Unit XII

Skeletal Muscles
Chapter 10

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 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 10.1
Posterior

Lateral Medial

Anterior

Skin
Tendon
Subcutaneous fat

Fascia

Vein
Artery
Fascia Fascicles Nerve

Femur
Skeletal Individual
muscle muscle

(b)
Muscle
fascicle
Nerve
Blood vessels
Perimysium
Epimysium
Endomysium
Perimysium
Muscle fiber, c.s.
Endomysium
Muscle fiber Fascicle, c.s.

Muscle fiber, l.s.

Fascicle, l.s.
Muscle fascicle

Perimysium (c)

Muscle fiber

(a)
c: ©Victor Eroschenko
Fig. 10.2

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Unipennate
Triangular Bipennate
Parallel Multipennate
Fusiform

Tendon
Circular

Belly

Palmar interosseous
Tendon Pectoralis major Rectus femoris
Rectus abdominis Deltoid
Biceps brachii Orbicularis oculi
Fig. 10.3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Anterior

Lateral Medial
Tibia

Posterior Fibula
Interosseous
membrane
Artery, veins,
and nerve
Intermuscular
septa

Fasciae

Subcutaneous
fat
Key
Anterior compartment

Lateral compartment
Posterior compartment,
deep layer
Posterior compartment,
superficial layer
Fig. 10.4
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Proximal Skeletal Attachments

Tendon Tendons

Humerus
Scapula
Bellies

Extensors: Flexors:
Triceps brachii Biceps brachii
Long head Brachialis
Lateral head

Tendons

Distal Skeletal Attachment

Joint ligaments Radius

Ulna
Fig. 10.5a Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Superficial Deep

Masseter

Sternocleidomastoid

Platysma Trapezius
Pectoralis minor
Deltoid Coracobrachialis

Pectoralis major Serratus anterior

Brachialis
Biceps brachii
Rectus abdominis

Supinator

Flexor digitorum
profundus
Brachioradialis
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor carpi radialis
Transverse abdominal
External abdominal Internal abdominal
oblique oblique
Tensor Pronator quadratus
fasciae latae

Adductor longus
Sartorius Adductors

Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis

Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius

Vastus medialis Gracilis

Fibularis longus
Gastrocnemius

Tibialis anterior Soleus

Extensor digitorum
Extensor digitorum longus longus

(a) Anterior view

Fig. 10.5b Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Deep Superficial

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Supraspinatus
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
Infraspinatus
Deltoid (cut)
Teres minor
Infraspinatus
Teres major
Serratus anterior
Triceps brachii
Triceps brachii (cut)

Serratus posterior inferior Latissimus dorsi

External abdominal oblique Extensor carpi

radialis longus
Internal abdominal oblique and brevis
External abdominal
Erector spinae oblique
Extensor digitorum
Flexor carpi ulnaris Gluteus medius
Extensor digitorum (cut) Extensor carpi ulnaris
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus minimus

Adductor
magnus

Gracilis
Iliotibial tract
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Iliotibial tract
Biceps femoris
Biceps femoris

Gastrocnemius (cut)

Soleus (cut)
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis posterior

Soleus

Calcaneal tendon

(b) Posterior view

Table 10.1a
Table 10.1c
Table 10.1d
Fig. 10.8a
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Superficial Deep

Masseter

Platysma
(a) Anterior view
Fig. 10.8b

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Temporalis

Occipitalis

Zygomatic arch

Masseter

Sternocleidomastoid

Levator scapulae

Lateral View
Table 10.2b
Table 10.2d
Fig. 10.10

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Lateral pterygoid plate

Temporalis
Medial pterygoid plate

Lateral pterygoid muscle

Medial pterygoid muscle

Interior of oral cavity

Masseter (cut)

(a) Lateral view (b) Posterior view

 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 10.11
Superficial Deep

Hyoid bone
Common carotid artery
Levator scapulae Internal jugular vein

Sternocleidomastoid Clavicle

(a) Anterior view

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Levator scapulae

Scalenes

(b) Lateral view

Table 10.3a
Table 10.4a
Table 10.4b
Fig. 10.13

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Xiphoid process
of sternum
Inferior
vena cava
Ribs

External Esophagus
intercostals Central
tendon
of diaphragm
Aorta

Internal Vertebral
intercostals column

(b) Inferior view of diaphragm

(a) Lateral view of intercostal muscles

Table 10.5a
Table 10.5b
Table 10.5c
Fig. 10.14
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Posterior

Muscles:
External abdominal oblique
Anterior
Internal abdominal oblique
Transverse abdominal Peritoneum
Rectus abdominis
Rectus sheath

Subcutaneous fat Linea alba Skin

Aponeurosis of
Transverse abdominal
Internal abdominal oblique
External abdominal oblique
 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 10.15

Pectoralis major

Latissimus dorsi

Serratus anterior

Tendinous
intersections
Rectus sheath (cut edges)

Rectus sheath
Transverse abdominal
Umbilicus
Internal abdominal
oblique (cut)
Linea alba External abdominal
oblique (cut)

