x + dx)
3. (a) (i) 6 (ii) - (b) (i) 8 (ii) -
6 8
= x 2 + 2 xd x + d x 2 + 2 x + 2 d x 1 1
Since y = x 2 + 2x (c) (i) 24 (ii) - (d) (i) - 8 (ii)
24 8
d y = 2x d x + d x 2 + 2 d x
1
dy 2x d x + d x 2 + 2d x (e) (i) 11 (ii) -
(b) = 11
dx dx
d x ] 2x + d x + 2 g 4. (a) 27x - y - 47 = 0 (b) 7x - y - 1 = 0
=
dx (c) 4x + y + 17 = 0 (d) 36x - y - 47 = 0
= 2x + dx + 2
(e) 44t - v - 82 = 0
dy
(c) = 2x + 2 5. (a) x + 24y - 555 = 0 (b) x - 8y + 58 = 0
dx
(c) x - 17y - 516 = 0 (d) x - 45y + 3153 = 0
11. (a) 2 (b) 5 (c) -12 (d) 15 (e) - 9 (e) x + 2y - 9 = 0
dy
12. (a) f l] x g = 2x (b) = 2x + 5 6. (a) (i) 7x - y + 4 = 0 (ii) x + 7y - 78 = 0
dx
(b) (i) 10x - y + 36 = 0 (ii) x + 10y - 57 = 0
dy
(c) f l] x g = 8x - 4 (d) = 10x - 1 (c) (i) 10x + y - 6 = 0 (ii) x - 10y - 41 = 0
dx (d) (i) 2x + y + 2 = 0 (ii) x - 2y - 19 = 0
dy (e) (i) 2x - y + 2 = 0 (ii) x + 2y - 9 = 0
(e) = 3x 2 (f) f l] x g = 6x 2 + 5
dx
7. x = !3 8. (1, 2) and (-1, 0) 9. (- 5, -7)
dy
(g) = 3x - 4 x + 3
2
(h) f l] x g = - 6x 2
dx
12. d - 1 , - 4 n
3 15
10. (0, 1) 11. (1, 2) x 4 - 3x
4 16 (k) - + 2-x =
2 2-x 2 2-x
13. (a) (1, -1) (b) 6x - y - 7 = 0
- 2 ] 5x + 3 g 5 11
(l) + =-
14. 10t - h - 7 = 0 15. 4x - 2y - 19 = 0 ] 2x - 1 g2 2x - 1 ] 2x - 1 g2
Exercises 8.7 1 8
2. 26 3. 1264 4. 7+ = 5. 176
7 7
1
1 -2
1. (a) - 3x - 4 (b) 1.4x 0.4 (c) 1.2x - 0.8 (d) x
2 6. 10x - y - 9 = 0 7. 69x - y - 129 = 0
1 2 1 3
- - - -
(e) x 2
+ 3x - 2 (f) x 3
(g) 6x 4
(h) x 2
- 6 ! 30
8. x= 9. 34x - y + 29 = 0
1 5 1 10 15 3
2. (a) - (b) (c) (d) - (e)
x2 2 x 6 6 x5 x6 x4 Exercises 8.10
1 3 3 x 2
(f) - (g) -
x7
(h)
2
(i) -
3x 2 -2 15 x 4 - 12x 2 x 2 ^ x 2 - 12 h
2 x3 1. (a) (b) (c) =
] 2x - 1 g2 ] x + 5 g2 ^x - 4h
2 2
^ x 2 - 4 h2
1 12
(j) - - 16 - x + 14x
2
- x + 14 11
2x 3 x5 (d) (e) = (f)
] 5x + 1 g2 x4 x3 ] x + 3 g2
3.
1
4. −3 5.
1
6. −3 7. 2x + 3 x + 1 - 2x 2 -6 - 34 -14
(g) (h) (i) (j)
27 32 ^ 2x 2 - x h2 ] x - 2 g2 ] 4x - 3 g2 ] 3x + 1 g2
8.
1
9. 3x + 16y - 8 = 0 10. x - y + 9 = 0 - 3x 2 - 6x - 7 4x 2 - 12x 4x ] x - 3 g
(k) (l) =
8 ^ 3x 2 - 7 h 2
] 2x - 3 g2 ] 2x - 3 g2
1 1 - 18x 2x 3 + 12x 2 2x 2 ] x + 6 g
11. (a) - (b) - 12. x + 16y - 16 = 0 13. (9, 3) (m) (n) =
2 x3 16 ^x - 5h
2 2
] x+4 g2
] x + 4 g2
2x 3 + 9x 2 + 7 3x 2 + 8x - 5
(o) (p)
15. d 5, n, d - 5, - n ] x + 3 g2 ] 3x + 4 g2
2 2
14. x = 4
5 5 1 1
-
2]x + 5g - x ]x + 5g
2 2
x 4 - 2x 3 - 4x 2 - 1
(q) (r)
Exercises 8.8 ^ x 2 - x - 1 h2 x+5
1. (a) 4 ] x + 3 g3 (b) 6 ] 2x - 1 g2 (c) 70x ^ 5x 2 - 4 h

