GS Paper-I 2018 (SET-A) Exp.

1. B. In the Lok Sabha, if a party does not have a minimum of 10 per cent of the members of
Lok sabha, its leader cannot be recognized as the Leader of the opposition. 3rd statement is
incorrect and therefore out of given option answer should be (b).

2. D. desert plants have acquired special adaptations that help them reduce water loss.
Smaller, fewer, and deeper pores — Many desert plants have smaller, fewer, and deeper
pores than other plants. With such pores, hot and dry winds are prevented from blowing
directly across the pores and evaporating so much of the plants' water.
Waxy cover — Plants not only lose water through their pores, they also lose it through the
cell walls on their leaves. The leaves and stems of many desert plants have a thick covering
that is coated with a waxy substance, allowing them to seal in and protect what moisture they
already have.
Nocturnal — Plants typically lose a large amount of water through transpiration, but if the
process occurs at night, less water is lost. Often times, desert plants do not open their pores
until the sun goes down and temperatures fall.
Little leaves — most desert plants have small leaves, spikes for leaves, or no leaves at all.
The smaller or fewer leaves a plant has, the less water is lost during transpiration since it has
less surface area open to the sun and wind.
The concept of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) was originally developed by FAO and
officially presented and at the Hague Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate
Change in 2010, through the paper "Climate-Smart Agriculture: Policies, Practices and
Financing for Food Security, Adaptation and Mitigation"

3. C. About 45 percent of the rural households of thecountry belonged to OBC.

4. B
EXP: The National Green Tribunal has been established on 18.10.2010 under the National
Green Tribunal Act 2010 .
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), statutory organisation, was constituted in
September, 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
Further, CPCB was entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

5. A. The validity of law placed in the ninth schedule after the Keshwanand Bharti judgement
can be questioned by judiciary on the basis of violating the basic structure of the constitution
according to the judgement in the Coelho case.

6. C. The ‘Merchant Discount Rate’ is the rate charged to a merchant for payment processing
services on debit and credit card transactions. The merchant must set up this service and
agree to the rate prior to accepting debit and credit cards as payments.

7. A. The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multilateral export control regime and a group
of nuclear supplier countries that seek to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the
export of materials, equipment and technology that can be used to manufacture nuclear
weapons.
8. B. It is not part of the Income Tax Act. Equalization tax @6% on specified services
including advertisement services will be levied which are availed by Indian Residents from
Non-Resident service providers. The concept of withholding tax will be applied.

9. C. The central government has domestic liabilities of 49% of GDP out of approximately
70% for the Centre and States combined.

10. A. The government imposes customs duty on a number of edible oils. On many occasions
palm oil attracts zero duty as a special case but not all the dibble oils.

11. C. Lala Lajpat Rai was the most prolific writer among his contemporary nationalist
leaders of India. To rouse the Punjabis from slumber and inspire them with patriotic zeal, he
wrote biographies of Mazzini, Garibaldi, Shivaji, Dayanand and Shri Krishna besides other
important works in English, Urdu and Hindi.

12. D. Calcutta High Court ruled that Aadhaar Card is not a proof of citizenship and stated
that “Aadhaar Card by itself shall not confer any right of or be proof of citizenship or
domicile in respect of the holder thereto” while rejecting a claim of citizenship of the accused
who was issued the card in view of his long residence in the country. The Aadhaar Act
regulations, which are currently in Parliament, state that an individual’s Aadhaar number may
be “omitted” permanently or deactivated temporarily by the Unique Identification Authority
of India, the agency responsible for issuing the numbers and managing the database. The
regulations give the Authority the power to deactivate Aadhaar numbers even in the absence
of an effective grievance redressal procedure for those whose numbers have been suspended.
Regulation 28 lists five circumstances under which a person’s Aadhaar number may be
deactivated. These are:
If a child at 5 or 15 years of age fails to update biometrics afresh within two years of attaining
age.
If biometrics were not captured despite the resident being able to provide them.
If enrolment is later found to have been done without valid documents.
If an existing photograph has been used instead of capturing a fresh photograph.
If information captured is flagged as having “bad data”.
Besides these five instances, there is also an omnibus reason: “Any other case requiring
deactivation as deemed appropriate” by the Unique Identification Authority of India.