Aponeurosis of Rectus abdominis

external abdominal
oblique Inguinal ligament

(a) Superficial

Pectoralis minor (cut)

Pectoralis minor
Internal intercostals

Serratus anterior

External intercostals
Rectus abdominis (cut)

Rectus sheath

External abdominal
oblique (cut)

Internal abdominal
Internal abdominal
oblique (cut)
oblique

Posterior wall of rectus sheath

(rectus abdominis removed)
Inguinal ligament
Transverse abdominal (cut)

(b) Deep
Fig. 10.16 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Tendinous intersections

External oblique

Internal oblique
Umbilicus

Transversus abdominis
Linea alba

Aponeurosis of
external oblique Rectus abdominis

Inguinal ligament

Superficial inguinal ring

Spermatic cord

© McGraw-Hill Education/Photo and Dissection by Christine Eckel

Table 10.6a
Table 10.6b
Table 10.6c
Fig. 10.17
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Superficial Deep

Sternocleidomastoid
Splenius capitis
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
Supraspinatus

Deltoid Infraspinatus
Teres minor

Teres major

Serratus anterior
Erector spinae
Serratus posterior
inferior

Latissimus External abdominal

dorsi oblique

External abdominal Internal abdominal

oblique oblique
Thoracolumbar
fascia

Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus
Lateral rotators
Fig. 10.18
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Superior nuchal line

Semispinalis capitis
Longissimus capitis

Splenius capitis Semispinalis cervicis

Serratus posterior
superior

Splenius cervicis
Erector spinae:
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

Serratus posterior inferior

Internal abdominal
oblique Quadratus lumborum
External abdominal
oblique (cut)
Fig. 10.19
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Trapezius

Ribs

External intercostals

Erector spinae:
Spinalis thoracis
Iliocostalis thoracis
Longissimus thoracis

Latissimus dorsi

Iliocostalis lumborum

Thoracolumbar fascia

© McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections

Table 10.7a
Table 10.8b
Fig. 10.22 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Lateral rotation Elevation

Trapezius (superior part) Levator scapulae
Serratus anterior Trapezius (superior part)
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor

Medial rotation Depression

Levator scapulae Trapezius (inferior part)
Rhomboid major Serratus anterior
Rhomboid minor

Retraction Protraction
Rhomboid major Pectoralis minor
Rhomboid minor Serratus anterior
Trapezius
Table 10.9a
Table 10.9b
Table 10.9c
Table 10.9d
Fig. 10.23 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Supraspinatus
Clavicle Spine of scapula
Greater tubercle
Sternum of humerus
Infraspinatus
Deltoid
Pectoralis major Humerus
Teres minor
Teres major

Triceps brachii: Coracobrachialis Triceps brachii:

Lateral head Lateral head
Long head Long head
Medial head
Biceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Brachialis
Brachioradialis

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

Subscapularis

Biceps brachii:
Long head Coracobrachialis
Short head

Brachialis

(c) Anterior view (d) Anterior view

Fig. 10.24 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

Biceps brachii:
Long head
Short head

Serratus anterior

External
abdominal
oblique

(a) Anterior view

Levator scapulae

Rhomboid minor

Rhomboid major

Deltoid

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Medial border
of scapula

Teres major

Triceps brachii:
Lateral head

Long head

Latissimus dorsi

(b) Posterior view

(a–b): © McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections

Fig. 10.25

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Anterior Posterior

Clavicle
Rotator cuff (SITS)
muscles: Acromion
Supraspinatus Coracoid
Infraspinatus process
Glenoid cavity
Teres minor
Subscapularis

Inferior angle
Table 10.10a
Table 10.10b
Fig. 10.26
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Lateral epicondyle

Medial epicondyle

Supinator

Pronator teres

Ulna

Radius

Pronator quadratus

Biceps
brachii

Radius

Bursa
Supinator
Ulna

(b) Muscle actions

in supination

(a) Supination (c) Pronation

Table 10.11a
Table 10.11c
Table 10.11d
Fig. 10.28

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Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii

Brachialis
Common flexor tendon Common flexor
tendon
Pronator teres Supinator
Aponeurosis of biceps
Anterior view Interosseous
brachii
membrane
Brachioradialis
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor Flexor
Palmaris longus digitorum digitorum
Flexor carpi ulnaris superficialis profundus

Extensor carpi radialis Flexor

Flexor
longus and brevis pollicis
pollicis longus
longus
Flexor digitorum
superficialis

Flexor
retinaculum Flexor Flexor
digitorum digitorum
Palmar superficialis superficialis
aponeurosis tendons tendons

Flexor Flexor
digitorum digitorum
profundus profundus
tendons tendons

(a) Superficial flexors (b) Intermediate flexor (c) Deep flexors

Fig. 10.29

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Triceps brachii
Brachioradialis
Olecranon
Extensor carpi Anconeus
radialis longus
Anconeus
Supinator
Posterior view Extensor carpi
Flexor carpi radialis brevis Abductor pollicis
ulnaris
longus
Extensor carpi Extensor digitorum
ulnaris
Abductor pollicis Extensor pollicis
Extensor digiti Extensor pollicis
longus brevis
minimi longus
Extensor pollicis
Extensor indicis
brevis