6 6 ] 5x + 1 g ] 2x - 9 g2 - 5 ] 2x - 9 g3 ] 2x - 9 g2 ] 20x + 51 g
(s) =
(d) 48 ] 8x + 3 g (e) - 5 ] 1 - x g (f) 135 ] 5x + 9 g8
5 4 ] 5x + 1 g 2
] 5x + 1 g2
(g) 4 ] x - 4 g (h) 4 ^ 6x 2 + 3 h ^ 2x 3 + 3x h ] 7x + 2 g4 - 28 ] x - 1 g ] 7x + 2 g3
3
- 21x + 30
^ h =
(i) 8 ] 2x + 5 g x + 5x - 1
(t)
] 7x + 2 g8 ] 7x + 2 g5
2 7
1
(j) 6 ^ 6x 5 - 4x h ^ x 6 - 2x 2 + 3 h (k) ] 3x - 1 g 2
5 3 -
2 15 ] 2x - 5 g3 ] 3x + 4 g4 - 6 ] 3x + 4 g5 ] 2x - 5 g2
2
(u)
(l) 2 ] 4 - x g- 3 (m) - 6x ^ x 2 - 9 h (n) ] 5x + 4 g 3 ] 2x - 5 g6
-4 5 -
]
3 3x + 4 4x - 33 g
g ]
3 4
1
3^ 2 - =
3x - 14x + 1 h ^ x 3 - 7x 2 + x h
3
] 2x - 5 g4
4
(o) (p)
4 2 3x + 4
3x + 1
5 8x 2
(q) - (r) - (s) -
] 5x - 2 g2 ^ x 2 + 1 h5 3
7 - 3x (v)
3 x+1 -2 x+1
=
3x + 5
5 3 27
x+1 2 ] x + 1 g3
(t) - (u) - (v) - 2x - 3
2 ] 4 + x g3 4 ] 3x - 1 g3 2 ] 2x + 7 g10
2 x-1 -2 x-1 - 2x + 1
^ 4x 3 - 9 x 2 + 3 h 16 3 4x + 1 (w) =
] 2x - 3 g2
5
(w) - (x) (y) 2 x - 1 ] 2x - 3 g2
^ x 4 - 3x 3 + 3x h2 3 4 4 ] 7 - x g9
x ] x - 9 g2
2. 9 3. 40 4. (4, 1) 5. x = 2, -1
1
6. 8x + y + 7 = 0 x2 + 1 - 2 ] x - 9 g x2 + 1 - x 2 - 9x - 2
(x) =
2 ] x - 9 g4 x2 + 1 ] x - 9 g3
Exercises 8.9 1 5
2. 3. - 1 4. x = 0, 1 5. x = - 9, 3
1. (a) 8x 3 + 9x 2 (b) 12x - 1 (c) 30x + 21 8 9
(d) 72x 5 - 16x 3 (e) 30x 4 - 4x 6. x - 18y + 8 = 0 7. 17x - 25y - 19 = 0
(f) x ] 5x + 2 g ] x + 1 g2 (g) 8 ] 9x - 1 g ] 3x - 2 g4
(h) 3x 3 ] 16 - 7x g ] 4 - x g 2 (i) ] 10x + 13 g ] 2x + 5 g3
(j) 10x ^ x 3 + 5x 2 - 3 h ^ x 2 + 1 h + ^ 3x 2 + 10x h ^ x 2 + 1 h
4 5
^
= x 13x + 60x + 3x - 20 x + 1
3 2 h ^ 2 h 4
ANSWERS 591
ds 1
Test yourself 8 17. 9 18. 12x + y - 4 = 0 19. = u + at, t =
dt 5
7
1. (a) 20.
10
f ] 1 g = - 3, f l] 1 g = - 36
13
1. 2. -
18
dx
3. = 8t 3 + 300t 2; t = 0, - 37.5
dt
4. 2x + y = 0, 3x - y - 3 = 0, 6x - y + 12 = 0
(b) 5. ^ 2, 2 h, ^ - 2, -14 h, x + 12y - 26 = 0, x + 12y + 170 = 0
3
6.
4
7. 5 ] 5x + 1 g3 ] x - 9 g4 + 15 ] x - 9 g5 ] 5x + 1 g2
= 10 ] 5x + 1 g2 ] x - 9 g4 (4x - 13)
2 ] 4x - 9 g4 - 16 ] 2x + 1 g ] 4x - 9 g3
8.
] 4x - 9 g8
- 2 ] 12x + 17 g
=
] 4x - 9 g5
dy dy
2. = 10x - 3 3. (a) = 42x 5 - 9x 2 + 2x - 8 - 6 ! 204 - 3 ! 51
dx dx 9. x= = 10. 2x + y - 25 = 0
12 6
dy 11 dy
(b) = (c) = 9 (2x + 4) (x 2 + 4x - 2)8 1 1 ! 13
] 2x + 1 g2 12. P = d - 2 , 6 n 13. x = ,
1 1 1
dx dx 11. a = -
27 4 16 3 3
dy
(d) = 40x ] 2x - 1 g3 + 5 ] 2x - 1 g4 = 5 ] 2x - 1 g3 (10x - 1)
15. 3x - y + 5 = 0, Q = ^ 0, 5 h, PQ =
dx 1
14. 10
dy 5 x3 dy 10 2
17. e 1 ,
(e) = (f) =- 11 3 3 o
dx 2 dx x3 16. n = 8 , 12x - 12 3 y + 31 = 0
12 2
dv 1 1 3
4. = 4t - 3 5. (a) 1 (b) 20 6. 10 7. 42 18. x = , -1 , 1 19. (a) x = 90c, 270c
dt 2 2 5
8. (a) x = - 2 (b) x = 1 (c) x = 2 (b) y
dy
(a) f l] x g = 32 ] 4x + 9 g3
5
9. (b) =-
dx ] x - 3 g2
dy dy
= ] 9x - 1 g ] 3x - 1 g (d)
4
(c) =-
dx dx x2
(e) f l] x g =
1
5 5 x4 1
x
90c 180c 270c 360c
10. y
3 ] 4 - 5x g
20. ^ - 4, -73 h 21. 3x - 9y - 14 = 0 22.
4x 4 3x - 2
23. (a) 16x + 32y + 1 = 0, 4x - 2y - 1 = 0

1
(b) m 1 $ m 2 = - # 2
2
= -1
dS So perpendicular
11. 9x - y - 7 = 0 12. (2, 3) 13. = 8rr
dr
14. (- 2, 71), (5, - 272) 15. 4x - y - 6 = 0 16. 3525
5 22
24. x = 0, 2, 6 25. a = - 14, b = 7 26. 14.
22
1 dV 8r 3
27. p = 1 28. = 29. k = 4 30. x - y - 4 = 0
2 dr 3
1
31. 4x - y - 13 = 0 32. - 33. a = -1, b = 2, c = 4
48
34. S = 8rr - 8r + 2rrh
- ] 5x + 6 g
35. (a) 6x 2 - 5 ] 3x - 1 g ] 3x - 5 g3 (b)
] x - 3 g4 2x + 1
4 ! 13
36. x =
6
15.
37. (a) x + 7y - 80 = 0
(b) Q = d - 4 , 12 n
1 1
7 49
1. - 0.77 2. 1 3. 5x + 2y - 1 = 0 4. ^ 2, - 2 h
5. - 0.309 6. (a) 3 cm 2 (b) AC = 13 cm, BD = 1 cm

16. sin 4 i 17. 2 units 18. x - 8y + 15 = 0
m 1 m 2 = # - = -1; A = d -1, 1 n
3 8 1
7. 8. x = 15c 2
4 6 2 19. i = 120c, 240c 20. - 1 21. 2 22. a = 115c 56l
3
7 2
9. 23. y = 16.5 24. 3x + y - 5 = 0 25. 1 1x 13
12 3
10. 26. 7 27. x = 3 28. - 3
29. Show perpendicular distance from ^ 0, 0 h to the line is

2 units, or solving simultaneous equations gives only
one solution.
30. (a) g ] 2 g = 1, g ] - 3 g = - 6
(b)
11.
1
31. 3x 2 - 4x 32. - 33. 17.5 m
2
34. x = - 2, y = -17 35. (a) AB = 7.0 m (b) 27.8 m2
36. 3 cos i 37. (a) 2x - y + 4 = 0 (b) P ^ - 2, 0 h, Q ^ 0, 4 h

2
(c) 4 units
38. 127 m 39. 15 units2 40. f (- x) = ] - x g6 - ] - x g2 - 3

1
12. 45c 49’ 13. Domain: all real x ! ; range: all = x6 - x2 - 3
2 = f (x)
real y ! 0
41. 16x 2 ^ 2x 2 + 1 h + ^ 2x 2 + 1 h = ^ 18x 2 + 1 h ^ 2x 2 + 1 h
3 4 3
ANSWERS 593
1 3 9. Minimum value 3.75, no solutions

42. - 4 #y#9 43. -
3 x2
10. Minimum value 0, 1 solution
44. (a) 3x - y - 4 = 0 (b) x - y - 2 = 0
11. (a) x = -3; (-3, -12) (b) x = -4; (-4, 17)
(c) x + 3y + 10 = 0 (d) R = ^ -10, 0 h
(c) x = 1 ; d 1 , 3 n (d) x = -1 ; d -1 , -13 n
1 1 1 1 1 1
8
45. units 46. Domain: all x ! - 4; range: all y ! 0 4 4 8 4 4 4
13
(e) x = -3; ^ -3, -23 h
1 -3
47. 48. 4.9 km 49. 8x - 7 - 10x
2x - 7 12. (a) (i) x = -1 (ii) -3 (iii) (-1, -3)
5 -17 - 2x - ] 17 + 2x g (b) (i) x = 1 (ii) 1 (iii) (1, 1)