13. D
EXP: The Aral Sea was once the fourth largest lake in the world and it produced thousands of
tons of fish for the local economy annually. Since the 1960s, however, the Aral Sea has been
sinking.
In the 1920s, the Soviet Union turned lands of the Uzbek SSR into cotton plantations and
ordered the construction of irrigation canals to provide water to the crops in the middle of the
plateau of the region.
These hand-dug, irrigation canals moved water from the Anu Darya and Syr Darya rivers,
which were the rivers that fed the freshwater Aral Sea.
Until the 1960s, the system of canals, rivers, and the Aral Sea were fairly stable. However, in
the 1960s, the Soviet Union decided to expand the canal system and drain more water from
the rivers that fed the Aral Sea.
Thus, in the 1960s, the Aral Sea began shrinking quite rapidly. By 1987, the single sea dried
up enough to create a northern lake and a southern lake. In 2002, the southern lake shrunk
and dried up to become an eastern lake and a western lake. In 2014, the eastern lake
completely evaporated and disappeared.
Wells located 300 kilometers away from Lake Baikal, Eastern Siberia, went dry as the
world’s largest fresh water reservoir continues shrinking. This is the first time that water
disappears from wells so far away from the lake.
Lack of water in the unique lake has been registered over the past few years
Lake Baikal in south-east Siberia, the deepest lake in the world /1,700 m/, contains 20% of all
fresh running water on the planet. Located on an area comparable with that of the
Netherlands, it is the biggest reservoir of fresh-water on the Earth. Water level in Baikal is
regulated by the Irkutsk hydropower plant on the River Angara out flowing from Lake
Baikal. Experts say the lake’s shallowing may carry such threats as losses in productive
efficiency of the hydropower plant, the lake’s ecosystem imbalance and threats to fish
spawning areas, subsoil water level lowering in coastal areas fraught with peat bog fires.

14. D. The World Justice Project (WJP) is an American independent, multidisciplinary

organization with the stated mission of "working to advance the rule of law around the
world". The WJP works through three programs — Research and Scholarship, the WJP Rule
of Law Index, and Engagement.

15. C

16. A. CAR is fixed by the RBI which applies to all the banks.

17. C. An open application programming interface (open API) is commonly defined as an

API that uses a common or universal language or structure to promote more universal access.
In general, an API allows developers to use a specific software product in various ways, for
example, fitting it into third-party projects.

18. D

19. A. Wood's Dispatch- English as a medium of instruction at higher levels of education.

20. B. There shall be a Committee on Subordinate Legislation to scrutinize and report to the
Council whether the powers to make rules, regulations, bye-laws, schemes or other statutory
instruments conferred by the Constitution or delegated by Parliament have been properly
exercised within such conferment or delegation, as the case may be.

21. B. As per RTE the minimum qualification is laid down by the National Council of
Teacher Education. As per given option answer can only be (b)

22. B. Thang-Ta dance : Manipur

23. A
EXP: The Act also aims to establish a single reference point for all matters relating to food
safety and standards, by moving from multi- level, multi- departmental control to a single line
of command. To this effect, the Act establishes an independent statutory Authority – the Food
Safety and Standards Authority of India with head office at Delhi. Food Safety and Standards
Authority of India (FSSAI) and the State Food Safety Authorities shall enforce various
provisions of the Act.
Establishment of the Authority
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India is the Administrative Ministry
for the implementation of FSSAI. The Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer of Food
Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) have already been appointed by
Government of India. The Chairperson is in the rank of Secretary to Government of India.

24. B. The two-state solution refers to a solution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict which calls
for "two statesfor two groups of people." The two-state solution envisages an independent
State of Palestine alongside the State of Israel, west of the Jordan River.

25. B. 67% of the population is covered under the NFSA-2013 which included BPL as well
as APL. Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a take-home ration of 600
calories per day during pregnancy and for six months thereafter.

26. D.

27. D
EXP: In India State Govts have the right/power to auction non-coal mines. In 2018-19, 95
non-coal mineral blocks may undergo auction by state governments.
The famous Ramagiri gold mines is in Anantpur dist of Andhra Pradesh.

28.A
EXP: The BHIM apps has three levels of authentication. For one, the app binds with a
device’s ID and mobile number, second a user needs to sync whichever bank account (UPI or
non-UPI enabled) in order to the conduct transaction. Third, when a user sets up the app they
are asked to create a pin which is needed to log into the app. Further, the UPI pin, which a
user creates with their bank account is needed to go through with the transaction.