Tendon of Extensor pollicis

extensor indicis longus
Tendons of extensor
carpi radialis longus
Tendons of extensor and brevis
digitorum

(a) Superficial extensors (b) Deep extensors

Fig. 10.30
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Palmaris longus tendon (cut) Flexor digitorum superficialis

tendon

Flexor carpi radialis tendon Flexor digitorum profundus

tendon
Flexor carpi ulnaris tendon
Flexor pollicis longus tendon

Ulnar artery
Palmar carpal ligament (cut)
Ulnar nerve

Radial artery
Flexor retinaculum covering
carpal tunnel
Median nerve Bursa

Trapezium Superficial palmar

arterial arch

(a) Anterior view

Palmaris longus
tendon Median nerve
Thenar muscles Ulnar artery
Flexor digitorum Flexor retinaculum
superficialis tendons Carpal tunnel
Trapezium
Flexor digitorum Hypothenar muscles
profundus tendons
Ulnar bursa
Anterior Radial artery
Hamate
Trapezoid
Capitate
Lateral Medial
Scaphoid Extensor tendons

Posterior (b) Cross section

Table 10.12a
Table 10.13a
Table 10.13b
Table 10.13c
Fig. 10.32
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Iliopsoas:
Iliacus
Psoas
major
Piriformis

Pectineus
Obturator
Adductor
externus
magnus
Adductor
brevis
Adductor
longus

Gracilis

Insertion of
gracilis on
tibia
Fig. 10.33
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Iliac crest

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Sacrum
Lateral rotators:
Gluteus maximus Piriformis
Gemellus superior
Obturator internus
Coccyx
Obturator externus
Gemellus inferior
Quadratus femoris

Ischial tuberosity

Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Gracilis

Iliotibial tract Vastus lateralis

Hamstring group:
Biceps femoris
Long head
Short head

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Popliteal fossa

Gastrocnemius:
Medial head
Lateral head
Table 10.14a
Table 10.14b
Table 10.14c
Fig. 10.34 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Lateral Medial

Tensor fasciae latae

Femoral vein
Iliopsoas
Femoral artery

Sartorius Pectineus

Adductor longus
Iliotibial tract

Quadriceps femoris: Gracilis

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis

Quadriceps tendon

Patella

© McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections

Fig. 10.35
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Iliac crest

Iliopsoas:
Iliacus
Psoas major L5

Anterior superior
iliac spine

Tensor fasciae
latae Medial compartment:
Adductor magnus
Pectineus
Adductor brevis
Iliotibial tract Adductor longus

Gracilis

Anterior compartment:
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris:
Vastus
intermedius
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis

Quadriceps femoris
tendon
Patella

Patellar ligament

(a) Superficial (b) Deep

Table 10.15a
Table 10.15b
Table 10.15c
Table 10.15d
Table 10.15e
 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 10.36

Patella

Head of fibula

Gastrocnemius
(lateral head)
Tibialis anterior

Soleus
Tibia

Fibularis longus
Extensor digitorum
longus

Extensor hallucis
Fibularis brevis longus tendon

Extensor retinaculum
Fibularis tertius

Calcaneal tendon Extensor hallucis

brevis
Lateral malleolus

Extensor digitorum
brevis
Extensor digitorum
longus tendons
Fibularis tertius
tendon Extensor digitorum
brevis

Head of 5th
metatarsal

(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view

(a, b): © McGraw-Hill Education/Photo and Dissection by Christine Eckel
 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 10.37

Patella

Patellar
ligament

Tibia

Fibularis Gastrocnemius
longus

Soleus

Fibularis Tibialis
brevis anterior
Extensor
digitorum longus Tibialis Extensor Extensor
anterior hallucis digitorum
longus longus

Extensor retinacula
Fibularis
tertius

Extensor
hallucis brevis
Extensor
digitorum
brevis

(a) (b) (c) (d)

 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 10.38

Heads of
Plantaris gastrocnemius
(cut)

Popliteus Fibularis
longus

Gastrocnemius:
Soleus
Medial head

Lateral head

Tendon of
plantaris

Gastrocnemius
(cut)

Fibularis
Tendon of longus
gastrocnemius
Fibularis
Flexor brevis
digitorum
longus
Flexor
hallucis
longus

Calcaneal tendon

Calcaneus

(a) (b)
 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 10.39

Tibialis
Flexor
posterior
digitorum
longus
Plantaris (cut)

Gastrocnemius (cut)
Popliteus

Soleus (cut)

Fibula (b) (c)

Tibialis
posterior

Fibularis
Flexor digitorum longus Popliteus
longus

Flexor hallucis
longus

Flexor
hallucis
Fibularis longus
brevis

Plantar surface
Calcaneal tendon
of the foot
(cut)

Calcaneus

(a) (d)
Table 10.16a