50. 51. 2x - 3 52. =
] x + 1 g2 x 2 + 5x x 2 + 5x 13. (a) Minimum (-1, 0)
53. x + 6y - 56 = 0 54. f ] - 2 g = - 45, f l] - 2 g = 48 (b) Minimum (4, -23)
(c) Minimum (-2, -7)
55. a = 2, b = - 9 56. 7x - 5y + 9 = 0 (d) Minimum (1, -1)
(e) Minimum (2, -11)
(f) Minimum d - , -3 n
57. 47x - y + 109 = 0 58. x = - 0.25 1 1
4 8
1 (g) Maximum (-1, 6)
59. (a) domain: x $ range: y $ 0
2
(h) Maximum (2, 11)
(b) domain: all real x ! -7 range: all real y ! 0
(i) Maximum d , 7 n
1 3
(c) domain: - 2 # x # 2 range: - 2 # y # 0 2 4
1 (j) Maximum (1, -3)
60. (a) (1, 1) (b) 2 13 units (c) - 1
2
(d) 3x + 2y - 5 = 0 14. (a) (i) -2 (ii) Minimum 0
(iii) y
61. (a) 62. (b), (d) 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (c)
5
4
3
Chapter 9: The quadratic function
2
Exercises 9.1 1
1. Axis of symmetry x = - 1, minimum value - 1 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
-3
(b) (i) -1, 3 (ii) Minimum -4
(iii) y
5
4
3
2
2. Axis of symmetry x = - 1.5, minimum value - 7.5
1
3. Axis of symmetry x = - 1.5, minimum value - 0.25 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
4. Axis of symmetry x = 0, minimum value - 4 -1
-2
, minimum point d , n
3 3 7
5. Axis of symmetry x =
8 8 16 -3
6. Axis of symmetry x = 1, maximum value -6 -4
7. Axis of symmetry x = - 1, maximum point ^ - 1, 7 h -5
8. Minimum value -1, 2 solutions

(c) (i) 5.83, 0.17 (ii) Minimum -8 (iii) y
(iii) y
5
10 4
8 3
6 2
4
1
2
x
x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1
-2
2
-4 -2 3
-6 -2 1 -3
12
-8 -4
-10
-5
-6
(d) (i) -2, 0 (ii) Minimum -1
(iii) y
(g) (i) 1.65, -3.65 (ii) Maximum 7
5 (iii) y
4
7
3
6
2
5
1
4
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
2
-2
-3 1
x
(e) (i) ! 3 (ii) Minimum -18 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
(iii) y -2
-3
2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 1
-2 (h) (i) 1.3, -2.3 (ii) Maximum 3
4
-4 y
(iii)
-6
-8 5
-10 4 1
3
4
-12 3
-14 2
-16 1
-18 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
(f) (i) -1,
2
(ii) Minimum - 2
1 -1
3 12
-2
-3
ANSWERS 595
1 3
(i) (i) 0.56, -3.56 (ii) Minimum 4 16. (a) None (b) 6
4 4
(iii) y (c) y
5 41
4 14
4
12
3
10
2 8
1 6
x 4
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 2
-2 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-3 -1
-2
-3
(j) (i) 2.87, -0.87 (ii) Maximum 7
(iii) y 7
17. (a) - 3 (b) None
8
7
(c) y
6
5
2
4
1
3
x
2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-2
1
-4
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -6
-1
-8
-2
-3 -10
-12
-14
15. (a) 4 (b) None -16
(c) -18
y
7 18. (a) y
6
8
5
6
4
3 4
2 2
1 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
x -1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 -2
-2 -3
-3
(b) x 1 2, x 2 3 (c) 2 # x # 3
19. y 22. y
8 2
6 1
x
4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
2
-2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -3
-2
-4
-4 -5
-6 -6
Graph is always above the x-axis so y 2 0 for all x -7

` 3x 2 - 2x + 4 2 0 for all x
Graph is always below the x-axis so y 1 0 for all x
20. y
` - 5x 2 + 4x -1 1 0 for all x
8 Exercises 9.2
6 1. x 1 -3, x 2 3 2. - 1 # n # 0 3. a # 0, a $ 2
4
4. x 1 - 2, x 2 2 5. 0 # y # 6 6. 0 1 t 1 2
2
7. x 1 - 4, x 2 2 8. p # - 3, p $ - 1 9. m 1 2, m 2 4
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 1
-2 10. x # - 3, x $ 2 11. 1 1 h 1 2 12. - 4 # x # 5
2
-4 1
13. - 2 #k #7 14. q 1 3, q 2 6 15. All real x
2
-6
16. n # - 4, n $ 3 17. - 3 1 x 1 5 18. - 6 # t # 2
1
19. y 1 - , y 2 5 20. x # - 2, x $ 4
Graph is always above the x-axis so y 2 0 for all x 3
` x 2 + x + 2 2 0 for all x
Exercises 9.3
21. y
1. (a) 20 (b) -47 (c) -12 (d) 49 (e) 9 (f) -16 (g) 0
4 (h) 64 (i) 17 (j) 0
2
2. (a) 17 unequal real irrational roots
x (b) -39 no real roots (c) 1 unequal real rational roots
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-2 (d) 0 equal real rational roots
(e) 33 unequal real irrational roots
-4
(f) -16 no real roots (g) 49 unequal real rational roots
-6 (h) -116 no real roots (i) 1 unequal real rational roots
-8 (j) 48 unequal real irrational roots
-10 7 1
3. p = 1 4. k = ! 2 5. b # - 6. p 2 2 7. k 2 - 2
8 12
-12
8. a =320
-14 b 2 - 4ac = ] - 1 g2 - 4 ] 3 g ] 7 g
-16 = - 83
10
-18 So 3x 2 - x + 7 2 0 for all x
Graph is always below the x-axis so y 1 0 for all x 9. k # - 5, k $ 3 10. 0 1 k 1 4 11. m 1 - 3, m 2 3

` - x 2 + 2x - 7 1 0 for all x 1 1
12. k # - 1, k $ 1 13. p 1 - 14. 0 # b # 2
3 2
ANSWERS 597
15. p # - 2, p $ 6 2. m = 2, p = - 5, q = 2
16. Solving simultaneously: 3. x 2 - 4x + 5 = x ] x - 2 g - 2 ] x + 1 g + 3 + 4