29. A
EXP: Bengaluru - 77.5946° E
Hyderabad - 78.4867° E
Nagpur - 79.0882° E
Pune - 73.8567° E
DELHI - 77.1025° E

30. A. ILO Convention No. 182 on the worst forms of child labour, 1999. ILO Convention
No. 138 on the minimum age for admission to employment and work

31. C. There is no role of Parliament in appropriation of money out of Contingency Fund of

India as it is done by the President.

32. A. The value of the vote of MPs of all members of Parliament whether from Lok Sabha or
Rajya Sabha is same.

33. A. The Additional Protocol is not a stand-alone agreement, but rather a protocol to a
safeguards agreement that provides additional tools for verification. In particular, it
significantly increases the IAEA’s ability to verify the peaceful use of all nuclear material in
States with comprehensive safeguards agreements. The Indian additional protocol limits the
provision of additional information to just nuclear exports from India and grants no extra
physical access to the IAEA. India committed itself to allowing the IAEA access to specified
civilian facilities where imported nuclear fuel was being used.
34. C. Canada and USA are not included.

35. B. The Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (GACSA), was launched on 23
September 2014 at the UN Climate Summit. GACSA is an independent alliance, governed by
its members through a Strategic Committee and its co-Chairs. Since the 1 January FAO is
hosting the Facilitation Unit of GACSA with is supported through a multi donor trust fund.
GACSA is a voluntary alliance of partners, dedicated to addressing the challenges facing
food security and agriculture under a changing climate. In particular the alliance has the
objective of up scaling the climate smart agriculture approach, a concept which was
originally developed by FAO.

36. B. The Digital India initiative seeks to lay emphasis on e-governance and transform India
into a digitally empowered society. The program is projected at Rs 1,13,000 crore which will
prepare the country for knowledge-based transformation. The Department of Electronics and
Information Technology (deitY) anticipates that this program will have a huge impact on the
Ministry of Communication and IT. It is to ensure that government services are available to
citizens electronically. It will focus on providing high speed internet services to its citizens
and make services available in real time for both online and mobile platform. Digital India
also aims to transform ease of doing business in the country. Modi's government is focussing
on providing broadband services in all villages of the country, tele-medicine and mobile
healthcare services and making the governance more participative.

37. B
EXP: Kirkūk, city, capital of Kirkūk muḥāfaẓah (governorate), north-eastern Iraq. The city is
145 miles (233 km) north of Baghdad, the national capital, with which it is linked by road
and railway. Kirkūk is located near the foot of the Zagros Mountains in the Kurdistan region
of Iraq.
Mosul is a major city in northern Iraq. Located some 400 km north of Baghdad, Mosul stands
on the west bank of the Tigris, opposite the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh on the east
bank.

38. B

39. A. According to Article 179, whenever the Assembly is dissolved, the speaker shall not
vacate his office until immediately before the first meeting of the Assembly after the
dissolution.

40. C. More laws does not always mean less liberty, specially positive liberty. Liberty can be
there in the absence of law. Frequent changes of law may reflect the changing dynamics of
society so as to ensure more liberty and freedom.

41. A

42. D. Bani Thani is an Indian miniature painting painted by Nihal Chand from the Marwari
school of Kishangarh. It portrays a women who is elegant and graceful. She is compared to
Monalisa. Inspired by Radha, Bani Thani is characterised by idealized distinct features such
as arched eyebrows, lotus like elongated eyes and pointed chin. This painting was featured in
a Indian stamp issued on 5 May 1973.
43. C. Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD), formerly Theater High Altitude Area
Defense, is an American anti-ballistic missile defense system designed to shoot down short-,
medium-, and intermediate-range ballistic missiles in their terminal phase (descent or reentry)
by intercepting with a hit-to-kill approach.

44. B. Tyagaraja also known as Tyagayya in Telgu (1767-1847) was one of the greatest
composers of Carnatic music. Most of his devotional songs are in praise of Lord Rama.
Annamacharya belonged to was a 15th century Hindu saint (1408-1503).

45. C. It does not necessarily mean people’s responsibility to the government.

46. B. Legal tender is a medium of payment recognized by a legal system to be valid for
meeting a financial obligation. Paper currency and coins are common forms of legal tender in
many countries. Personal cheques, credit cards and similar non-cash methods of methods of
payment are not usually legal tender.

47. B.

48. C. Increase in absolute and per capita real GNP do not necessarily ensure improvement in
the well-being of all the individuals.