y = 2x + 6 (1) 4. RHS = a ] x - 2 g ] x + 3 g + b ] x - 2 g + c
y =x +3
2
(2) = 1 ] x - 2 g ] x + 3 g + 1 ] x - 2 g + 17
Substitute (2) in (1): = x 2 + 3x - 2x - 6 + x - 2 + 17
= x 2 + 2x + 9
x 2 + 3 = 2x + 6
= RHS
x 2 - 2x - 3 = 0
` true
b 2 - 4ac = ] - 2 g2 - 4 ] 1 g ] - 3 g
= 16 5. A = 1, B = 5 , C = - 6 6. a = 2, b = 1, c = - 1
20
So there are 2 points of intersection 7. K = 1, L = 6, M = 7.5 8. 12 ] x + 5 g + ] 2x - 3 g2 - 65 - 2
17. 3x + y - 4 = 0 (1) 9. a = 0, b = - 4, c = - 21
y = x 2 + 5x + 3 (2)
From (1): 10. (a) y = x 2 - x - 5 (b) y = x 2 - 3x
y = - 3x + 4 (3) (c) y = 2x 2 - 3x + 7 (d) y = x 2 + 4x - 9
Substitute (2) in (3):
(e) y = - x - 2x + 1
2
x 2 + 5x + 3 = - 3x + 4
x 2 + 8x - 1 = 0
Exercises 9.5
b 2 - 4ac = 8 2 - 4 ] 1 g ] - 1 g
= 68
1. (a) a + b = - 2, ab = 1
20
(b) a + b = 1.5, ab = - 3
So there are 2 points of intersection
(c) a + b = 0.2, ab = - 1.8
(d) a + b = - 7, ab = 1
18. y = - x - 4 (1)
2
y = x2 (2) (e) a + b = 2 , ab = 1
3
x2 = - x - 4 2. (a) 3 (b) - 6 (c) - 0.5 (d) 21
x2 + x + 4 = 0
b 2 - 4ac = 1 2 - 4 ] 1 g ] 4 g 3. (a) x 2 + 3x - 10 = 0 (b) x 2 - 4x - 21 = 0
= - 15 (c) x 2 + 5x + 4 = 0 (d) x 2 - 8x + 11 = 0
10 (e) x 2 - 2x - 27 = 0
So there are no points of intersection
4. m = 0.5 5. k = - 32 6. b = 4 7. k = 1 8. p = 13
19. y = 5x - 2 (1)
9. k = -5 10. m = ! 3 11. k = - 1 12. n = - 1, 3
y = x 2 + 3x - 1 (2)
13. p = 2, r = - 7 14. b = - 6, c = 8 15. a = 0, b = - 1
x 2 + 3x - 1 = 5 x - 2
x 2 - 2x + 1 = 0 1
16. ab = 1 ` b =
b 2 - 4ac = ] - 2 g2 - 4 ] 1 g ] 1 g
a
=0 17. (a) k = - 1 (b) k = - 1, 0 (c) k = - 1.8 (d) k = 3
So there is 1 point of intersection (e) k # - 1, k $ 0
` the line is a tangent to the parabola
18. (a) p = ! 2 3 (b) p # - 2 3 , p $ 2 3
1
20. p = 3
4 3 3
(c) p = !
21. (c) and (d) 2
Exercises 9.4 19. (a) k = 2 (b) k = - 3 (c) k = 2
1. (a) a = 1, b = 2, c = -6 3 - 10 3 + 10
20. (a) m = 1 (b) m 1 ,m2
(b) a = 2, b = -11, c = 15 2 2
(c) a = 1, b = 1, c = - 2 (c) m = - 3
(d) a = 1, b = 7, c = 18
(e) a = 3, b = -11, c = -16
(f) a = 4, b = 17, c = 11 Exercises 9.6
(g) a = 2, b = -12, c = -9 1. (a) x = -1, - 4 (b) y = 2, 5 (c) x = - 4, 2
(h) a = 3, b = - 8, c = 2 (d) n = - 1, 4 (e) a = - 3, 5 (f) p = 3, 4 (g) x = 2, - 4
(i) a = - 1, b = 10, c = - 24 (h) k = 5, 12 (i) t = 6, - 4 (j) b = -12, - 4
(j) a = - 2, b = 0, c = - 1
2. (a) x = - 2, 3 (b) x = 2, 3 (c) x = 4, 5 (d) x = 3, 5 10. 3 ] x - 2 g2 + 12 ] x + 3 g - 41 11. x = 30c , 150c , 270c

1
(e) x = 1 , 4 1
2 12. (a) k = 3 (b) k = 1 (c) k = 3 (d) k = 3 (e) k = 2
4
1! 5
3. (a) x = ! 3 (b) y = ! 2, ! 2 (c) x =
2 1 9
13. x = - , 3 14. m 1 - 15. x = 0, 2
(d) x = 1.37, - 4.37, 0.79, - 3.79 (e) a = - 2, - 2 ! 6 2 16
4. (a) x = 0, 3 (b) p = 1 (c) x = 1 (d) x = 1 (e) x = 1, 3 16. (a) i (b) i (c) iii (d) i (e) ii
5. x = ! 1, !2 6. x = - 1 17. (a) iii (b) i (c) i (d) ii

1
7. x = ! 2.19, !0.46, !1.93, !0.52 18. For reciprocal roots b =
a
8. (a) x = 0c , 90c , 180c , 360c (b) x = 90c , 180c , 270c c
ab =
a
(c) x = 90c , 210c , 330c (d) x = 60c , 90c , 270c , 300c
1 k
(e) x = 0c , 180c , 270c , 360c a =
a k
LHS = RHS = 1
9. (a) x = 0c , 45c , 180c , 225c , 360c
(b) x = 0c , 180c , 360c ∴ roots are reciprocals for all x.
(c) x = 0c , 30c , 150c , 180c , 360c 19. (a) x 2 + 3x - 28 = 0 (b) x 2 - 10x + 18 = 0
(d) x = 45c , 60c ,135c , 120c , 225c , 240c , 315c , 300c
(e) x = 30c , 60c , 120c , 150c , 210c , 240c , 300c , 330c 20. x = 1, 3
2
10. x+3+ =5
x+3 Challenge exercise 9
2
(x + 3) # (x + 3) +
]x + 3g
# (x + 3) = 5 # (x + 3) 1. D = ] k - 4 g2 $ 0 and a perfect square ∴ real,
] x + 3 g2 + 2 = 5 ] x + 3 g rational roots
] x + 3 g2 - 5 ] x + 3 g + 2 = 0
2. y = x 2 - 5x + 4 3. a = 4, b = - 3, c = 7 4. x = ! 2
Let u = x + 3
u 2 - 5u + 2 = 0 5. 11 6. n = - 2.3375 7. p 2 0.75 8. Show D = 0
b 2 - 4ac = ] - 5 g2 - 4 ] 1 g ] 2 g
9. x = !1
= 17
20
10. A = 2, B = - 19, C = 67 or A = - 2, B = 13, C = - 61
So u has 2 real irrational roots.
4x + 1 3 1
` x + 3 and so x has 2 real irrational roots 11. = +
x2 - x - 2 x-2 x+1
Test yourself 9 1 - 21 1 + 21
12. k # ,k$
1. (a) 0 # x # 3 (b) n 1 - 3, n 2 3 (c) - 2 # y # 2 2 2
2. a = 1, b = - 9, c = 14 3. (a) x = 2 (b) - 3 3! 5
13. x = 30c , 90c , 150c 14. x = 1,
2
4. a =120 15. x = 60c , 90c , 270c , 300c 16. - 23
D = b 2 - 4ac
= ] -2 g 2 -4 # 1 # 7
= - 24 Chapter 10: Locus and the parabola
10
` positive definite Exercises 10.1
2 1 1. A circle 2. A straight line parallel to the ladder.
5. (a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 18 (e) 30 6. x = 1 ,
3 3
7. (a) iv (b) ii (c) iii (d) ii (e) i 3. An arc 4. A (parabolic) arc 5. A spiral
8. a = -1 1 0 6. The straight line - 2 1 x 1 2 or | x | 1 2

D = b 2 - 4ac
= 3 2 - 4 # (-1) # (- 4) 7. A circle, centre the origin, radius 2 (equation
= -7 x2 + y2 = 4 i
10
8. lines y = !1 9. lines x = !5 10. line y = 2
` - 4 + 3x - x 2 1 0 for all x
11. Circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 (centre origin, radius 1)
1 1
9. (a) x = - (b) 6
12. Circle, centre ^ 1, -2 h, radius 4
4 8
13. y = -5
ANSWERS 599
14. Circle, centre (1, 1), radius 3 15. x = -7 16. x = 3 4. x 2 + 4x + y 2 + 4y - 8 = 0 5. x 2 - 2x + y 2 - 48 = 0
17. y = !8 18. x = !4 6. x 2 + 6x + y 2 - 16y + 69 = 0
19. Circle, centre ^ -2, 4 h, radius 6 7. x 2 - 10x + y 2 + 4y + 27 = 0 8. x 2 + y 2 - 9 = 0
20. Circle, centre ^ -4, 5 h, radius 1 9. x 2 - 2x + y 2 - 10y + 25 = 0

Exercises 10.2 10. x 2 + 12x + y 2 - 2y + 1 = 0
1. x +y =1
2 2
2. x + 2x + y + 2y - 79 = 0
2 2
11. x 2 - 8x + y 2 - 6y + 22 = 0 12. x 2 + y 2 + 6y + 1 = 0
3. x - 10x + y + 4y + 25 = 0
2 2
4. 8x - 6y + 13 = 0
13. (a) Radius 3, centre (2, 1) (b) Radius 5, centre (−4, 2)
5. 12x - 26y - 1 = 0 6. y = ! x (c) Radius 1, centre (0, 1) (d) Radius 6, centre (5, −3)
(e) Radius 1, centre (−1, 1) (f) Radius 6, centre (6, 0)
7. 3x 2 - 32x + 3y 2 - 50y + 251 = 0 (g) Radius 5, centre (−3, 4) (h) Radius 8, centre (−10, 2)
(i) Radius 5, centre (7, −1) (j) Radius 10 , centre (−1, −2)
8. 5x 2 - 102x + 5y 2 + 58y - 154 = 0
14. Centre ^ 3, -1 h , radius 4 15. Centre ^ 2, 5 h , radius 5
9. x 2 - 4x + 20y - 36 = 0 10. x 2 - 20y = 0
16. Centre ^ - 1, -6 h , radius 7 17. Centre (4, 7), radius 8
11. y 2 + 8x - 32 = 0 12. x 2 - 2x + 8y - 7 = 0
18. Centre d - 1 , 1 n , radius 2
1 1
13. x 2 + 12y = 0 14. x 2 - 5x + y 2 - 2y - 11 = 0 2 2
19.
15. x 2 + 3x + y 2 - y - 4 = 0
16. x 2 + x + y 2 - 2y - 17 = 0
17. 2x 2 + 4x + 2y 2 - 6y + 47 = 0
18. 2x 2 + 2x + 2y 2 + 4y + 27 = 0
19. 3x + 4y + 25 = 0, 3x + 4y - 15 = 0
20. 12x - 5y - 14 = 0, 12x - 5y + 12 = 0
21. x - 2y - 3 ! 5 5 = 0
20. Show perpendicular distance from the line to ^ 4, -2 h is
22. x - 7y + 9 = 0, 7x + y - 5 = 0
5 units, or solve simultaneous equations.
23. 7x - 4y - 30 = 0, 32x + 56y - 35 = 0 21. (a) Both circles have centre ^ 1, -2 h
(b) 1 unit
24. xy - 16x - 7y + 40 = 0
22. x 2 + 2x + y 2 + 2y - 23 = 0 23. 34 units
25. x 2 - 6x - 3y 2 - 12y + 9 = 0
24. (a) 5 units (b) 3 units and 2 units
Problem
(c) XY is the sum of the radii. The circles touch each
12x + 5y - 40 = 0, 12x + 5y + 38 = 0 other at a single point, ^ 0, 1 h .
Exercises 10.3 25. Perpendicular distance from centre ^ 0, 0 h to the line is

1. (a) Radius 10, centre (0, 0) (b) Radius 5 , centre (0, 0) equal to the radius 2 units; perpendicular distance from
(c) Radius 4, centre (4, 5) (d) Radius 7, centre (5, −6) centre ^ -1, 2 h to the line is equal to the radius 3 units.
(e) Radius 9, centre (0, 3)
26. (a) x 2 + 2x + y 2 - 6y - 15 = 0
2. (a) x + y = 16 (b) x - 6x + y - 4y - 12 = 0
2 2 2 2 (b) ^ 2, 7 h, ^ -1, -2 h (c) Z = ^ -1, 8 h
(c) x 2 + 2x + y 2 - 10y + 17 = 0 1
(d) m zx # m yx = - # 3
(d) x 2 - 4x + y 2 - 6y - 23 = 0 3
(e) x 2 + 8x + y 2 - 4y - 5 = 0 = -1
(f) x 2 + y 2 + 4y + 3 = 0 (g) x 2 - 8x + y 2 - 4y - 29 = 0 ` +ZXY = 90c
(h) x 2 + 6x + y 2 + 8y - 56 = 0 (i) x 2 + 4x + y 2 - 1 = 0
27. (a) 4 units (b) x 2 - 4x + y 2 + 10y + 13 = 0
(j) x 2 + 8x + y 2 + 14y + 62 = 0
3. x 2 - 18x + y 2 + 8y + 96 = 0

1. (a) x = 20y
2
(b) x = 36y
2
(c) x = 4y
2
(d) x = 16y
2
1. (a) y 2 = 8x (b) y 2 = 20x (c) y 2 = 56x (d) y 2 = 36x
(e) x 2 = 40y (f) x 2 = 12y (g) x 2 = 24y (h) x 2 = 44y (e) y 2 = 32x (f) y 2 = 24x (g) y 2 = 28x (h) y 2 = 12x
(i) y 2 = 16x (j) y 2 = 4x
(i) x = 8y
2
(j) x = 48y
2
2. (a) y 2 = -36x (b) y 2 = - 16x (c) y 2 = -40x

2. (a) x 2 = -4y (b) x 2 = -12y (c) x 2 = -16y
(d) y 2 = -24x (e) y 2 = - 8x (f) y 2 = -48x
(d) x 2 = -28y (e) x 2 = -24y (f) x 2 = -36y (g) y 2 = - 44x (h) y 2 = -20x (i) y 2 = -12x
(g) x 2 = -32y (h) x 2 = -8y (i) x 2 = -60y (j) y 2 = -28x
(j) x = -52y
2
3. (a) (i) (2, 0) (ii) x = -2 (b) (i) (3, 0) (ii) x = -3
3. (a) (i) (0, 1) (ii) y = -1 (b) (i) (0, 7) (ii) y = -7 (c) (i) (4, 0) (ii) x = -4 (d) (i) (1, 0) (ii) x = -1
(c) (i) (0, 4) (ii) y = -4 (d) (i) (0, 9) (ii) y = -9 (e) (i) (7, 0) (ii) x = -7 (f) (i) (8, 0) (ii) x = -8
(e) (i) (0, 10) (ii) y = -10 (f) (i) (0, 11) (ii) y = -11 (g) (i) (6, 0) (ii) x = -6 (h) (i) (9, 0) (ii) x = -9
1 1 1 1
1
(g) (i) (0, 3) (ii) y = -3 (h) (i) c (0, 1 m (ii) y = -1
1 (i) (i) c , 0 m (ii) x = - (j) (i) c 4 , 0 m (ii) x = -4
2 2 4 4 2 2
1 1 3 4. (a) (i) (−2, 0) (ii) x = 2 (b) (i) (−3, 0) (ii) x = 3
(i) (i) c 0, 2 m (ii) y = -2 (j) (i) c 0, 3 m
2 2 4 (c) (i) (−7, 0) (ii) x = 7 (d) (i) (−1, 0) (ii) x = 1
3 (e) (i) (−6, 0) (ii) x = 6 (f) (i) (−13, 0) (ii) x = 13
(ii) y = -3
1 1
(g) (i) (−15, 0) (ii) x = 15 (h) (i) c - , 0 m (ii) x =
4
2 2
4. (a) (i) (0, −1) (ii) y = 1 (b) (i) (0, −6) (ii) y = 6 1 1 1 1
(c) (i) (0, −2) (ii) y = 2 (d) (i) (0, −12) (ii) y = 12 (i) (i) c - 6 , 0 m (ii) x = 6 (j) (i) c - 1 , 0 m (ii) x = 1
2 2 4 4
(e) (i) (0, −5) (ii) y = 5 (f) (i) (0, −4) (ii) y = 4
(g) (i) (0, −8) (ii) y = 8 (h) (i) (0, −10) (ii) y = 10 5. (a) y 2 = 20x (b) y 2 = 4x (c) y 2 = -16x (d) y 2 = 12x
1 1 1 1 1
(i) (i) c 0, - m (ii) y = (j) (i) c 0, -5 m (ii) y = 5 (e) y 2 = !36x (f) y 2 = !8x (g) y 2 = 12x (h) y 2 = x
2 2 2 2 2
6. (a) Focus ^ 2, 0 h, directrix x = - 2, focal length 2
5. (a) x 2 = 28y (b) x 2 = 44y (c) x 2 = -24y
(b) Focus ^ 1, 0 h, directrix x = - 1, focal length 1
(d) x 2 = 8y (e) x 2 = !12y (f) x 2 = !32y
1 (c) Focus ^ -3, 0 h, directrix x = 3, focal length 3
(g) x 2 = 32y (h) x 2 = y
(d) Focus d 1 , 0 n, directrix x = - 1 , focal length 1
7 1 1 1
6. (a) Focus ^ 0, 2 h, directrix y = -2, focal length 2 2 2 2
(b) Focus ^ 0, 6 h, directrix y = -6, focal length 6
(e) Focus d -1 , 0 n, directrix x = 1 , focal length 1
1 1 1
(c) Focus ^ 0, -3 h, directrix y = 3, focal length 3 4 4 4
(f) Focus d , 0 n, directrix x = - , focal length