49. C. Human capital formation increases the knowledge and skill levels and capacities and
also leads to accumulation of intangible wealth of the individuals.

50. D. High capital-output ratio increases the production capacity but at a lower rate.

51. C

52.C

53. B. If the President, on receipt of report from the Governor of the State or otherwise, is
satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on
in accordance with he provisions of this Constitution, the President may be Proclamation, (a)
assume to himself all or any of the functions of the Government of the State and all or any of
the powers vested in or exercisable by the Governor or any body or authority in the State
other than the Legislature of the State.

54. A. Sujni embroidery- Bihar

Uppada Jamdani Saris - Andhra Pradesh

55. D. While originally a military project, GPS is considered a dual-use technology, meaning
it has significant military and civilian applications.GPS has become a widely deployed and
useful tool for commerce, scientific uses, tracking, and surveillance. GPS's accurate time
facilitates everyday activities such as banking, mobile phone operations, and even the control
of power grids by allowing well synchronized hand-off switching.

56. C. The RBI manages and services government of India securities as well as state
government securities.

57. C
EXP: The Earth evolved with the passage of time, but a very long time. We speak of
approximately 4600 million years. 4,500 million years ago the temperature was so high that
the surface of the planet was an ocean of molten material.
Free oxygen is produced only due to photosynthesis after the evolution of life on earth.

58. C. The WannaCry ransomware attack was a May 2017 worldwide cyber attack by the
WannaCry ransomware cryptoworm. It propagated through Eternal Blue, an exploit in older
Windows systems released by The Shadow Brokers a few months prior to the attack. Petya is
a family of encrypting ransomware that was first discovered in 2016.

59. B
EXP: This answer has been finalised on the basis of elimination method.
While considering the statements, there is no doubt regarding statement 2, 4 and 5 which falls
under the Conservation Agriculture.
As far as statement 3 is concerned, plantation agriculture results in deforestation and loss of
biodiversity.
So if we see the options given, the best answer available is B.

60. D
EXP: Researchers talk of ‘biological annihilation’ as study reveals billions of populations of
animals have been lost in recent decades.
A “biological annihilation” of wildlife in recent decades means a sixth mass extinction in
Earth’s history is under way and is more severe than previously feared.
Scientists analysed both common and rare species and found billions of regional or local
populations have been lost. They blame human overpopulation and overconsumption for the
crisis and warn that it threatens the survival of human civilisation, with just a short window
of time in which to act.
Previous studies have shown species are becoming extinct at a significantly faster rate than
for millions of years before, but even so extinctions remain relatively rare giving the
impression of a gradual loss of biodiversity. The new work instead takes a broader view,
assessing many common species which are losing populations all over the world as their
ranges shrink, but remain present elsewhere.
The scientists found that a third of the thousands of species losing populations are not
currently considered endangered and that up to 50% of all individual animals have been lost
in recent decades. Detailed data is available for land mammals, and almost half of these have
lost 80% of their range in the last century. The scientists found billions of populations of
mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have been lost all over the planet, leading them to
say a sixth mass extinction has already progressed further than was thought.
Nearly half of the 177 mammal species surveyed lost more than 80% of their distribution
between 1900 and 2015.

61. A. The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) with an operational name of
NAVIC to provides accurate real-time positioning and timing services. It covers India and a
region extending 1,500 km (930 mi) around it. The system at present consists of a
constellation of seven satellites with two additional satellites .There are plans to expand
NavIC system by increasing constellation size from 7 to 11.

62.C
63. B. GM Mustard DMH -11 is transgenic mustard had been developed by a team of
scientists Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants at Delhi University. It was created
by using “barnase/barstar” technology for genetic modification by adding genes from soil
bacterium that makes mustard self-pollinating plants.

64. B. The Belle II experiment is a particle physics experiment designed to study the
properties of B mesons (heavy particles containing a bottom quark).
CRISPR-Cas9 technique is used for genome editing.

65. A. The carbon fertilization effect (CFE) is in principle simple: the larger amount of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that has resulted from rising anthropogenic emissions
should help the growth of plants, which use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.

66. B

67. B

68. D

69. C. The Champaran satyagraha of 1917 opened a new phase in the national movement
by joining it to the great struggle of the Indian peasantry for bread and land.(Irfan Habib)

70. D. Hind Mazdoor Sabha (1948)

Founders: Basawan Singh, Ashok Mehta, R.S. Ruikar, Maniben Kara, Shibnam Banerjee, GT
Mehta, TS Ramanujan.