1 1 1
(d) Focus d 0, n, directrix y = - , focal length
1 1 1
2 2 2 12 12 12
7. x = 4 (latus rectum) 8. 12, ^ 3, 6 h, ^ 3, -6 h
(e) Focus d 0, -1 n, directrix y = 1 , focal length 1
3 3 3
4 4 4
9. ^ 9, - 6 h, ^ 81, 18 h
(f) Focus d 0, n, directrix y = - , focal length
1 1 1
8 8 8
(b) d - 5, - 4 n (c) 10
1 5
10. (a) 5x - 12y - 25 = 0 units2
6 12
X = d -1 , - n
3
8. ^ 4, 4 h
1
7. y =2 9. 2
2 8 (d) 4 units (e) 11.7 units2
13
10. ^ 4, -2 h and ^ -4, -2 h ; 8 units
1 Exercises 10.6
11. (a) x 2 = - 12y (b) y = 3 (c) 33 units
3 1. (a) ] x - 3 g2 = 8 ^ y + 3 h (b) ] x - 5 g2 = 4 ^ y + 6 h
12. (a) Substitute the point into the equation. (c) ] x - 1 g = 4 ^ y + 3 h (d) ] x - 4 g2 = -12 ^ y - 3 h
2
(b) 3x + 4y - 3 = 0 (c) d 2, - n
3 (e) ] x - 6 g2 = 8 ^ y + 7 h (f) ] x + 7 g2 = -16 ^ y - 3 h
(g) ] x - 2 g2 = -4 ^ y - 5 h (h) ] x + 9 g2 = 12 ^ y + 6 h
4
13. (a) x - 4y + 2 = 0 (b) ^ 0, 1 h does not lie on the line (i) ] x + 1 g2 = 8 ^ y + 1 h (j) ] x - 3 g2 = - 4 ^ y - 2 h
(c) x 2 - 4x + y 2 - 2y + 1 = 0
(d) Substitute ^ 0, 1 h into the equation of the circle. 2. (a) ^ y - 4 h2 = 4 ] x + 4 g (b) ^ y - 1 h2 = 8 ] x + 2 g
(c) ^ y + 2 h2 = 12 ] x + 1 g (d) ^ y - 10 h2 = - 4 ] x - 29 g
14. (a) Substitute Q into the equation of the parabola.
(b) _ q 2 - 1 i x - 2qy + 2aq = 0 (e) ^ y + 3 h2 = - 16 ] x - 1 g (f) ^ y - 6 h2 = 8 ] x + 4 g
(c) Equation of latus rectum is y = a. Solving with (g) ^ y + 5 h = - 24 ] x - 2 g (h) ^ y + 12 h2 = 4 ] x + 36 g
2
x 2 = 4ay gives two endpoints A ^ -2a, a h, B ^ 2a, a h . (i) ^ y - 2 h2 = - 20 ] x - 1 g (j) ^ y + 4 h2 = - 8 ] x - 2 g

Length of AB = 4a.
ANSWERS 601
3. (a) x 2 + 2x - 8y + 9 = 0 (b) x 2 + 8x - 4y + 16 = 0
(b) d -1, -8 n, y = -9
3 1
(c) x - 4x - 8y - 12 = 0
2
(d) x 2 - 6x - 8y + 41 = 0 4 4
(e) x 2 + 4x - 16y + 20 = 0 (f) x 2 + 2x + 16y + 1 = 0 24. x 2 + 4x + 8y - 20 = 0 25. 0.3 m
(g) x - 8x + 20y - 24 = 0
2
(h) x + 10x + 8y + 1 = 0
2
(i) x 2 + 6x + 12y + 45 = 0 (j) x 2 + 4y + 24 = 0 Exercises 10.7

1 1
(k) y - 6y - 12x - 3 = 0
2
(l) y - 8y - 4x + 8 = 0
2
1. m= 2. m = -4 3. m = -1 4. m =
3 2
(m) y 2 - 8x + 32 = 0 (n) y 2 + 4y - 16x - 12 = 0 dy
5. =x 6. x - y - 2 = 0 7. x - 2y + 12 = 0
(o) y + 2y - 8x - 7 = 0
2
(p) y + 8y + 12x + 4 = 0
2 dx
(q) y 2 - 2y + 4x - 11 = 0 (r) y 2 - 6y + 16x + 25 = 0 8. x + y - 6 = 0, x - y - 18 = 0
(s) y - 4y + 2x + 5 = 0
2
(t) y - 2y + 2x - 6 = 0
2
9. x - 2y - 2 = 0, 2x + y - 9 = 0
4. (ii) y = -4 (ii) y = - 3 10. 4x + y - 8 = 0, M = d 1 , n

(a) (i) (3, −2) (b) (i) (1, 1) 7 1
(c) (i) (−2, 0) (ii) y = -2 (d) (i) (4, 2) (ii) y = - 4 8 2
(e) (i) (−5, −1) (ii) y = -5 (f) (i) (3, 1) (ii) y = 3 11. x + y - 9 = 0, P = ^ - 18, 27 h
(g) (i) (−1, 0) (ii) y = 4 (h) (i) (2, 0) (ii) y = 2
12. Q = ^ 33, 60.5 h
(i) (i) (4, −2) (ii) y = 4 (j) (i) (−2, −3) (ii) y = 5
13. x + 4y + 144 = 0, 4x + 2y + 9 = 0, ^ 18, -40.5 h ; show
5. (a) (i) (0, −1) (ii) x = -2 (b) (i) (2, 4) (ii) x = - 4 the point lies on the parabola by substituting it into the
(c) (i) (0, 3) (ii) x = -4 (d) (i) (3, −2) (ii) x = -5 equation of the parabola
(e) (i) (7, 1) (ii) x = -5 (f) (i) (1, −5) (ii) x = 5
(g) (i) (11, −7) (ii) x = 13 (h) (i) (−3, 6) (ii) x = 7 14. x - y - 4 = 0, R = ^ 4, 0 h
1 1
(i) (i) (−7, 2) (ii) x = 9 (j) (i) c -10 , -3 m (ii) x = 9 15. (a) Substitute P into the equation of the parabola
2 2
(b) x + py - 2p - p 3 = 0
6. x 2 - 12y + 36 = 0
(c) Substitute ^ 0, 1 h into the equation of the normal.
7. x 2 + 4x - 8y - 4 = 0, x 2 + 4x + 8y + 12 = 0 0 + p - 2p - p 3 = 0
0 = p3 + p
8. x 2 - 2x - 4y - 19 = 0 9. y 2 - 12y + 12x + 12 = 0 = p (p 2 + 1)
Since p ! 0, p + 1 = 0
2
10. x 2 - 2x - 16y + 1 = 0 11. x 2 - 2x - 28y + 29 = 0