71. B. Sthānakavāsī is a sect of Śvētāmbara Jainism founded by a merchant named Lavaji in

1653 AD. It believes that idol worship is not essential in the path of soul purification and
attainment of Nirvana/Moksha.

72. A. Bara Imambara has use of Red Sandstone and white marble. The architectural style of
the Rumi Darwaza is completely in sync with the Nawabi architecture of Lucknow. The
material used for the darwaza is bricks and its then coated with lime.

73. B. Jean Baptiste Tavernier was a French gem-merchant and he gave elaborate discussion
about diamonds and diamond mines of India.

74. C. In the world of Buddhist eschatology, Maitreya literally means the future Buddha.
Maitreya Buddha is considered as the 5th Buddha that is believed to appear in this Kalpa or
era. Thus, Maitreya Buddha is considered as the Future Buddha that is yet to appear in this
age. In various Buddhist sutra such as Amitabha Sutra, as well as Lotus Sutra, Maitreya
Buddha is believed to be called as Ajita.

75. C. Wellesley relied on three methods to achieve his political aims:

(i) The system of subsidiary alliance
(ii) Outright war
(iii) Assumption of the territories of previously subordinated rulers. The system served the
double purpose of asserting British supremacy in India and at the same time of saving India
from the menace of Napoleon.
76. D

77. A
EXP: Kodaikanal Lake, also known as Kodai Lake is a manmade lake located in
the Kodaikanal city in Dindigul district in Tamil Nadu, India. Sir Vere Henry Levinge, the
then Collector of Madurai, was instrumental in creating the lake in 1863, amidst the
Kodaikanal town which was developed by the British and early missionaries from USA. The
lake is said to be Kodaikanal's most popular geographic landmark and tourist attraction.

78. C. It is a flagship scheme of Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship

79. A

80. B

81. B
EXP: The large-scale extraction of streambed materials, mining and dredging below the
existing streambed, and the alteration of channel-bed form and shape leads to several impacts
such as erosion of channel bed and banks, increase in channel slope, and change in channel
morphology. These impacts may cause: (1) the undercutting and collapse of river banks, (2)
the loss of adjacent land and/or structures, (3) upstream erosion as a result of an increase in
channel slope and changes in flow velocity, and (4) downstream erosion due to increased
carrying capacity of the stream, downstream changes in patterns of deposition, and changes
in channel bed and habitat type.
Mining and dredging activities, poorly planned stockpiling and uncontrolled dumping of
overburden, and chemical/fuel spills will cause reduced water quality for downstream users,
increased cost for downstream water treatment plants and poisoning of aquatic life.
Mining which leads to the removal of channel substrate, re-suspension of streambed
sediment, clearance of vegetation, and stockpiling on the streambed, will have ecological
impacts. These impacts may have an effect on the direct loss of stream reserve habitat,
disturbances of species attached to streambed deposits, reduced light penetration, reduced
primary production, and reduced feeding opportunities.
There is no decrease of salinity in river due to sand mining.

82. B
EXP: Organic matter influences the physical conditions of a soil in several ways. Plant
residues that cover the soil surface protect the soil from sealing and crusting by raindrop
impact, thereby enhancing rainwater infiltration and reducing runoff. Increased levels of
organic matter and associated soil fauna lead to greater pore space with the immediate result
that water infiltrates more readily and can be held in the soil.
The consequence of increased water infiltration combined with a higher organic matter
content is increased soil storage of water. Organic matter contributes to the stability of soil
aggregates and pores through the bonding or adhesion properties of organic materials, such as
bacterial waste products, organic gels, fungal hyphae and worm secretions and casts.
Moreover, organic matter intimately mixed with mineral soil materials has a considerable
influence in increasing moisture holding capacity. Especially in the topsoil, where the organic
matter content is greater, more water can be stored.
Soil sulphur (S) exists in organic and inorganic forms. From a plant nutritional viewpoint
inorganic sulphate is the most important, since it is the form assimilated by plant roots.
However, sulphate that is the stable form of inorganic S in aerobic soils, forms only a small
part of total-S in soils. Generally more than 95% of soil S is organic bonded, and several
hundred kilograms of organic S is present in the upper horizons of most soils. Although not
readily plant-available, the large organic S fraction may potentially be an important source
for the supply of S to plants in deficiency situations.

83. B. The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE) was launched in 2013 as a
response to the call at Rio+20 to support those countries wishing to embark on greener and
more inclusive growth trajectories. PAGE seeks to put sustainability at the heart of economic
policies and practices to advance the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and supports
nations and regions in reframing economic policies and practices around sustainability to
foster economic growth, create income and jobs, reduce poverty and inequality, and
strengthen the ecological foundations of their economies.

84. D.

85. A
EXP: The Barren Island, about 140 km from Port Blair, is a tourist destination and
surrounded by waters ideal for scuba diving and is home to a wide variety of aquatic life. The
island is open to visitors, with prior permission, and as the name suggests is uninhabited and
devoid of any significant vegetation. It’s the only active volcano along a chain of volcanoes
from Sumatra to Myanmar. The 354-metre-high island is the emergent summit of a volcano
that rises from a depth of 2,250 m. The small, uninhabited 3-km-wide island contains a
roughly 2-km wide caldera (a volcanic crater) with walls 250-350 metres high.
Over eight hours of observation on January 23 and January 26, the scientists saw ash clouds
during the daytime and fountains of red lava spewing from the volcano's mouth and
streaming down its slopes after sundown, said India's National Institute of Oceanography
(NIO).

86. B. Prosopisjuliflora has become an invasive weed in several countries where it was
introduced. It is considered a noxious invader in Ethiopia, Hawaii, Sri Lanka, Jamaica,
Kenya, the Middle East, India, Nigeria, Sudan, Somalia, Senegal and Southern Africa. In
Australia, this plant has severe economic and environmental impacts. Livestock which
consume excessive amounts of seed pods are poisoned due to neurotoxic alkaloids. It causes
land erosion due to the loss of the grasslands that are habitats for native plants and animals.

87. D
EXP: All the statements are correct

88. C. Momentum for Change is an initiative spearheaded by the UN Climate Change

secretariat to shine a light on the enormous groundswell of activities underway across the
globe that are moving the world toward a highly resilient, low-carbon future. Momentum for
Change recognizes innovative and transformative solutions that address both climate change
and wider economic, social and environmental challenges.

89. B. Sanskrit College - Jonathan Duncan at Banaras

Calcutta Madarsa - Warren Hastings
Fort William College - Lord Wellesley

90. C
EXP: Crimea is a peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in Eastern Europe that is
almost completely surrounded by both the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov to the
northeast. It is located south of the Ukrainian region of Kherson.
Oromia is one of the nine ethnically based regional states of Ethiopia. It is bordered by
the Somali Region to the east; the Amhara Region, the Afar Region and the Benishangul-
Gumuz Region to the north; South Sudan, Gambela Region, and Southern Nations,
Nationalities, and Peoples' Region to the west; and Kenya to the south.

91. B

92. C

93. B. In 2018, 26 crops have been covered. Out of the given options only barley, finger
millet, groundnut and sesamum are included.

94. A
EXP: Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary lies in the foothills of the Eastern Himalaya in the East
Kameng District of Arunachal Pradesh. It was declared a sanctuary in 1977, and was earlier
part of the Khellong Forest Division. It has been declared a tiger reserve in 2002 based on a
proposal in 1999.

95. A. PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are
designed mainly to launch communication satellites. Satellites launched by GSLV appear to
remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular
location on Earth. GSLV Mk III is a three-stage heavy lift launch vehicle developed by
ISRO. The vehicle has two solid strap-ons, a core liquid booster and a cryogenic upper stage.
GSLV Mk III is designed to carry 4 ton class of satellites into Geosynchronous Transfer
Orbit (GTO) or about 10 tons to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), which is about twice the capability
of GSLV Mk II. The two strap-on motors of GSLV Mk III are located on either side of its
core liquid booster. Designated as 'S200', each carries 205 tons of composite solid propellant
and their ignition results in vehicle lift -off. S200s function for 140 seconds. During strap-ons
functioning phase, the two clustered Vikas liquid Engines of L110 liquid core booster will
ignite 114 sec after lift -off to further augment the thrust of the vehicle. These two engines
continue to function after the separation of the strap-ons at about 140 seconds after lift -off.

96. C.

97. A.

98. A

99. D. Birds, animals are biological agents while dust, rain and Winds are non-biological
agents for plant disease spread.

100. B