Test yourself 10
12. y 2 + 4y + 24x - 44 = 0 13. y 2 - 6y - 32x + 9 = 0
1. 8x + 6y - 29 = 0 2. x 2 - 4x - 8y - 4 = 0
14. x - 6x + 8y - 15 = 0
2
15. y + 2y - 16x + 49 = 0
2
3. Centre ^ 3, 1 h, radius 4 4. (a) ^ 1, - 3 h (b) ^ 4, - 3 h

16. x 2 + 6x + 4y - 7 = 0 17. x 2 - 4x - 12y - 8 = 0
5. x 2 + y 2 = 25 6. (a) y = 2 (b) ^ 0, - 2 h
18. y + 2y + 16x - 95 = 0
2
7. x 2 + x + y 2 - 3y - 10 = 0 8. x 2 - 8x + 16y - 16 = 0
19. (a) Vertex ^ - 2, 1 h, focus ^ - 2, 3 h, directrix y = -1
9. (a) (i) ^ 1, 1 h (ii) ^ 1, 2 h (b) y = 0
(b) Vertex ^ 3, 2 h, focus ^ 3, 5 h, directrix y = -1
(c) Vertex ^ 1, -1 h, focus ^ 1, - 2 h, directrix y = 0 10. 2x + 3y + 6 = 0 11. 14 units
(d) Vertex ^ 3, 4 h, focus ^ 7, 4 h, directrix x = -1
(e) Vertex ^ 0, - 2 h, focus ^ 6, - 2 h, directrix x = -6 12. y 2 = - 24x 13. x 2 - 8y + 16 = 0
(f) Vertex ^ - 5, 0 h, focus ^ - 7, 0 h, directrix x = -3 14. 4x - 3y - 16 = 0, 4x - 3y + 14 = 0
20. Vertex ^ - 1, 4 h, focus ^ -1, -3 h , directrix y = 11, axis 15. y = x, y = - x 16. y 2 = 20x 17. (a) -
1
(b) 2
x = - 1, maximum value 4 2
(b) d 9, 20 n
1
18. (a) x - 4y + 72 = 0
21. x 2 - 4x - 8y + 12 = 0 or x 2 - 4x + 8y - 36 = 0 4
19. Sub ^ 0, 4 h : LHS = 7 # 0 - 3 # 4 + 12 = 0 = RHS
(b) d 0, 7 n, y = 8
23 9
22. (a) 8x 2 + 9y - 72 = 0
32 32
20. d , -7 n
2
23. (a) 9
21. (a) x - y - 3 = 0 (b) R = ^ 0, -3 h
(c) F = ^ 0, 3 h FP = FR = 6
Challenge exercise 10 8. 3x - 4y - 14 = 0, 3x - 4y + 16 = 0
1. (a) 8x + 6y - 29 = 0 9. Vertex ^ - 4, -17 h , focus ^ - 4, -16.75 h

(b) Midpoint of AB lies on line; m 1 m 2 = -1
10. x = 0, 3 11. x + 2y + 2 = 0 12. b $ -2
2. (a) x 2 - 2x + y 2 - 6y - 15 = 0
(b) Put y = 0 into equation 13. x 2 + y 2 = 16, circle centre ^ 0, 0 h and radius 4
d 2 , -3 n
1
3. 14. x 2 + 4x + y 2 + 6y - 12 = 0
2
4. (a) 4x - 2y + 9 = 0; x + 2y - 24 = 0 15. x 2 - 3x + y 2 - 6y - 17 = 0
(b) m 1 m 2 = - 1 (c) X = ^ 3, 10.5 h
16. - 0.75 17. 5x 2 - 54x + 5y 2 + 20y - 79 = 0
(d) 3x - 4y + 8 = 0; focus ^ 0, 2 h lies on the line
18. a = 2, b = 1, c = 0
5. ^ 0, 0 h
x
19. -
6. (a) 2x - 4y - 1 = 0; 2x + y + 4 = 0 9 - x2
(b) Point lies on line y = - 1
20. x 2 - 4x - 16y + 20 = 0
7. y = - 2 x + 4x - 2
2
8. 3x + y + 2 = 0
21. AC = BC and CD = CE (given)
9. AC BC
` =
CD CE
+ACB = +ECD (vertically opposite angles)
` since two sides are in proportion and their included
angles are equal, ΔABC is similar to ΔCDE
y = 5.3 cm
22. x - y - 4 = 0
23. x 2 + 2x - 16y - 15 = 0 24. x = 0, 2
25. a 10
D = b 2 - 4ac
= 1 2 - 4 (- 1) (- 9)
= - 35
10
10. (a) x 2 + 4x + y 2 - 10y + 21 = 0
Since a 1 0 and D 1 0, - x 2 + x - 9 1 0 for all x
(b) ] x + 2 g2 + ^ y - 5 h2 = 8; centre ^ -2, 5 h;
radius = 8 =2 2 26. 8 (3x - 1) (2x + 5) 3 + 3 (2x + 5) 4 = ] 30x + 7 g (2x + 5) 3
2 3 27. sec x cosec x

11. -
3
28. Centre ^ -5, 3 h, radius 2
12. (a) y 2 + 4y - 16x + 52 = 0 (b) 2x - y - 6 = 0
29. a 2 0
13. 4 2 units 14. x 2 + y 2 - 2y - 2 = 0 D = b 2 - 4ac
= ] -1 g2 - 4 (1) (3)
15. 696 mm from the vertex = -11
10
16. 141x + 127y + 32 = 0; 219x + 23y + 58 = 0
Since a 2 0 and D 1 0, x 2 - x + 3 2 0 for all x
30. k = 1 31. 3x + 2y - 9 = 0
32. (a) 217 km (b) 153c
1. m ≤ 2, m ≥ 3 2. 4x + 3y - 16 = 0
33. a = 3, b = - 18, c = - 34 34. x 2 4, x 1 3
3. Centre ^ - 3, 5 h, radius 7
35. i = 95c 44’
2 1 1
4. (a) (b) - (c) 1
36. T = 361 ^ 2 0 and a perfect square h
3 3 9
5. Focus ^ 0, -2 h, directrix y = 2
37. x + 2y + 9 = 0 38. k # 3
6. x = - 5 or - 6 7. k = - 1
ANSWERS 603
3 6 - 10 + 3 3 - 5 63. k = -2
1
39. 5x - 4y - 41 = 0 40.
22 2
64. x 1 - 2, x 2 2
41. x = 4.9 cm, y = 11.1 cm 42. x = 1 43. 8.25 units
128 65. Radius 3; x 2 + y 2 = 9
44. 4.5 m 45. 46. x = 60°, 120°, 240°, 300°
2187
1 1 66. a = 3, b = -14, c = 9
47. 2x + 3y - 3 = 0 48. y = 1 , - 49. 162c
3 2
67. Domain: all real x; range: y $ - 3
50. x = 45°, 135°, 225°, 315°
1 1 68. +ACB = +ECD ^ vertically opposite angles h
51. x = - 1, y = 2 or x = - , y = 4 +ABC = +CED (alternate angles AB||ED)
4 4
AC = CD ^ given h
52. ] a - 2b g ^ a 2 + 2ab + 4b 2 h
1
53. x = 43 54. - ` by AAS, DABC / DCDE
31
55. 1.8 units 56. tan i 69. 46 m2 70. x + y - 3 = 0
57. 8x ] 2x + 5 g (x - 1) + 2 (x - 1)
2 3 2 4
71. x 2 - 12x + 36 = ] x - 6 g2
= 2 (x 2 - 1) 3 (9x 2 + 20x - 1)
1 72. y $ 2.5, y # - 6.5
58. 59. x 2 + 2x + y 2 - 3y - 25 = 0
4
73. (a) 9x - y + 16 = 0 (b) x + 9y + 20 = 0
60. Focus (2, 1), directrix y = 5
(c) Q = ^ - 20, 0 h
61. x - 2y - 36 = 0
(b) R = d 7 , 17 n
1 1
74. (a) x - 8y + 129 = 0
8 64
62. Distance from centre ^ 0, 0 h to line is
75. a = 1, b = - 3, c = -1
| ax 1 + by 1 + c |
d=
a2 + b2 76. (c) 77. (d) 78. (b) 79. (a) 80. (c) 81. (c)
40
=
10
=4
= radius
` line is tangent

Answers PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Answers PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

540 Maths In Focus Mathematics Preliminary Course

Exercises 1.1 (h)

16 51 1 4 3. (a) a 17 (b) y 0 = 1 (c) a - 4 (d) w (e) x 5 (f) p 10

4. (a) t 2 (b) y 5 (c) x 2 (d) ] 9 - x g 3 (e) ] 4s + 1 g 2 (f) 4 - x for x 1 4 and x - 4 for x 2 4

Test yourself 1 Chapter 2: Algebra and surds

LHS = 2 ^ 2 k - 1 h + 2 k + 1 19. 3x - 9x - 5 20. 2ab - 2a b + b 21. 4x - 1

23. x 2 - 2xy + 11x - 18y + 18 24. 2ab + 2b 2 - 7b - 6a + 3 Exercises 2.8

4. y 2 + 16y + 64 5. q 2 + 6q + 9 6. k 2 - 14k + 49 25. ^ y + 7 h ] x - 4 g 26. (x - 4) (x 3 - 5)

16. p 2 - 1 17. r 2 - 36 18. x 2 - 100 19. 4a 2 - 9

34. x 2 + 3xy + y 2 - 2x 35. 14n 2 - 4 16. ^ y + 4 h ^ y - 9 h 17. ] n - 6 g ] n - 4 g 18. ] x - 5 g 2

39. 8a + 60a + 150a + 125 22. ] m - 7 g ] m + 1 g 23. ^ q + 10 h ^ q + 2 h

40. 4x + 16x + 15x - 4x - 4 24. ] d - 5 g ] d + 1 g 25. ] l - 9 g ] l - 2 g

Problem Exercises 2.10

Exercises 2.11 Exercises 2.14

10. 2 ] 3x - 2 g ] x + 2 g 11. ] m - 5 g ] 3 + n g 12. - 7 ] 2x + 1 g

Exercises 2.17 Exercises 2.20

3p 2 + 5pq - 2q 2 a 2 - 2ab - b 2 + 1 Exercises 2.22

1. (a) 2 3 (b) 3 7 (c) 2 6 (d) 5 2 (e) 6 2 (m) - 6 (n) 7 + 2 10 (o) 11 - 4 6 (p) 25 + 6 14

(f) 10 2 (g) 4 3 (h) 5 3 (i) 4 2 (j) 3 6 (q) 57 + 12 15 (r) 27 - 4 35

(k) 4 7 (l) 10 3 (m) 8 2 (n) 9 3 (o) 7 5 (s) 77 - 12 40 = 77 - 24 10 (t) 53 + 12 10

2. (a) 6 3 (b) 20 5 (c) 28 2 (d) 4 7 (e) 16 5 4. (a) a = 21, b = 80 (b) a = 19, b = - 7

3. (a) 1 1 x 1 7 3. (a) n = 27 (b) t = 16 (c) x = 32 (d) t = 8

6. (a) n = 4 (b) y = 5 (c) m = 9 (d) x = 5 (e) m = 0

1 16. - 4 # y # 3 17. x 1 - 4, x 2 4 18. - 1 # a # 1

So all angles in an equilateral triangle are 60c. ` D ABC / DDEF (SSS)

(d) Yes (b) +ABC = +ADC (corresponding angles in congruent

+PRQ = +STU = 52c (given) 7. (a) OA = OC (equal radii)

`DPQR / DSTU (AAS) +AOB = +COB = 90c (given)

(e) No `DOAB / DOBC (SAS)

(b) +OCB = +OBC (base angles of OBC, an isosceles

(c) MN = QR = 8 (given) 8. (a) +AEF = +BDC = 90c (given)

(d) +Y = +T = 90c (given) `DAFE / DBCD (RHS)

3. (a) +B = +C (base angles of isosceles D) (b) +OBA = +OBC (corresponding angles in

4. +ABD = +BDC (alternate angles, AB < CD) 10. (a) AD = BC (given)

` AD = BC (b) AC = BD (corresponding sides in congruent

5. (a) OA = OC (equal radii) Exercises 4.5

(b) AB = CD (corresponding sides in congruent 2. a = 1.81, b = 5.83

AC is common ` since 3 pairs of angles are equal, DABC ||| DCDE

`DABC / DADC (SSS)

4. +GFE = +EFD (given) Since three pairs of sides are in proportion,

` since 3 pairs of angles are equal, D ABC ||| D ADE 6. XY = YZ = 1

x2 + y2 (d) a = 121c, b = 52c, i = 77c

Exercises 4.7 8. (a) x = 5 cm, i = 66c (b) a = 90c, b = 25c, c = 65c

3. (a) +D = 180c - x 4. 128c34l 5. (a) 13 (b) 152c18l 6. 16 7. 3240c

4. a = 150c , b = 74c 12. (a) ABCDEF is a regular hexagon.

(b) S = ] n - 2 g # 180c 360

` ΔABC is right angled (Pythagoras)

12. (a) AB = AC (given) ` since 3 pairs of angles are equal,

+DAC = +ACB (alternate +s, AD < BC)

17. +BFG + +FGD = 109c - 3x + 3x + 71c 8.

19. +ACB = 180c - ] +A + +B g (+sum of D)

` by SAS, D ADE / D ABE 18. r = 1.55 19. x 2 1

12. x = 28.7 cm, y = 3.8 cm 13. x = 7.40 m, y = 4.19 m

(b) BD = x2 + x2 48. x = 98c, y = 41c 49.

1. Yes 2. No 3. No 4. Yes 5. Yes 6. Yes 7. No 8. f ] -x g = ] -x g 4 + ] -x g 2

13. t = -1; t = 2, -4 14. 0 (c) (i) -2 1 x 1 2 (ii) x 1 -2, x 2 2 (iii) Neither

(i) y Exercises 5.5

5 1. (a) x-intercepts 0, -2, y-intercept 0

(g) y 3. (a) (i) x-intercepts 3, 4, y-intercept 12 (ii) {all real x},

(d) {all real x}, " y: y # 0 ,

(g) y 3. (a) {all real x}, " y: y $ 0 ,

(c) (i) {all real x: x ! -1}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) 1 (iii) y

(j) (i) {all real x: x ! -2}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) -3 y